Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care

Angus, D. C., Linde-Zwirble, W. T., Lidicker, J., Clermont, G., Carcillo, J., & Pinsky, M. R. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002 · Cited by 8,503

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008

Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Carlet, J. M., Bion, J., Parker, M. M., Jaeschke, R., Reinhart, K., Angus, D. C., Brun-Buisson, C., Beale, R., et al. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0934-2 · Cited by 6,772

Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework

(2001) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.113989 · Cited by 6,762

Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis

Bernard, G. R., Vincent, J.-L., Laterre, P.-F., LaRosa, S. P., Dhainaut, J.-F., Lopez-Rodriguez, A., Steingrub, J. S., Garber, G. E., Helterbrand, J. D., Ely, E. W., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200103083441001 · Cited by 6,132

Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock

Kumar, A., Roberts, D., Wood, K. E., Light, B., Parrillo, J. E., Sharma, S., Suppes, R., Feinstein, D., Zanotti, S., Taiberg, L., et al. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000217961.75225.e9 · Cited by 6,109

2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference

Levy, M. M., Fink, M. P., Marshall, J. C., Abraham, E., Angus, D., Cook, D., Cohen, J., Opal, S. M., Vincent, J.-L., & Ramsay, G. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000050454.01978.3b · Cited by 5,995

The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Sepsis

Hotchkiss, R. S., & Karl, I. E. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra021333 · Cited by 4,097

Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock*

Nguyen, H. B., Rivers, E. P., Knoblich, B. P., Jacobsen, G., Muzzin, A., Ressler, J. A., & Tomlanovich, M. C. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000132904.35713.a7 · Cited by 1,228

Serum Cytokine Levels in Human Septic Shock

Pinsky, M. R., Vincent, J.-L., Deviere, J., Alegre, M., Kahn, R. J., & Dupont, E. (1993) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.103.2.565 · Cited by 884

Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Tang, B. M., Eslick, G. D., Craig, J. C., & McLean, A. S. (2007) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70052-x · Cited by 851

Hydrogen sulfide is a novel mediator of lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation in the mouse

Li, L., Bhatia, M., Zhu, Y. Z., Zhu, Y. C., Ramnath, R. D., Wang, Z. J., Anuar, F. B. M., Whiteman, M., Salto‐Tellez, M., & Moore, P. K. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3583fje · Cited by 773

Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: a multiplex analysis

Bozza, F. A., Salluh, J. I., Japiassu, A. M., Soares, M., Assis, E. F., Gomes, R. N., Bozza, M. T., Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C., & Bozza, P. T. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5783 · Cited by 740

The C-reactive protein

Clyne, B., & Olshaker, J. S. (1999) · The Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(99)00135-3 · Cited by 668

Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells and the Diagnosis of Pneumonia

Gibot, S., Cravoisy, A., Levy, B., Bene, M.-C., Faure, G., & Bollaert, P.-E. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa031544 · Cited by 645

Use of Procalcitonin to Shorten Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Septic Patients

Nobre, V., Harbarth, S., Graf, J.-D., Rohner, P., & Pugin, J. (2008) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200708-1238oc · Cited by 605

Procalcitonin assay in systemic inflammation, infection, and sepsis: Clinical utility and limitations

Becker, K. L., Snider, R., & Nylen, E. S. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318165babb · Cited by 598

Prognostic Values of Tumor Necrosis Factor/Cachectin, Interleukin-l, Interferon- , and Interferon- in the Serum of Patients with Septic Shock

Calandra, T., Baumgartner, J.-D., Grau, G. E., Wu, M.-M., Lambert, P.-H., Schellekens, J., Verhoef, J., Glauser, M. P., & Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study Group (1990) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/161.5.982 · Cited by 547

Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock

Monneret, G., Lepape, A., Voirin, N., Bohé, J., Venet, F., Debard, A.-L., Thizy, H., Bienvenu, J., Gueyffier, F., & Vanhems, P. (2006) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0204-8 · Cited by 545

Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis

Lever, A., & Mackenzie, I. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39346.495880.ae · Cited by 510

C-Reactive Protein Levels Correlate With Mortality and Organ Failure in Critically Ill Patientsa

Lobo, S. M. A., Lobo, F. R. M., Bota, D. P., Lopes-Ferreira, F., Soliman, H. M., Meélot, C., & Vincent, J.-L. (2003) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.123.6.2043 · Cited by 448

Comparison of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of sepsis

Luzzani, A., Polati, E., Dorizzi, R., Rungatscher, A., Pavan, R., & Merlini, A. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000063440.19188.ed · Cited by 425

Protein C levels as a prognostic indicator of outcome in sepsis and related diseases

Fisher, C. J., & Yan, S. B. (2000) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200009001-00011 · Cited by 418

Procalcitonin used as a marker of infection in the intensive care unit

Ugarte, H., Silva, E., Mercan, D., De Mendonca, A., & Vincent, J.-L. (1999) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199903000-00024 · Cited by 415

Plasma Level of a Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1: Its Diagnostic Accuracy in Patients with Suspected Sepsis

Gibot, S., Kolopp-Sarda, M.-N., Béné, M. C., Cravoisy, A., Levy, B., Faure, G. C., & Bollaert, P.-E. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00009 · Cited by 407

Severe secondary deficiency of von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: its correlation with development of renal failure

Ono, T., Mimuro, J., Madoiwa, S., Soejima, K., Kashiwakura, Y., Ishiwata, A., Takano, K., Ohmori, T., & Sakata, Y. (2006) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1087 · Cited by 399

Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: Comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia

de Werra, I., Jaccard, C., Corradin, S. B., Chiolero, R., Yersin, B., Gallati, H., Assicot, M., Bohuon, C., Baumgartner, J.-D., Glauser, M. P., et al. (1997) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199704000-00009 · Cited by 388

Efficacy and safety of the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody F(ab′)2 fragment afelimomab in patients with severe sepsis and elevated interleukin-6 levels*

Panacek, E. A., Marshall, J. C., Albertson, T. E., Johnson, D. H., Johnson, S., MacArthur, R. D., Miller, M., Barchuk, W. T., Fischkoff, S., Kaul, M., et al. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000145229.59014.6c · Cited by 387

Pre–B-Cell Colony-enhancing Factor as a Potential Novel Biomarker in Acute Lung Injury

Ye, S. Q., Simon, B. A., Maloney, J. P., Zambelli-Weiner, A., Gao, L., Grant, A., Easley, R. B., McVerry, B. J., Tuder, R. M., Standiford, T., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200404-563oc · Cited by 376

Universal changes in biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation occur in patients with severe sepsis, regardless of causative micro-organism [ISRCTN74215569]

Kinasewitz, G. T., Yan, S. B., Basson, B., Comp, P., Russell, J. A., Cariou, A., Um, S. L., Utterback, B., Laterre, P.-F., Dhainaut, J.-F., et al. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2459 · Cited by 363

C-reactive protein as a marker of infection in critically ill patients

Póvoa, P., Coelho, L., Almeida, E., Fernandes, A., Mealha, R., Moreira, P., & Sabino, H. (2005) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01044.x · Cited by 346

Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsis.

Drake, T. A., Cheng, J., Chang, A. C. K., & Taylor, F. B. (1993) · PubMed Central · Cited by 344

Postoperative plasma concentrations of procalcitonin after different types of surgery

Meisner, M., Tschaikowsky, K., Hutzler, A., Schüttler, J., & Schick, C. (1998) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340050644 · Cited by 343

Circulating levels of the long pentraxin PTX3 correlate with severity of infection in critically ill patients

Muller, B., Peri, G., Doni, A., Torri, V., Landmann, R., Bottazzi, B., & Mantovani, A. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00017 · Cited by 329

Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Use vs a Standard Approach for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care

