Volunteerism and Mortality among the Community-dwelling Elderly
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Older residents ( N 5 1972) in California were investigated prospectively for association of volunteering service to others and all-cause mortality. Potential confounding factors were studied: demographics, health status, physical functioning, health habits, social support, religious involvement, and emotional states. Possible interaction effects of volunteering with religious involvement and social support were also explored. Results showed that 31 percent ( n 5 630) of respondents volunteered, about half ( n5289) for more than one organization. High volunteers ([.greaterequal]2 organizations) had 63 percent lower mortality than nonvolunteers (age and sex-adjusted) with relative hazard (RH) 5 0.37, confidence interval (CI) 5 0.24, 0.58. Multivariate adjustment moderately reduced difference to 44 percent (RH 5 0.56, CI 5 0.35, 0.89), mostly due to physical functioning, health habits, and social support. Unexpectedly, volunteering was slightly more protective for those with high religious involvement and perceived social support. After multivariate adjustment, any level of volunteering reduced mortality by 60 percent among weekly attenders at religious services (RH 5 0.40; CI 5 0.21,0.74). Lower mortality rates for community service volunteers were only partly explained by health habits, physical functioning, religious attendance, and social support.
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The remaining studies found statistically significant but contradictory associations between at least one measure of volunteering and mortality.
“The remainder found statistically significant associations between at least one measure of volunteering status or intensity (e.g. frequency, hours spent, number of organisations supported) and mortality [26,38,47,50]. Interpretation was difficult, however, as studies reported statistically significant, but contradictory associations.”
From Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
Meta-analysis of five cohort studies found volunteers to be at lower risk of mortality (risk ratio 0.78; 95% CI 0.66, 0.90).
“Meta-analysis of five cohort studies found volunteers to be at lower risk of mortality (risk ratio: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90).”
From Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
Meta-analysis of five studies identified a 22% reduction (CI: 10% to 34%) in mortality among volunteers compared to non-volunteers.
“Meta-analysis of five studies [9,26,38,49,50] identified a 22% reduction (CI: 10% to 34%) in mortality among volunteers compared to non-volunteers.”
From Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
Social integration mediated the relationship between survival and volunteering status.
“Social integration also mediated the relationship between survival and volunteering status [38,50].”
From Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
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Cheung, E. O., Cohn, M. A., Dunn, L. B., Melisko, M. E., Morgan, S., Penedo, F. J., Salsman, J. M., Shumay, D. M., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4312 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Late-Life Volunteering and Trajectories of Physical Health
Tang, F. (2009) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464808327454 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Life Enhancing Activities for Family Caregivers of People With Frontotemporal Dementia
Dowling, G. A., Merrilees, J., Mastick, J., Chang, V. Y., Hubbard, E., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2014) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3182a6b905 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Does volunteering moderate the relation between functional limitations and mortality?
Okun, M. A., August, K. J., Rook, K. S., & Newsom, J. T. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.034 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Volunteerism as an Occupation and its Relationship to Health and Wellbeing
Black, W., & Living, R. (2004) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/030802260406701202 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
- Authors
- Oman, D., Thoresen, C. E., & Mcmahon, K.
- Affiliations
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- ORCID
- Oman, Doug
- Venue
- Journal of Health Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 301-316
- ISSN
- 1359-1053 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7277
- OpenAlex
- W2153804792
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 16.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- volunteering, mortality, community-dwelling older adults, all-cause mortality, religious involvement, social support, physical function, health habits, emotional state, community service
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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