The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 106 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers
Open accessAbstract
Background: Volunteering has been advocated by the United Nations, and American and European governments as a way to engage people in their local communities and improve social capital, with the potential for public health benefits such as improving wellbeing and decreasing health inequalities. Furthermore, the US Corporation for National and Community Service Strategic Plan for 2011–2015 focused on increasing the impact of national service on community needs, supporting volunteers’ wellbeing, and prioritising recruitment and engagement of underrepresented populations. The aims of this review were to examine the effect of formal volunteering on volunteers’ physical and mental health and survival, and to explore the influence of volunteering type and intensity on health outcomes. Methods: Experimental and cohort studies comparing the physical and mental health outcomes and mortality of a volunteering group to a non-volunteering group were identified from twelve electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, HMIC, SSCI, ASSIA, Social Care Online, Social Policy and Practice) and citation tracking in January 2013. No language, country or date restrictions were applied. Data synthesis was based on vote counting and random effects meta-analysis of mortality risk ratios. Results: Forty papers were selected: five randomised controlled trials (RCTs, seven papers); four non-RCTs; and 17 cohort studies (29 papers). Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health. These findings were not confirmed by experimental studies. Meta-analysis of five cohort studies found volunteers to be at lower risk of mortality (risk ratio: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90). There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a consistent influence of volunteering type or intensity on outcomes. Conclusion: Observational evidence suggested that volunteering may benefit mental health and survival although the causal mechanisms remain unclear. Consequently, there was limited robustly designed research to guide the development of volunteering as a public health promotion intervention. Future studies should explicitly map intervention design to clear health outcomes as well as use pragmatic RCT methodology to test effects.
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TL;DR
This systematic review and meta-analysis found observational evidence that formal volunteering may improve mental health and reduce mortality, but experimental evidence did not confirm consistent health benefits. The authors conclude there is limited robust evidence to guide volunteering as a public health intervention.
Key findings
- Forty papers were included: 5 RCTs (7 papers), 4 non-RCTs, and 17 cohort studies (29 papers). Cohort studies showed favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, and wellbeing, but not on physical health; these findings were not confirmed by experimental studies.
- Meta-analysis of five cohort studies found volunteers had a lower risk of mortality (risk ratio: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90; I² test: p = 0.65), corresponding to a 22% reduction (CI: 10% to 34%).
- Vote counting found no consistent significant health benefits in experimental studies; only single trials reported significant associations with increased physical activity, strength, walking speed, empowerment, wellbeing, and decreased stress.
- There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a consistent influence of volunteering type or intensity on outcomes.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis following a pre-defined protocol and PRISMA; searches in January 2013 across twelve electronic databases plus citation tracking, with no language, country, or date restrictions.
- Included experimental and cohort studies comparing physical and/or mental health outcomes and mortality in volunteers versus non-volunteers, adults aged 16 years and above; formal volunteering had to be regular and long-term, defined as a minimum of one hour a month on at least two occasions.
- Data synthesis used vote counting for most outcomes and random-effects meta-analysis of mortality risk ratios; quality was appraised with the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort/non-RCT studies.
Limitations
- The paper states that meta-analysis was possible only for survival data; other physical and mental health outcomes were restricted to vote counting due to heterogeneous interventions and study methods.
- The paper states that generalisability is limited because most studies were based in the USA, involved community-dwelling people aged 50 years or over, and many non-USA studies reported cross-sectional data that were excluded.
- The paper states that causal mechanisms remain unclear, selection effects and reverse causality cannot be conclusively ruled out, many cohort studies failed to fully describe volunteering status or measurement, and trial evidence was limited by small, likely underpowered samples and attrition.
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Claims the paper makes
38 Not checked yet · 16 Own result · 15 Own method · 14 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As three RCT papers reported different outcomes collected at the same follow-up from the Experience Corps trial [30,35,58]; a total of five independent RCTs [33,37,54,62] were identified.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Study characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Cohen A: Welfare clients’ volunteering as a means of empowerment. Nonprofit Volunt Sec Q. 2009, 38: 522-534. 10.1177/0899764008320196. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] George DR, Singer ME: Intergenerational volunteering and quality of life for persons with mild to moderate dementia: results from a 5-month intervention study in the United States. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011, 19: 392-396. 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181f17f20. source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Rook KS, Sorkin DH: Fostering social ties through a volunteer role: Implications for older-adults’ psychological health. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2003, 57: 313-337. 10.2190/NBBN-EU3H-4Q1N-UXHR. source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Yuen HK, Huang P, Burik JK, Smith TG: Impact of participation in volunteer activities for residents living in long-term-care facilities. Am J Occup Ther. 2008, 62: 71-76. 10.5014/ajot.62.1.71. source
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a consistent influence of volunteering type or intensity on outcomes.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Three studies reported no association with volunteering [9,44,49].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, Brown S: Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychol. 2012, 31: 87-96. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Menec VH: The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: a 6 year longitudinal study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003, 58B: S74-S82. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Okun MA, August KJ, Rook KS, Newsom JT: Does volunteering moderate the relation between functional limitations and mortality?. Soc Sci Med. 2010, 71: 1662-1668. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.034. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four [28,43,60,63] of the five cohorts [28,43,44,60,63] that assessed life satisfaction reported benefit (3–25 year follow-ups).”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Bowman N, Brandenberger J, Lapsley D, Hill P, Quaranto J: Serving in college, flourishing in adulthood: does community engagement during the college years predict adult well-being?. Appl Psychol Health Wellbeing. 2010, 2: 14-34. 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01020.x. source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meier S, Stutzer A: Is volunteering rewarding in itself?. Economica. 2008, 75: 39-59. source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Van Willigen M: Differential benefits of volunteering across the life course. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2000, 55: S308-S318. 10.1093/geronb/55.5.S308. source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Nazroo J, Matthews K: The impact of volunteering on well-being in later life. A report to WRVS. 2012, Cardiff, UK: WRVS
- Not checked yetcites [44] Menec VH: The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: a 6 year longitudinal study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003, 58B: S74-S82. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The remainder found statistically significant associations between at least one measure of volunteering status or intensity (e.g. frequency, hours spent, number of organisations supported) and mortality [26,38,47,50]. Interpretation was difficult, however, as studies reported statistically significant, but contradictory associations.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Ayalon L: Volunteering as a predictor of all-cause mortality: what aspects of volunteering really matter?. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008, 20: 1000-1013.