Briel, M., Schuetz, P., Mueller, B., Young, J., Schild, U., Nusbaumer, C., Périat, P., Bucher, H. C., & Christ-Crain, M. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.18.2000 · Cited by 321

Postoperative plasma concentrations of procalcitonin after different types of surgery

Meisner, M., Tschaikowsky, K., Hutzler, A., Schick, C., & Schmidt, J. (1998) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc170 · Cited by 308

Biomarkers of sepsis

Marshall, J. C., & Reinhart, K. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a02afc · Cited by 294

Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Use vs a Standard Approach for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care

Schwartz, D. N. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.18.2007 · Cited by 284

Migration inhibitory factor expression in experimentally induced endotoxemia.

Bacher, M., Meinhardt, A., Lan, H. Y., Mu, W., Metz, C. N., Chesney, J. A., Calandra, T., Gemsa, D., Donnelly, T., Atkins, R. C., et al. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 281

Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: an observational study

Christ-Crain, M., Morgenthaler, N. G., Struck, J., Harbarth, S., Bergmann, A., & Müller, B. (2005) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc3885 · Cited by 281

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important determinant of sepsis morbidity and mortality

Yano, K., Liaw, P. C., Mullington, J. M., Shih, S.-C., Okada, H., Bodyak, N., Kang, P. M., Toltl, L., Belikoff, B., Buras, J., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20060375 · Cited by 279

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-6 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis 2 days before clinical manifestation

Küster, H., Weiss, M., Willeitner, A. E., Detlefsen, S., Jeremias, I., Zbojan, J., Geiger, R., Lipowsky, G., & Simbruner, G. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08148-3 · Cited by 275

Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome.

Rubin, D. B., Wiener-Kronish, J. P., Murray, J. F., Green, D. R., Turner, J., Luce, J. M., Montgomery, A. B., Marks, J. D., & Matthay, M. A. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114733 · Cited by 269

Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein during the early posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Mimoz, O., Edouard, A. R., Samii, K., Benoist, J. F., Assicot, M., & Bohuon, C. (1998) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340050543 · Cited by 262

Predictive Value of Nuclear Factor κB Activity and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Sepsis

Arnalich, F., Garcia-Palomero, E., López, J., Jiménez, M., Madero, R., Renart, J., Vázquez, J. J., & Montiel, C. (2000) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.68.4.1942-1945.2000 · Cited by 252

Endocan, a new endothelial marker in human sepsis*

Scherpereel, A., Depontieu, F., Grigoriu, B., Cavestri, B., Tsicopoulos, A., Gentina, T., Jourdain, M., Pugin, J., Tonnel, A.-B., & Lassalle, P. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000198525.82124.74 · Cited by 249

Elevated nucleosome levels in systemic inflammation and sepsis*

Zeerleder, S., Zwart, B., Wuillemin, W. A., Aarden, L. A., Groeneveld, A. B. J., Caliezi, C., van Nieuwenhuijze, A. E. M., van Mierlo, G. J., Eerenberg, A. J. M., Lämmle, B., et al. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000074719.40109.95 · Cited by 247

A prospective, multicenter derivation of a biomarker panel to assess risk of organ dysfunction, shock, and death in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis

Shapiro, N. I., Trzeciak, S., Hollander, J. E., Birkhahn, R., Otero, R., Osborn, T. M., Moretti, E., Nguyen, H. B., Gunnerson, K. J., Milzman, D., et al. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318192fd9d · Cited by 242

Measures, markers, and mediators: Toward a staging system for clinical sepsis. A Report of the Fifth Toronto Sepsis Roundtable, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 25–26, 2000

Marshall, J. C., Vincent, J.-L., Fink, M. P., Cook, D. J., Rubenfeld, G., Foster, D., Fisher, C. J., Faist, E., & Reinhart, K. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000065186.67848.3a · Cited by 241

Time-course of sTREM (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells)-1, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations during sepsis

