A gene × gene interaction between DRD2 and DRD4 is associated with conduct disorder and antisocial behavior in males
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Antisocial behaviors are complex polygenic phenotypes that are due to a multifactorial arrangement of genetic polymorphisms. Little empirical research, however, has been undertaken that examines gene x gene interactions in the etiology of conduct disorder and antisocial behavior. This study examined whether adolescent conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior were related to the dopamine D2 receptor polymorphism (DRD2) and the dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism (DRD4). METHODS: A sample of 872 male participants from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) completed self-report questionnaires that tapped adolescent conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior. DNA was genotyped for DRD2 and DRD4. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that neither DRD2 nor DRD4 had significant independent effects on conduct disorder or antisocial behavior. However, DRD2 interacted with DRD4 to predict variation in adolescent conduct disorder and in adult antisocial behavior. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a gene x gene interaction between DRD2 and DRD4 is associated with the development of conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior in males.
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Only a small handful of molecular genetic studies implicate DA candidate genes, including DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4, in the development of conduct problems.
“only a small handful of molecular genetic studies implicate DA candidate genes, including DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4, in the development of conduct problems [656-659]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [656]
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- Authors
- Beaver, K. M., Wright, J., DeLisi, M., Walsh, A., Vaughn, M. G., Boisvert, D., & Vaske, J.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Boise State University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beaver, Kevin M
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Functions
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30
- ISSN
- 1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1913922
- OpenAlex
- W2171698690
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks (Boise State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Florida State University
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD031921)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- gene-gene interaction, DRD2, DRD4, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior, males, genetic polymorphism
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