- Not checked yetcites [38] Harris AHS, Thoresen CE: Volunteering is associated with delayed mortality in older people: analysis of the longitudinal study of aging. J Health Psychol. 2005, 10: 739-752. 10.1177/1359105305057310. source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Musick MA, Herzog A, House JS: Volunteering and mortality among older adults: findings from a national sample. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1999, 54B: S173-S180. 10.1093/geronb/54B.3.S173. source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Oman D, Thoresen CE, McMahon K: Volunteerism and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. J Health Psychol. 1999, 4: 301-316. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four out of five RCTs were at moderate or high risk of bias due to the random sequence generation not being described, high attrition rates, and small sample sizes available for analysis”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Methodological quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Eleven papers reported RCTs (n = 7) [30,33,35,37,54,58,62] and non-RCTs (n = 4) [27,29,34,57].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Study characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Belgrave M: The effect of a music therapy intergenerational program on children and older adults’ intergenerational interactions, cross-age attitudes, and older adults’ psychosocial well-being. J Music Ther. 2011, 48: 486-508. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Carlson MC, Erickson KI, Kramer AF, Voss MW, Bolea N, Mielke M, McGill S, Rebok GW, Seeman T, Fried LP: Evidence for neurocognitive plasticity in at-risk older adults: the experience corps program. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009, 64: 1275-1282. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Dabelko-Schoeny H, Anderson KA, Spinks K: Civic engagement for older adults with functional limitations: piloting an intervention for adult day health participants. Gerontologist. 2010, 50: 694-701. 10.1093/geront/gnq019. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Tan EJ, Rebok GW, Yu QL, Frangakis CE, Carlson MC, Wang T, Ricks M, Tanner EK, McGill S, Fried LP: The long-term relationship between high-intensity volunteering and physical activity in older African American women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009, 64: 304-311. source
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Forty papers were selected: five randomised controlled trials (RCTs, seven papers); four non-RCTs; and 17 cohort studies (29 papers).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Forty papers were included in the review [9,25-63].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9,25-63]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twenty-nine papers reported longitudinal analysis of cohort studies; 13 papers reported unique cohorts.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Study characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Volunteering status was significantly associated with improved wellbeing in three cohorts [25,28,31,51,52] (10–29 year follow-ups) but findings regarding volunteering intensity were inconsistent.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Son J, Wilson J: Volunteer work and hedonic, eudemonic, and social well-being. Sociological Forum. 2012, 27: 658-681. 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2012.01340.x. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Bowman N, Brandenberger J, Lapsley D, Hill P, Quaranto J: Serving in college, flourishing in adulthood: does community engagement during the college years predict adult well-being?. Appl Psychol Health Wellbeing. 2010, 2: 14-34. 10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01020.x. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Choi NG, Kim J: The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing. Ageing Soc. 2011, 31: 590-610. 10.1017/S0144686X10001224. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Piliavin JA: Feeling good by doing good: health consequences of social service. Processes of community change and social action. 2005, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 29-50.
- Not checked yetcites [52] Piliavin JA, Siegl E: Health benefits of volunteering in the Wisconsin longitudinal study. J Health Soc Behav. 2007, 48: 450-464. 10.1177/002214650704800408. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Irrespective of how it was measured, volunteering was associated with reduced levels of depression in four cohorts [32,40-42,46,48,51,63], with two cohorts reporting no benefits [36,53].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Choi NG, Bohman TM: Predicting the changes in depressive symptomatology in later life: how much do changes in health status, marital and caregiving status, work and volunteering, and health-related behaviors contribute?. J Aging Health. 2007, 19: 152-177. 10.1177/0898264306297602. source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Kim J, Pai M: Volunteering and trajectories of depression. J Aging Health. 2010, 22: 84-105. 10.1177/0898264309351310. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Li Y, Ferraro KF: Volunteering and depression in later life: social benefit or selection processes?. J Health Soc Behav. 2005, 46: 68-84. 10.1177/002214650504600106. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Li Y, Ferraro KF: Volunteering in middle and later life: is health a benefit, barrier or both?. Soc Forces. 2006, 85: 497-519. 10.1353/sof.2006.0132. source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Morrow-Howell N, Hinterlong J, Rozario PA, Tang F: Effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003, 58: S137-S145. 10.1093/geronb/58.3.S137. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Musick MA, Wilson J: Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med. 2003, 56: 259-269. 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00025-4. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Piliavin JA: Feeling good by doing good: health consequences of social service. Processes of community change and social action. 2005, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 29-50.