Gibot, S., Cravoisy, A., Kolopp-Sarda, M.-N., Béné, M.-C., Faure, G., Bollaert, P.-E., & Levy, B. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000159089.16462.4a · Cited by 232

Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock

Mehta, N. J., Khan, I. A., Gupta, V., Jani, K., Gowda, R. M., & Smith, P. R. (2004) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.005 · Cited by 231

Plasma DNA concentration as a predictor of mortality and sepsis in critically ill patients

Rhodes, A., Wort, S. J., Thomas, H., Collinson, P., & Bennett, E. D. (2006) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc4894 · Cited by 228

Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit

Balci, C., Sungurtekin, H., Gürses, E., Sungurtekin, U., & Kaptanoğlu, B. (2002) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc1843 · Cited by 225

Angiopoietin-2 is increased in severe sepsis: Correlation with inflammatory mediators

Orfanos, S. E., Kotanidou, A., Glynos, C., Athanasiou, C., Tsigkos, S., Dimopoulou, I., Sotiropoulou, C., Zakynthinos, S., Armaganidis, A., Papapetropoulos, A., et al. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000251640.77679.d7 · Cited by 213

Elevated serum levels of S-100β protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock*

Nguyen, D. N., Spapen, H., Su, F., Schiettecatte, J., Shi, L., Hachimi-Idrissi, S., & Huyghens, L. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000217218.51381.49 · Cited by 210

Expression of the Complement Anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a Receptors on Bronchial Epithelial and Smooth Muscle Cells in Models of Sepsis and Asthma

Drouin, S. M., Kildsgaard, J., Haviland, J., Zabner, J., Jia, H. P., McCray, P. B., Tack, B. F., & Wetsel, R. A. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2025 · Cited by 208

Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Apoptosis Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Severe Human Sepsis

ADRIE, C., BACHELET, M., VAYSSIER-TAUSSAT, M., RUSSO-MARIE, F., BOUCHAERT, I., ADIB-CONQUY, M., CAVAILLON, J.-M., PINSKY, M. R., DHAINAUT, J.-F., & POLLA, B. S. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.3.2009088 · Cited by 206

Toward Resolving the Challenges of Sepsis Diagnosis

Carrigan, S. D., Scott, G., & Tabrizian, M. (2004) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.032144 · Cited by 200

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: A New Prognostic Marker in Septic Shock

Pralong, G., Calandra, T., Glausef, M.-P., Schellekens, J., Verhoef, J., Bachmann, F., & Kruithof, E. K. O. (1989) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1646614 · Cited by 199

Platelet and Leukocyte Activation Correlate with the Severity of Septic Organ Dysfunction

Russwurm, S., Vickers, J., Meier-Hellmann, A., Spangenberg, P., Bredle, D., Reinhart, K., & L??sche, W. (2002) · Shock · doi:10.1097/00024382-200204000-00004 · Cited by 193

Diagnostic markers for neonatal sepsis

Ng, P. C., & Lam, H. S. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193293.87022.4c · Cited by 189

PLASMA VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN SEVERE SEPSIS

van der Flier, M., van Leeuwen, H. J., van Kessel, K. P., Kimpen, J. L., Hoepelman, A. I., & Geelen, S. P. (2005) · Shock · doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000150728.91155.41 · Cited by 185

Levels of endothelial and platelet microparticles and their interactions with leukocytes negatively correlate with organ dysfunction and predict mortality in severe sepsis

Soriano, A. O., Jy, W., Chirinos, J. A., Valdivia, M. A., Velasquez, H. S., Jimenez, J. J., Horstman, L. L., Kett, D. H., Schein, R. M. H., & Ahn, Y. S. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000186414.86162.03 · Cited by 183

Increased levels of soluble ST2 protein and IgG1 production in patients with sepsis and trauma

Brunner, M., Krenn, C., Roth, G., Moser, B., Dworschak, M., Jensen-Jarolim, E., Spittler, A., Sautner, T., Bonaros, N., Wolner, E., et al. (2004) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2184-x · Cited by 182

