Knowledge translation of research findings
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: One of the most consistent findings from clinical and health services research is the failure to translate research into practice and policy. As a result of these evidence-practice and policy gaps, patients fail to benefit optimally from advances in healthcare and are exposed to unnecessary risks of iatrogenic harms, and healthcare systems are exposed to unnecessary expenditure resulting in significant opportunity costs. Over the last decade, there has been increasing international policy and research attention on how to reduce the evidence-practice and policy gap. In this paper, we summarise the current concepts and evidence to guide knowledge translation activities, defined as T2 research (the translation of new clinical knowledge into improved health). We structure the article around five key questions: what should be transferred; to whom should research knowledge be transferred; by whom should research knowledge be transferred; how should research knowledge be transferred; and, with what effect should research knowledge be transferred? DISCUSSION: We suggest that the basic unit of knowledge translation should usually be up-to-date systematic reviews or other syntheses of research findings. Knowledge translators need to identify the key messages for different target audiences and to fashion these in language and knowledge translation products that are easily assimilated by different audiences. The relative importance of knowledge translation to different target audiences will vary by the type of research and appropriate endpoints of knowledge translation may vary across different stakeholder groups. There are a large number of planned knowledge translation models, derived from different disciplinary, contextual (i.e., setting), and target audience viewpoints. Most of these suggest that planned knowledge translation for healthcare professionals and consumers is more likely to be successful if the choice of knowledge translation strategy is informed by an assessment of the likely barriers and facilitators. Although our evidence on the likely effectiveness of different strategies to overcome specific barriers remains incomplete, there is a range of informative systematic reviews of interventions aimed at healthcare professionals and consumers (i.e., patients, family members, and informal carers) and of factors important to research use by policy makers. SUMMARY: There is a substantial (if incomplete) evidence base to guide choice of knowledge translation activities targeting healthcare professionals and consumers. The evidence base on the effects of different knowledge translation approaches targeting healthcare policy makers and senior managers is much weaker but there are a profusion of innovative approaches that warrant further evaluation.
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Often, research is not translated into practice.
“Often, research is not translated into practice [41]”
Median absolute effect sizes across implementation strategies are similar.
“Grimshaw et al. (34) note that while median absolute effect sizes across implementation strategies are similar (see Table 1), the variation in observed effects within each strategy category suggests that effects may vary based upon whether or not they address determinants (barriers and facilitators).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
Variation in observed effects within each implementation strategy category suggests that effects may vary based upon whether or not they address determinants (barriers and facilitators).
“the variation in observed effects within each strategy category suggests that effects may vary based upon whether or not they address determinants (barriers and facilitators).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
The general lack of an a priori rationale for the selection of components in multifaceted implementation strategies makes it difficult to determine how these decisions were made.
“Grimshaw et al. (34) provide one possible explanation, emphasizing that the general lack of an a priori rationale for the selection of components (i.e., discrete strategies) in multifaceted implementation strategies makes it difficult to determine how these decisions were made.”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
The effects of attempts to translate research evidence into practice and improve performance remain inconsistent.
“Despite the attractiveness of this argument, however, the effects of attempts to translate research evidence into practice and improve performance remain inconsistent (Grimshaw 2004; Grimshaw 2012; McGlynn 2003).”
From Tailored interventions to address determinants of practice (2015) · cites this paper as Grimshaw 2012
The transfer of evidence into routine practice often does not happen as desired.
“the transfer of such evidence into routine practice often does not happen as desired [1-3].”
From Discriminant content validity of a theoretical domains framework questionnaire for use in implementation research (2014) · cites this paper as [1]
The larger effect sizes may be attributable to the use of a multi-strategic approach to addressing multiple reported barriers to care delivery, or to the greater duration and intensity of intervention implementation support provided.
“The larger effect sizes may be attributable to the use of a multi-strategic approach to addressing multiple reported barriers to care delivery [25, 31, 51], or to the greater duration and the intensity of intervention implementation support provided.”
From Increasing the provision of preventive care by community healthcare services: a stepped wedge implementation trial (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
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Self-citationExamining the Role of Health Services Research in Public PolicymakingPreprint
Lavis, J. N., Ross, S., Hurley, J., Hohenadel, J., Stoddart, G. L., Woodward, C., & Abelson, J. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.1111/milq.2002.80.issue-1 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Self-citationPersonalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests (Review)
Edwards, A., Evans, R., Dundon, J., Haigh, S. M., Hood, K., & Elwyn, G. J. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Self-citationOxman, A. D., Vandvik, P. O., Lavis, J. N., Fretheim, A., & Lewin, S. A. (2009) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-7-s1-s2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual feedback of individuals' medical imaging results for changing health behaviour
Hollands, G. J., Hankins, M. C., & Marteau, T. M. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007434.pub2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
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Self-citationSUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 7: Finding systematic reviews
Lavis, J. N., Oxman, A. D., Grimshaw, J., Johansen, M., Boyko, J. A., Lewin, S. A., & Fretheim, A. (2009) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-7-s1-s7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationFretheim, A., Oxman, A. D., Lavis, J. N., & Lewin, S. A. (2009) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-7-s1-s18 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationInnovations in health care: a reality check
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Weir, M., Ryan, R., Mayhew, A., Worswick, J., Santesso, N., Lowe, D. B., Leslie, B., Stevens, A., Hill, S., & Grimshaw, J. (2010) · Implementation science : IS · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-89 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Self-citationOxman, A. D., Lavis, J. N., Fretheim, A., & Lewin, S. A. (2009) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-7-s1-s16 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen is it cost-effective to change the behaviour of health professionals ?
Mason, J. M., Freemantle, N., Nazareth, I., Eccles, M., Haines, A., & Drummond, M. (2001) · Durham Research Online (Durham University) · doi:10.1001/jama.286.23.2988 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Implementing Early Warning Messages on Emerging Health Technologies
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
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Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research
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Barriers and Strategies in Guideline Implementation—A Scoping Review
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French, S. D., McKenzie, J. E., O’Connor, D. A., Grimshaw, J., Mortimer, D., Francis, J., Michie, S., Spike, N., Schattner, P. L., Kent, P. M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065471 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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Resource Effective Strategies to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Disease
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Sarkies, M., Bowles, K., Skinner, E. H., Haas, R., Lane, H., & Haines, T. P. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0662-0 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Grimshaw, J. M., Eccles, M. P., Lavis, J. N., Hill, S. J., & Squires, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- McMaster University (CA)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Grimshaw, Jeremy M
- Venue
- Implementation Science
- Published
- 2012-05-31
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-50
- ISSN
- 1748-5908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3462671
- OpenAlex
- W2161459327
- Cited by
- 2,407
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 131 · 2024: 228 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 243 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 178 · 2019: 179 · 2018: 183 · 2017: 170 · 2016: 175 · 2015: 179 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 230.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Implementation Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- uO Research (University of Ottawa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- La Trobe University (cc-by)
- Funders
- Hill's Pet Nutrition
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- knowledge translation, knowledge-practice gap, evidence-policy gap, target audience, barriers and facilitators, healthcare workers, research utilization
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Policy Making, Review Literature as Topic, Health Behavior, Information Storage and Retrieval, Databases as Topic, Information Dissemination, Translational Research, Biomedical, Knowledge Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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