- Not checked yetcites [63] Nazroo J, Matthews K: The impact of volunteering on well-being in later life. A report to WRVS. 2012, Cardiff, UK: WRVS
- Not checked yetcites [36] Fujiwara T, Kawachi I: A prospective study of individual-level social capital and major depression in the United States. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008, 62: 627-633. 10.1136/jech.2007.064261. source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Pillemer K, Fuller-Rowell TE, Reid MC, Wells NM: Environmental volunteering and health outcomes over a 20-year period. Gerontologist. 2010, 50: 594-602. 10.1093/geront/gnq007. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Improved quality of life was associated with volunteering status in two cohorts [56,61,63] (2–5 year follow-ups) but only if the activity was reciprocal, i.e. the volunteer felt their actions to be appreciated [56,63].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Siegrist J, Wahrendorf M: Participation in socially productive activities and quality of life in early old age: findings from SHARE. J Eur Soc Pol. 2009, 19: 317-326. 10.1177/1350506809341513. source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Wahrendorf M, Siegrist J: Are changes in productive activities of older people associated with changes in their well-being? Results of a longitudinal European study. Eur J Ageing. 2010, 7: 59-68. 10.1007/s10433-010-0154-4. source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Nazroo J, Matthews K: The impact of volunteering on well-being in later life. A report to WRVS. 2012, Cardiff, UK: WRVS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, most papers reporting cohort studies (see Additional file 4: Table S4) were large and well designed (25/29 low risk, 4/29 moderate risk).”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Methodological quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quality appraisal of non-RCTs (see Additional file 4: Table S4) found three non-RCTs were at moderate risk of bias, and one non-RCT at low risk.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Methodological quality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Volunteering was associated with improved self-efficacy for activities of daily living (one year follow-up) [55] but not with ‘happiness’ (25 year follow-up) [44].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Shimanuki H, Honda H, Ito T, Kasai T, Takato J, Sakamoto Y, Inuzuka G, Ito Y, Arayama N, Ueki S, Haga H: Relationships between volunteerism and social-physical health and QOL with community-dwelling elderly participating in a long-term care prevention programme. [Japanese]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 2007, 54: 749-759.
- Not checked yetcites [44] Menec VH: The relation between everyday activities and successful aging: a 6 year longitudinal study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2003, 58B: S74-S82. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Heterogeneous findings were observed in the five trials [30,35,37,54,58,62] investigating the health effects of intergenerational volunteering among older adults, with benefits reported for some elements of physical activity and cognitive function.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Carlson MC, Saczynski JS, Rebok GW, Seeman T, Glass TA, McGill S, Tielsch J, Frick KD, Hill J, Fried LP: Exploring the effects of an “everyday” activity program on executive function and memory in older adults: experience corps. Gerontologist. 2008, 48: 793-801. 10.1093/geront/48.6.793. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Fried LP, Carlson MC, Freedman M, Frick KD, Glass TA, Hill J, McGill S, Rebok GW, Seeman T, Tielsch J, Wasik BA, Zeger S: A social model for health promotion for an aging population: initial evidence on the experience corps model. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2004, 81: 64-78. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] George DR, Singer ME: Intergenerational volunteering and quality of life for persons with mild to moderate dementia: results from a 5-month intervention study in the United States. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011, 19: 392-396. 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181f17f20. source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Rook KS, Sorkin DH: Fostering social ties through a volunteer role: Implications for older-adults’ psychological health. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2003, 57: 313-337. 10.2190/NBBN-EU3H-4Q1N-UXHR. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Tan EJ, Xue QL, Li T, Carlson MC, Fried LP: Volunteering: a physical activity intervention for older adults - the experience corps program in Baltimore. J Urban Health. 2006, 83: 954-969. 10.1007/s11524-006-9060-7. source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Yuen HK, Huang P, Burik JK, Smith TG: Impact of participation in volunteer activities for residents living in long-term-care facilities. Am J Occup Ther. 2008, 62: 71-76. 10.5014/ajot.62.1.71. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While such adjustments strongly mediated survival, a significant effect remained.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant effects were observed for depression, self-rated health or self-esteem.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For mental health, volunteering had a favourable effect on depression, life satisfaction and wellbeing.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vote counting failed to identify any consistent beneficial effects of volunteering on either physical functional ability or self-rated health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The small number of observational studies that stratified analysis by age found that older people may be more likely to experience reduced functional dependency and fewer depressive symptoms through volunteering compared with their younger counterparts [40,42,48], although one study found no such benefit [45].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Kim J, Pai M: Volunteering and trajectories of depression. J Aging Health. 2010, 22: 84-105. 10.1177/0898264309351310. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Li Y, Ferraro KF: Volunteering in middle and later life: is health a benefit, barrier or both?. Soc Forces. 2006, 85: 497-519. 10.1353/sof.2006.0132. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Musick MA, Wilson J: Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Soc Sci Med. 2003, 56: 259-269. 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00025-4. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Moen P, Dempstermcclain D, Williams RM: Successful aging - a life-course perspective on women’s multiple roles and health. Am J Sociol. 1992, 97: 1612-1638. 10.1086/229941. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reassuringly, the estimates of the prevalence of volunteering from observational studies is consistent with other sources [3,5], which found the prevalence of volunteering is generally higher in the USA compared with European cohorts, and that older people may be less likely to volunteer than their younger counterparts [64].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics - US Department of Labor: Volunteering in the United States - 2011. 2012, USA: Department of Labor
- Not checked yetcites [5] Mathou C: Volunteering in the European Union - final report. Educational, Audiovisual & Culture Executive Agency - Directorate General Education and Culture. 2010, London, UK: GHK
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, it is unclear what type or dose of volunteering activity is associated with the greatest health improvement, for which outcomes and for whom.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Implications for health inequalities, practice and research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No language, country or date restrictions were applied.”