Time course and relationship between plasma selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, and multiorgan failure

Sakr, Y., Reinhart, K., Bloos, F., Marx, G., Russwurm, S., Bauer, M., & Brunkhorst, F. (2007) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aem091 · Cited by 174

Plasma biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Song, F., Poljak, A., Smythe, G. A., & Sachdev, P. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.05.003 · Cited by 173

Interleukin 6 is a prognostic indicator of outcome in severe intra-abdominal sepsis

Patel, R. T., Deen, K. I., Youngs, D., Warwick, J., & Keighley, M. R. B. (1994) · Journal of British Surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.1800810914 · Cited by 172

Released granulocytic elastase: an indicator of pathobiochemical alterations in septicemia after abdominal surgery.

Duswald, K. H., Jochum, M., Schramm, W., & Fritz, H. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 171

Procalcitonin: a valuable indicator of infection in a medical ICU?

Suprin, E., Camus, C., Gacouin, A., Le Tulzo, Y., Lavoue, S., Feuillu, A., & Thomas, R. (2000) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340000580 · Cited by 168

The Time Course of Blood C-reactive Protein Concentrations in Relation to the Response to Initial Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Sepsis

Schmit, X., & Vincent, J. L. (2008) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-007-7077-9 · Cited by 165

Neutrophil CD64 expression and serum IL-8: Sensitive early markers of severity and outcome in sepsis

Livaditi, O., Kotanidou, A., Psarra, A., Dimopoulou, I., Sotiropoulou, C., Augustatou, K., Papasteriades, C., Armaganidis, A., Roussos, C., Orfanos, S. E., et al. (2006) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.007 · Cited by 165

Lipopolysaccharide Downregulates Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Expression and Increases Anandamide Levels in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Maccarrone, M., De Petrocellis, L., Bari, M., Fezza, F., Salvati, S., Di Marzo, V., & Finazzi-Agrò, A. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2500 · Cited by 162

HMGB1 as a predictor of organ dysfunction and outcome in patients with severe sepsis

Karlsson, S., Pettilä, V., Tenhunen, J., Laru-Sompa, R., Hynninen, M., & Ruokonen, E. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1032-9 · Cited by 162

Modulation of tissue Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 during the early phases of polymicrobial sepsis correlates with mortality*

Williams, D. L., Ha, T., Li, C., Kalbfleisch, J. H., Schweitzer, J., Vogt, W., & Browder, I. W. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000069343.27691.f3 · Cited by 160

Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock: We could go faster

Zambon, M., Ceola, M., Almeida-de-Castro, R., Gullo, A., & Vincent, J.-L. (2008) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.08.003 · Cited by 159

Ferritin levels in children with severe sepsis and septic shock

Garcia, P. C. R., Longhi, F., Branco, R. G., Piva, J. P., Laks, D., & Tasker, R. C. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00564.x · Cited by 149

Clinical and biological significance of interleukin-10 plasma levels in patients with septic shock

Marchant, A., Alegre, M., Hakim, A., Pierard, G., Marécaux, G., Friedman, G., Groote, D. D., Kahn, R. J., Vincent, J., & Goldman, M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/bf01540884 · Cited by 148

Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α Levels in Early Diagnosis and Management of Neonatal Sepsis

Kurt, A. N. Ç., Aygün, A. D., Gödekmerdan, A., Kurt, A., Doğan, Y., & Yılmaz, E. (2007) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2007/31397 · Cited by 146

Expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in septic but not traumatic/hypovolemic shock in the baboon.

