Potential involvement of the immune system in the development of endometriosis
Open accessAbstract
This article presents an overview of immunological factors and their role in the development of endometriosis, with emphasis on inflammatory cytokines, growth and adhesion factors. Although retrograde menstruation is a common phenomenon among women of reproductive age, not all women who have retrograde menstruation develop endometriosis. The development of endometriosis is hypothesised to be a complex process, which may be facilitated by several factors, including the quantity and quality of endometrial cells in peritoneal fluid (PF), increased inflammatory activity in PF, increased endometrial-peritoneal adhesion and angiogenesis, reduced immune surveillance and clearance of endometrial cells, and increased production of autoantibodies against endometrial cells. Potential biomarkers like cytokines and autoantibodies upregulated during development of endometriosis may be useful in the development of a non-surgical diagnostic tool. Although endometriosis can be treated using hormonal suppression, there is need for non-hormonal drugs, which can inhibit the development of endometriosis and alleviate pain or infertility without inhibition of ovulation. New molecules that modulate immune function in endometriosis should be the targets for future research.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kyama, C. M., Debrock, S., Mwenda, J. M., & D'Hooghe, T. M.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Institute of Primate Research (KE)
- Venue
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
- Published
- 2003-12-02
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-123
- ISSN
- 1477-7827 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC305339
- OpenAlex
- W2109494575
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Intestinal and Peritoneal Adhesions
- Keywords
- endometriosis, immune system, inflammatory cytokines, retrograde menstruation, peritoneal fluid, angiogenesis, immune surveillance, autoantibodies, biomarkers, non-surgical diagnosis, hormonal suppression, non-hormonal therapy, infertility, pain
- MeSH terms
- Endometriosis, Female, Humans, Immune System, Inflammation, Menstruation Disturbances, Inflammation Mediators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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