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
“Studies were identified without language, country or date restrictions, by searching electronic databases and scanning reference lists.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Search strategy · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational evidence suggested that volunteering may benefit mental health and survival although the causal mechanisms remain unclear.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To avoid double counting, where multiple papers from the same population cohort reported the same outcome, only one vote per cohort was counted.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Evidence synthesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The Cochrane risk of bias tool [19] was used to assess the quality of RCTs. Non-representative samples and high loss to follow-up rates were considered major threats to the external validity of community-based studies. Thus, two domains, random sequence generation and incomplete outcome data, were prioritised out of a possible seven domains.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] The Cochrane Collaboration: The Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (version 5.1.0). Edited by: Higgins JPT, Green S. 2011, http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/,
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One reviewer (CJ) screened all titles and abstracts for eligibility. Uncertainties were checked by a second reviewer (AD) with discrepancies resolved by discussion (CJ, AD and SR). The full text of potentially relevant articles was screened independently by two reviewers (CJ and SR or KJ); discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third reviewer (SR or KJ).”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This review followed a pre-defined protocol (http://clahrc-peninsula.nihr.ac.uk/includes/site/files/files/EST%20Docs/PenCLAHRC%20volunteering%20protocol%20(21_02_12).pdf), in accordance with the general principles published by the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination [17] and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) [18].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Systematic reviews. CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. 2009, UK: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Univeristy of York
- Not checked yetcites [18] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Br Med J. 2009, 339: 332-336. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were extracted by one reviewer (CJ) and independently checked by a second (KJ or SR) using a standardised, piloted data extraction form.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given the statistical and methodological heterogeneity of studies, meta-analyses of health outcomes were not possible. Consistent with other published reviews [21,22], a more qualitative ‘vote counting’ [23] approach was undertaken.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Evidence synthesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Flodgren G, Eccles MP, Shepperd S, Scott A, Parmelli E, Beyer FR: An overview of reviews evaluating the effectiveness of financial incentives in changing healthcare professional behaviours and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, 7: CD009255
- Not checked yetcites [22] Dickens AP, Richards SH, Greaves CJ, Campbell JL: Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: a systematic review. BMC Publ Health. 2011, 11: 647-10.1186/1471-2458-11-647. source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Bushman BJ: Vote-counting procedures in meta-analysis. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by: Cooper H, Hedges LV. 1984, New York, USA: Russell Sage, 193-213.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The methodological quality of each paper was appraised to generate a risk of bias score. These numerical scores were used to aid interpretation only and not as a quality filter when synthesising results.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experimental and cohort studies comparing the physical and mental health outcomes and mortality of a volunteering group to a non-volunteering group were identified from twelve electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, HMIC, SSCI, ASSIA, Social Care Online, Social Policy and Practice) and citation tracking in January 2013.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Abstract > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort studies [20] was used to assess the quality of non-RCTs and cohort studies.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P: The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2012, http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp,
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although interpreting evidence of effectiveness from longitudinal analysis of cohort studies may be problematic, they were included due to the limited evidence from experimental studies.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Search strategy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health outcomes which included mortality, and physical or mental health measures could be self-reported or extracted from routine records; no quality filtering was applied although the validity of each measure was noted.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Screening, data extraction and quality appraisal
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reassuringly, the estimates of the prevalence of volunteering from observational studies is consistent with other sources [3,5], which found the prevalence of volunteering is generally higher in the USA compared with European cohorts, and that older people may be less likely to volunteer than their younger counterparts [64].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Bureau of Labor Statistics - US Department of Labor: Volunteering in the United States - 2011. 2012, USA: Department of Labor
- Not checked yetcites [5] Mathou C: Volunteering in the European Union - final report. Educational, Audiovisual & Culture Executive Agency - Directorate General Education and Culture. 2010, London, UK: GHK
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although people tend to volunteer for altruistic reasons [9], if reciprocity is not experienced, then the positive impact of volunteering on quality of life is negated [56,63].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Konrath S, Fuhrel-Forbis A, Lou A, Brown S: Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychol. 2012, 31: 87-96. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reassuringly, the estimates of the prevalence of volunteering from observational studies is consistent with other sources [3,5], which found the prevalence of volunteering is generally higher in the USA compared with European cohorts, and that older people may be less likely to volunteer than their younger counterparts [64].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Department for Communities and Local Government: Citizenship survey: 2009–10 (April 2009 - March 2010), England. 2010, London, UK: UK Government
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The importance of reciprocity was highlighted in the cross sectional analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA); retired people who engaged in either paid work or volunteering experienced greater levels of wellbeing compared to those retirees who engaged in caring [8].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] McMunn A, Nazroo J, Wahrendorf M, Breeze E, Zaninotto P: Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England. Ageing Soc. 2009, 29: 765-782. 10.1017/S0144686X08008350. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The State of the World’s Volunteerism Report 2011 [14], the Policy Agenda for Volunteering in Europe (PAVE) [13], the CNCS Strategic Plan 2011–2015 [7] and the UK government policy [15] advocate the uptake of volunteering as a method of improving civic engagement, with the added potential of improving participants’ health and wellbeing [16].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Implications for health inequalities, practice and research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] United Nations Volunteers: State of the world’s volunteerism report 2011. Universal values for global well-being. 2011, Bonn, Germany: United Nations Volunteers source