Redl, H. R., Dinges, H. P., Buurman, W. A., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 145

Decrease in circulating dendritic cells predicts fatal outcome in septic shock

Guisset, O., Dilhuydy, M., Thiébaut, R., Lefèvre, J., Camou, F., Sarrat, A., Gabinski, C., Moreau, J., & Blanco, P. (2006) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0436-7 · Cited by 142

Pronounced elevation of resistin correlates with severity of disease in severe sepsis and septic shock

Sundén‐Cullberg, J., Nyström, T., Lee, M. L., Mullins, G. E., Tokics, L., Andersson, J., Norrby‐Teglund, A., & Treutiger, C. J. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000266536.14736.03 · Cited by 139

Characterization of the Systemic Loss of Dendritic Cells in Murine Lymph Nodes During Polymicrobial Sepsis

Efron, P. A., Martins, A., Minnich, D. J., Tinsley, K. W., Ungaro, R. F., Bahjat, F. R., Hotchkiss, R. S., Clare-Salzler, M. J., & Moldawer, L. L. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3035 · Cited by 138

Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide is a prognostic marker in sepsis, similar to the APACHE II score: an observational study

Morgenthaler, N. G., Struck, J., Christ‐Crain, M., Bergmann, A., & Müller-Stich, B. P. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc3015 · Cited by 137

Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsis

Piliponsky, A. M., Chen, C., Nishimura, T., Metz, M., Rios, E. J., Dobner, P. R., Wada, E., Wada, K., Zacharias, S., Mohanasundaram, U. M., et al. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1738 · Cited by 136

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Promotes a Poor Prognosis in Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Madoiwa, S., Nunomiya, S., Ono, T., Shintani, Y., Ohmori, T., Mimuro, J., & Sakata, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1532/ijh97.05190 · Cited by 134

sRAGE is Elevated in Septic Patients and Associated With Patients Outcome

Bopp, C., Hofer, S., Weitz, J., Bierhaus, A., Nawroth, P. P., Martin, E., Büchler, M. W., & Weigand, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.014 · Cited by 134

Macrophage serum markers in pneumococcal bacteremia: Prediction of survival by soluble CD163*

Møller, H. J., Moestrup, S. K., Weis, N. M., Wejse, C. M., Nielsen, H. I., Pedersen, S. S., Attermann, J., Nexø, E., & Kronborg, G. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000239120.32490.ab · Cited by 133

IP-10 Is an Early Diagnostic Marker for Identification of Late-Onset Bacterial Infection in Preterm Infants

Ng, P. C., Li, K., Chui, K. M., Leung, T. F., Wong, R. P. O., Chu, C. W., Wong, E., & Fok, T. F. (2007) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000250207.95723.96 · Cited by 132

Simultaneous Measurement of Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol by Polymyxin B-Selective Adsorption and Subsequent High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis: Increase in Endogenous Cannabinoids in the Sera of Patients with Endotoxic Shock

Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Ito, Y., Hashiguchi, T., Kitajima, I., Yamakuchi, M., Shimizu, H., Matsuo, S., Imaizumi, H., & Maruyama, I. (2001) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.2001.5015 · Cited by 130

Development and Validation of a Multiplex Add-On Assay for Sepsis Biomarkers Using xMAP Technology

Kofoed, K., Schneider, U. V., Scheel, T. K. H., Andersen, O., & Eugen‐Olsen, J. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.067595 · Cited by 130

Serial cytokine levels in patients with severe sepsis

Wu, H.-P., Chen, C.-K., Chung, K., Tseng, J., Hua, C., Liu, Y., Chuang, D., & Yang, C.-H. (2009) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-009-0003-0 · Cited by 129

New assay for the measurement of selenoprotein P as a sepsis biomarker from serum

Hollenbach, B., Morgenthaler, N. G., Struck, J., Alonso, C., Bergmann, A., Köhrle, J., & Schomburg, L. (2008) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.11.003 · Cited by 129

B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients*

Post, F., Weilemann, L. S., Messow, C., Sinning, C., & Münzel, T. F. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31818b9153 · Cited by 129

Hyperprocalcitonemia in Patients with Noninfectious SIRS and Pulmonary Dysfunction Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Hensel, M., Volk, T. J., Döcke, W. D., Kern, F., Tschirna, D., Egerer, K., Konertz, W. F., & Kox, W. J. (1998) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199807000-00016 · Cited by 125