- Not checked yetcites [13] European Year of Voluteering: Policy Agenda for Volunteering in Europe (PAVE). 2011, Brussels, Belgium: EYV 2011 Alliance Secretariat
- Not checked yetcites [7] Corporation for National and Community Service: The Corporation for National and Community Service Strategic Plan 2011–2015. 2011, http://www.nationalservice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/11_0203_cncs_strategic_plan.pdf,
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this review suggests that bio-social and cultural factors may influence both a willingness to engage in volunteering, as well as the benefits that might accrue.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A hierarchy of evidence approach [17] was applied; only experimental (randomised and non-randomised controlled trials) and cohort studies were included.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Methods > Search strategy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Systematic reviews. CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. 2009, UK: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Univeristy of York
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since people reporting stronger social relationships have a reduced risk of mortality [68], the social aspects of volunteering may contribute to the observed survival differences.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB: Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010, 7: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent systematic reviews reported narrative evidence of the potential health benefits from volunteering, but findings were restricted to older adults and evidence from only one trial [11,12].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] von Bonsdorff MB, Rantanen T: Benefits of formal voluntary work among older people. A review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2011, 23: 162-169. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Cattan M, Hogg E, Hardill I: Improving quality of life in ageing populations: what can volunteering do?. Maturitas. 2011, 70: 328-332. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.08.010. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Alongside more traditional health promotion goals, such as reducing physical inactivity and excess weight in adults, the new Public Health Framework for England (2013–16) [69] includes self-reported wellbeing and improving health-related quality of life for older people as indicators.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Implications for health inequalities, practice and research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Department of Health: Improving outcomes and supporting transparency. Part 1: a public health outcomes framework for England, 2013–2016. 2012, London, UK: Department of Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relevance of the current findings on a nation where health inequalities and volunteering are less prevalent may be questionable.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While meta-analysis of survival data was undertaken, analysis of the remaining physical and mental health outcomes was restricted to vote counting [23] due to heterogeneous trial interventions and study methods of both trial and observational studies.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Bushman BJ: Vote-counting procedures in meta-analysis. The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by: Cooper H, Hedges LV. 1984, New York, USA: Russell Sage, 193-213.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many uncertainties remain that preclude clear recommendations for practice.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Implications for health inequalities, practice and research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The emerging science of evaluating the impact of complex health behavioural change is giving new insights into intervention mapping and development [70].”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH, Fernandez ME: Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. 2011, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, ‘volunteering’ (as assessed in cohort studies) is rarely described and heterogeneous in nature suggesting that future evaluations must seek to better describe the intervention ‘tested’.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the underlying causal mechanisms cannot be explained due to the potential for reverse causation and selection bias, synthesis of observational data suggests that people who choose to volunteer are at a lower risk of mortality, and may experience some benefits in terms of physical and mental health.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Implications for health inequalities, practice and research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By adopting this approach, it may be more feasible over the long-term, to robustly design and adequately power, pragmatic RCTs.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The adjusted estimates from the included cohort studies adequately control for important potential socio-demographic and health-related confounders.
“After adjusting for important potential socio-demographic and health-related confounders, volunteers had a significantly lower risk of mortality (risk ratio: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90; I2 test: p = 0.65) compared to non-volunteers”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The cost of volunteering (D2) cannot be reduced to time investment alone; it emerges through the interaction of emotional demands, intensity, subjective meaning, and available coping resources, and it issues in a psychological consequence (D7) that organizational support and perceived recognition appear to buffer (21, 23, 33).”
From Volunteerism as a multidimensional form of human prosocial engagement (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A growing body of research indicates that volunteering is associated with beneficial mental, social, and physical health outcomes, including higher wellbeing, lower distress, greater social connectedness, better functional health, and, in some longitudinal studies, lower mortality risk (21–24).”
From Volunteerism as a multidimensional form of human prosocial engagement (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Evidence for a precise optimal level remains inconsistent, and this inconsistency is itself a finding the framework must accommodate rather than resolve by assertion (23).”
From Volunteerism as a multidimensional form of human prosocial engagement (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“However, much of this research has been correlationalshowing, for example, that people who spend more money on others are happier (Aknin, Barrington-Leigh, et al., 2013), or people who volunteer to help others are healthier (Jenkinson et al., 2013).”
From Happy to help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor (2018) · cites this paper as Jenkinson et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“It was shown that less calories [469], good sleep [470], less stress [471], good relationships [472], no smoke and low alcohol drinking are environmental factors capable of delaying aging, while genetic factors play a role for in 25% to 30% of life expectancy [473].”
From The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence (2022) · cites this paper as [472]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Discussion > Interpreting study findings
“Heterogeneous findings were observed in the five trials [30,35,37,54,58,62] investigating the health effects of intergenerational volunteering among older adults”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Study participants and interventions
“Four RCTs [30,35,37,54,58,62] and one non-RCT [27] investigated intergenerational volunteering interventions”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Impact of volunteering on health outcomes and survival
“Only one RCT [29] found volunteering significantly improved cognitive function.”
§ Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers > Results > Study characteristics
“Of the non-RCTs [27,29,34,57], one paper was drawn from a small sample (n = 18) of Experience Corps trial participants [29]”
Citations
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“Since people reporting stronger social relationships have a reduced risk of mortality [68], the social aspects of volunteering may contribute to the observed survival differences.”
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- United Nations Volunteers Programme: Preparatory Committee for the Special Session of the General Assembly on the implementation of the outcome of the world summit for social development and further initiatives. Volunteering and social development. A/AC.253/16/Add.7. 2000, United Nations
- Mathou C: Volunteering in the European Union - final report. Educational, Audiovisual & Culture Executive Agency - Directorate General Education and Culture. 2010, London, UK: GHK
- European Year of Voluteering: Policy Agenda for Volunteering in Europe (PAVE). 2011, Brussels, Belgium: EYV 2011 Alliance Secretariat
- Department for Communities and Local Government: Citizenship survey: 2009–10 (April 2009 - March 2010), England. 2010, London, UK: UK Government
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Items 601–700 of 728
Rastogi, S., & Chaudhari, P. (2015) · Asian Bioethics Review · doi:10.1353/asb.2015.0030 · Cited by 1
An International Overview of Programs Addressing School Based Mental Health
Slee, P. T., & Skrzypiec, G. (2016) · Positive education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43039-3_3 · Cited by 1
Helping Helps Those Who Help: Wellbeing and Volunteering Status in College Students
Trupp, M. (2017) · Cited by 1
Management of People in Mission-Driven Organizations: Current State and Future Directions
Cerdin, J., & Brewster, C. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57583-4_10 · Cited by 1
Strand, M. A., He, M., Johnson, R., Perry, J., & Yin, Z. (2019) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyz023 · Cited by 3
Guideposts for High-Quality Community Life Engagement Supports: Results of Expert Interviews
Sulewski, J. S., Timmons, J. C., Lyons, O., & Hall, A. C. (2019) · Inclusion · doi:10.1352/2326-6988-7.4.254 · Cited by 1
“Participation in one’s community, including civic and social aspects of such participation, has long been understood as an essential part of human functioning, physical health, and emotional well-being (Brown, Consedine, & Magai, 2005; Jenkinson et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 2001).”
BackgroundVeterans and Disaster Response Work: The Role of Continued Service in Meaning Making and Recovery
McCaslin, S. E., Bramlett, D., Juhasz, K. M., Mackintosh, M., & Springer, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32007-2_5 · Cited by 1
Volunteering and Self-Assessed Health Within EU28 Countries: Evidence From the EWCS
Capecchi, S., Iorio, F. D., & Nappo, N. (2020) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764020937779 · Cited by 1
“Could volunteering be advocated as a “public health intervention” (Jenkinson et al., 2013)?”
BackgroundShin, Y., & Johnson, N. L. (2021) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-09-2020-0088 · Cited by 1
Ali, A., Mckenzie, E., Rasoul, Z., Hassiotis, A., Priebe, S., Lloyd‐Evans, B., Jones, R., Panca, M., Omar, R., Finning, S., et al. (2021) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr09100 · Cited by 2
Stand up / Seas Suas: promoting peer awareness, empathy and helping among third level students
Brady, B., Silke, C., Hughes, B., & McGovern, J. (2022) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2022.2054022 · Cited by 1
“A significant body of research has found that greater levels of empathy and ‘other-oriented’ values and behaviours are associated with positive personal, interpersonal, and societal benefits including cognitive and emotional development, academic performance, psychological well-being and better quality relationships (…”
BackgroundDorner, L. (2023) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.2023.00030 · Cited by 1
The Significance of Potential Volunteering in Late Adulthood: A Janus-Faced Perspective
Micheel, F. (2024) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150241235083 · Cited by 1
“An active and meaningful lifestyle through voluntary participation is generally associated with improved health effects and reduced mortality risk (Jenkinson et al., 2013; O ’ Reilly et al., 2017).”
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth volunteering behaviors: Evidence from Northern Ireland
Matre, J. C. V. (2024) · Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing · doi:10.1002/nvsm.1841 · Cited by 1
Positive Evolutionary Psychology
Wedberg, N., Geher, G., Mcquade, B., & Thomas, D. M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544754.013.45 · Cited by 2
Camós-Guijosa, P., Caro-Durán, A., Bellés-Mur, E., Arasa, B. D., & Vasco-Rodríguez, Y. (2025) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2024.102442 · Cited by 1
“23,24 It includes the general interest activities motivated by altruism and the desire for social transformation conducted within an associative activity or a non-profit organization.”
McGill, G., Allen, S., Osborne, A. K., & Gates, J. R. (2025) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/fcre.70020 · Cited by 1
MacLeod, M. A. (2014) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Miralles, I. P. (2015) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 1
The Silver Line: Tackling Loneliness in Older People Evaluation Research Report
Moore, S. C., Preston, C., Markkanen, S., & Parker, M. W. (2015) · Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) · Cited by 1
Pre-Games expectations and past volunteering experiences of Glasgow 2014 clyde-sider applicants
Jones, R., & Yates, G. (2015) · Cited by 1
Scalable approximations to k-cycle transversal problems on dynamic networks
Kuhnle, A., Crawford, V. G., & Thai, M. T. (2018) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-018-1296-5 · Cited by 1
Litchke, L. G., & Finley, C. (2019) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · doi:10.18666/trj-2019-v53-i2-9129 · Cited by 1
Pengaruh Organizational Constraints dan Kepribadian Terhadap Work Engagement Pada Relawan
Pratama, F. B. Y., & Syarifah, D. (2020) · INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental · doi:10.20473/jpkm.v5i12020.1-12 · Cited by 1
Hoare, R. (2020) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2020-0022 · Cited by 1
Finding the right words: Articulating the value of mental health promotion. A focus group study
Cresswell‐Smith, J., Mäkikärki, N., Appelqvist‐Schmidlechner, K., & Wahlbeck, K. (2022) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22801 · Cited by 1
Commentary on “Dietitians’ challenges when consulting to adults with intellectual disabilities”
Triantafyllopoulou, P. (2019) · Tizard Learning Disability Review · doi:10.1108/tldr-07-2019-0024 · Cited by 1
DO GOOD TO FEEL GOOD? INVESTIGATING CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AMONG NON-COLLEGE YOUNG ADULTS
Fenn, N. Q. (2022) · Digital Commons - URI (University of Rhode Island) · doi:10.23860/diss-fenn-natalie-2022 · Cited by 1
Leisure Activities of Adolescents - Associations with Well-Being and Parental Leisure EngagementPreprint
Wanka, F., Vogel, M., Grafe, N., Aßmann, M., Kieß, W., & Poulain, T. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3268763/v1 · Cited by 1
Burton, W., Power, M., Benchekroun, R., Previdoli, G., Hadley, P., Kapetanaki, A. B., Doherty, B., Sheard, L., Cameron, C., Islam, S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8231779/v1 · Cited by 1
The development of supportive school community plans by community volunteers
Thabe, M. (2016) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
Volunteerism and its rationale
Antonello, I. (2016) · Scientia Medica · doi:10.15448/1980-6108.2016.4.25777
“Revisão sistemática e meta-análise de 2013 [3] e meta-análise de 2016 [4] indicam associação positiva entre o exercício do voluntariado e desfechos de saúde como bem estar mental, bem estar autodeclarado, satisfação, diminuição da depressão e aumento da sobrevida.”
Masruroh, N. L., Ika, S. S., & Saputri, A. A. P. (2017) · PROCEEDING UMSURABAYA
Candy, B., Low, J., Scott, R., & Pelttari, L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31738-0_120-1
Unlocking the potential of volunteers
Foster, S. (2019) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.1.75
Not Everything That Counts Can Be Counted: Fostering Healthy and Vibrant Communities
Warner, C. (2019) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/00989134-20190709-01
Chongchitpaisan, W., Wiwatanadate, P., Tanprawate, S., Narkpongphun, A., & Siripon, N. (2019) · Journal of Health Research · doi:10.1108/jhr-01-2019-0013
الآشي, أ. ب. ع. (2018) · Mağallaẗ Al-Qirā'aẗ wa Al-Maʿrifaẗ/Mağallaẗ Al-Qirā'aẗ wa Al-Maʿrifaẗ · doi:10.21608/mrk.2018.101922
Supporting & Promoting Adolescent Nutritional Health Equity
Wignall, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45103-5_8
Perceptions of Benefits and Constraints of Leisure Travel for Pregnant Women: A Qualitative Study
Kim, H. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1745-354220200000016012
Martins, A., Canavarro, M. C., & Pereira, M. (2021) · Psychology and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2021.1933146
The Role of the Volunteer Across the Critical Care Recovery Arc
Eaton, T. L., McPeake, J. M., & Boehm, L. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68680-2_19
Three Essays on the Economics of Philanthropy
Su, Y. (2021) · Scholarship - Claremont (Claremont Colleges) · doi:10.5642/cguetd/227
Meissen, M., & Matthieu, M. M. (2021) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.1939816
“One intervention that has garnered some attention from researchers as a novel approach is that of volunteering or civic service, particularly for veterans (Jenkinson et al., 2013; Lawrence et al., 2017; Matthieu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundOlder women living alone in the United Kingdom: a mixed methods study exploring health and wellbeing
Forward, C. (2021) · UWL Repository (University of West London)
Hong, C. S. (2021) · Nursing and Residential Care · doi:10.12968/nrec.2021.23.6.1
Postmodernidad en Florence Nightingale. A 100 años de su muerte
Yáñez, F. Z. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Opportunities for increasing volunteering in Australia
Menner, R. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.214196
Campion, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623038.026
Sutin, U., Paluangrit, S., Dangkrajang, S., Sutthinarakorn, W., & Prasert, V. (2022) · International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention · doi:10.18535/ijmsci/v9i03.010
“[4] Caroline E Jenkinson, Andy P Dickens, Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers.”
BackgroundOng, A. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Wethington, E., Addington, E. L., Sanni, M., Goktas, S., Sluys, E., Swong, S., Kim, P., & Reid, M. C. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4094546
Campion, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198861478.003.0051
Lindsey, R., Mohan, J., Bulloch, S. L., & Metcalfe, E. (2018) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.51952/9781447324867.bm002
A PERCEPÇÃO DA IMAGEM CORPORAL DE INDIVÍDUOS A LUZ DA PSICOLOGIA POSITIVA
Leite, K. C. C. (2022) · Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação · doi:10.51891/rease.v8i9.6772
Díaz, F. J. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética · doi:10.14422/rib.i20.y2022.005
Editorial: Psychosocial interventions in psychotic illnesses
Ramachandran, P., Verma, S. K., & Singh, S. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1092976
“Persons with a psychiatric illness benefitted from a “friend”, who was non-discriminating and hands-on in augmenting social involvement (42).”
BackgroundBülow, P. (2023) · Journal of Science Humanities and Arts - JOSHA · doi:10.17160/josha.10.1.869
MENGENALPASTI KEPERLUAN DAN MOTIVASI SUKARELAWAN PENJAGAAN KESIHATAN MELALUI MISI BANTUAN KEMANUSIAN
Ahmad, R., Akhir, N. M., & Amin, A. S. (2023) · Jurnal e-Bangi/e-Bangi · doi:10.17576/ebangi.2023.2001.27
Marshall, H. C., Goodall, T., Callahan, D., Halim, A. A., Olsen, P., Choukri, M. A., & Chen, D. (2023) · New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.15619/nzjp.v51i2.354
Schroeder, K. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36484-6_1
Farthing, T. S., Brees, K., Schlachter, L. H., & Kurz, D. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/2b9hd
Genetic endowments for social capital: An investigation accounting for genetic nurturing effects
Lebenbaum, M., Gagnon, F., de Oliveira, C., & Laporte, A. (2023) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101316
Zhu, C., & Su, R. (2023) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2023.2251273
“Aunque en muchos estudios se ha demostrado que estos tienen un impacto positivo en la salud física y mental de las personas (Jenkinson et al., 2013; Okun et al., 2013), debemos ser conscientes de que también pueden suponer riesgos para la salud.”
Background2021 Analysis of Elderly people living in Briddha Ashram
Subedi, B. K. (2021) · PRAGYAN A Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.3126/pprmj.v3i1.61416
About kindness as a character trait. An exploratory study
CĂLIN, R.-A. (2023) · Analele Universității din Craiova seria Psihologie-Pedagogie/Annals of the University of Craiova Series Psychology- Pedagogy · doi:10.52846/aucpp.2023.2.06
Via burgers de beste manier ontdekken om eenzaamheid te bestrijden
van Leersum, C. M., & Ottink, J. (2024) · TSG - Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen · doi:10.1007/s12508-024-00427-z
Volunteering, the New Wealth of Students
Salma, F., Dahesh, A. A., Yacout, M., & Abbas, N. H. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4103-2.ch002
Political Volunteers in India: Experiences of Women
Bhandari, A., & Sriram, S. (2024) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-024-00381-4
“Volunteering is an act of free will which benefits various stakeholders: the individual, society, organizations, and/or the environment (Jenkinson et al., 2013; Shabaneh, 2005).”
Endogenous Opioids and Volunteering: On the Evolutionary Significance of Helping Others
Rusu, A. S. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_13
Prosocial Behavior: Self-enhancement and
Burt, M., & Snell, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_1072-1
Age-Friendly Voices in the Pursuit of an Age-Friendly Ecosystem
Canham, S. L., & Farrell, T. W. (2024) · SpringerBriefs in public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68361-9_6
Mohan, J. (2024) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526190406.00028
Volunteer Services in Palliative Care by Third Age University Students
Düzgün, G., Öztürk, Y. K., Polat, G., & Şahin, S. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12242591
Quantifying the relationship between third sector size and political polarizationPreprint
MacKay, K. J., Schiltz, F., Avis, A., Sauvé, C., & Vandekerckhove, P. G. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5819925/v1
Driving, Mobility, and Healthy Ageing
Anstey, K. J., Hambisa, M. T., & Eramudugolla, R. (2024) · Topics in Geriatric Care. · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0462-3_6
Qvist, H.-P. Y., Qvist, J. Y., & Wiertz, D. (2025) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103172 · Cited by 1
“As a concrete intervention, scholars and policymakers have suggested promoting volunteer work among older adults, consistent with the notion of active and healthy aging (Jenkinson et al., 2013; Umberson and Montez, 2010).”
Volunteering: The Life You Save Might Be Your Own
Cordes, S. R., & Campbell, B. H. (2025) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2025.03.002
Kim, S., Shiba, K., & Halvorsen, C. (2025) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001392
“…a sense of ful fi llment and reduce psychological distress, which is linked to better cardiovascular health 42 Consistent with the meta-analyses, 19,43 volunteering may become a health program that fosters social interaction and companionship, health education, and intergenerational…”
Cho, D., Jeong, D., & Shim, E. (2025) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2025.33.2.53
Henney, S. M., & Hackett, J. D. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91611-3_3
Lin, J. C.-Y., Zhong, A., Nguyen, D. H., Zhang, A. L., Phillips, R. S., & Amat, M. J. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-09721-1
“Vol.:(0123456789) Voting, which the American Medical Association defined as a social determinant of health in 2022, is similarly associated with strengthened mental well-being, while simultaneously enabling patients to address the upstream conditions that shape their health.”
The Mechanism by Which Voluntary Behavior Promotes College Students’ Positive Mental Health
黄, 丕. (2025) · Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.12677/ass.2025.1411981
Marrese, T., & Handy, F. (2025) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/08997640251386741
“Individuals often experience benefits when they volunteer such as increased life satisfaction (Jenkinson et al., 2013) and may seek further opportunities with related organizations.”
Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Zhou, C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14429113
Baxter, L., Burton, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19373424
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“The social connections, sense of purpose, and personal growth opportunities from volunteering appear to contribute to resilience development (Jenkinson et al., 2013 ), while overcoming challenges builds self-efficacy and mastery (Bandura, 1997 ).”
Volunteering and well being among working individuals in Abu Dhabi
Badri, M. A., Khaili, M. A., Aldhaheri, H., Yang, G., Albahar, M., AlRashdi, A. S., Yaaqeib, S. I., & Alsawai, A. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00621-x
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The Influence of Ṣadaqa on Mental Health and Well-Being in Turkey
Babula, M., & Ersoy‐Babula, A. I. (2026) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-026-01316-9
Examining Catholic Practices and Traditions Through a Contemporary Psychotherapeutic Lens
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Engaging for change: the influence of civic engagement on at-risk Arab minority youth in Israel
Wahad, S. D.-A. A., Jeries-Loulou, L. J., Goldner, L., & Yanay‐Ventura, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1711399 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Jenkinson, C. E., Dickens, A. P., Jones, K., Thompson-Coon, J., Taylor, R. S., Rogers, M., Bambra, C. L., Lang, I., & Richards, S. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Durham University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Richards, Suzanne H
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2013-08-23
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 773-773
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3766013
- OpenAlex
- W2039460587
- Semantic Scholar
- 0b7ad1238f57b6d75f54dc36fd159f5234362831
- Cited by
- 730
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 104 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 19.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management › Tourism, Volunteerism, and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- volunteering, public health interventions, volunteer health, mortality, mental health, depression, life satisfaction, well-being, physical health, social capital, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mental Health, Public Health, Volunteers, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Social Capital
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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