Expression and Contribution of Endogenous IL-13 in an Experimental Model of Sepsis

Matsukawa, A., Hogaboam, C. M., Lukacs, N. W., Lincoln, P., Evanoff, H. L., Strieter, R. M., & Kunkel, S. L. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2738 · Cited by 124

Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells in septic patients: Correlation with survival

Rafat, N., Hanusch, C., Brinkkoetter, P. T., Schulte, J., Brade, J., Zijlstra, J. G., van der Woude, F. J., van Ackern, K., Yard, B. A., & Beck, G. C. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000269034.86817.59 · Cited by 123

Plasma concentration of Gc-globulin is associated with organ dysfunction and sepsis after injury

Dahl, B., Schiødt, F. V., Ott, P., Wians, F. H., Lee, W. M., Balko, J. A., & O’Keefe, G. E. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200301000-00024 · Cited by 122

Leukocyte glycolysis and lactate output in animal sepsis and ex vivo human blood

Haji-Michael, P. G., Ladrière, L., Sener, A., Vincent, J., & Malaisse, W. J. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90179-8 · Cited by 121

Serum thrombomodulin level relates to the clinical course of disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, and mortality in patients with sepsis*

Lin, S., Wang, Y.-M., Lin, H.-C., Lee, K., Huang, C., Liu, C., Wang, C., & Kuo, H.-P. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31816537d8 · Cited by 119

Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on rat liver cells after lipopolysaccharide administration in vivo

van Oosten, M., van de Bilt, E., de Vries, H. E., van Berkel, T. J. C., & Kuiper, J. (1995) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840220529 · Cited by 117

Activation of the fibrinolytic system and utilization of the coagulation inhibitors in sepsis: comparison with severe sepsis and septic shock

Mavrommatis, A. C., Theodoridis, T., Economou, M., Kotanidou, A. N., Ali, M. E., Christopoulou-Kokkinou, V., & Zakynthinos, S. G. (2001) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-001-1139-8 · Cited by 116

High levels of catalytic antibodies correlate with favorable outcome in sepsis

Lacroix‐Desmazes, S., Bayry, J., Kaveri, S. V., Hayon-Sonsino, D., Thorenoor, N., Charpentier, J., Luyt, C. E., Mira, J. P., Nagaraja, V., Kazatchkine, M. D., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500586102 · Cited by 114

Role of increased sphingomyelinase activity in apoptosis and organ failure of patients with severe sepsis

Claus, R. A., Bunck, A. C., Bockmeyer, C. L., Brunkhorst, F. M., Lösche, W., Kinscherf, R., & Deigner, H. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2842fje · Cited by 112

Procalcitonin and neopterin as indicators of infection in critically ill patients

Ruokonen, E., Ilkka, L., Niskanen, M., & Takala, J. A. (2002) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460412.x · Cited by 107

NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE, MIP-2, AND TLR-4 EXPRESSION DURING HUMAN AND EXPERIMENTAL SEPSIS

Tsujimoto, H., Ono, S., Majima, T., Kawarabayashi, N., Takayama, E., Kinoshita, M., Seki, S., Hiraide, H., Moldawer, L. L., & Mochizuki, H. (2004) · Shock · doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000145936.31967.d7 · Cited by 107

Soluble E-Selectin Levels in Sepsis and Critical Illness

Cummings, C., Sessler, C. N., Beall, L. D., FISHER, B. J., Best, A. M., & Fowler, A. A. (1997) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9509017 · Cited by 106

Amino acid imbalance early in septic encephalopathy

Basler, T., Meier‐Hellmann, A., Bredle, D., & Reinhart, K. (2002) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1217-6 · Cited by 106

Development of a method for the sensitive and quantitative determination of hepcidin in human serum using LC-MS/MS

Li, H., Rose, M. J., Tran, L., Zhang, J., Miranda, L. P., James, C. A., & Sasu, B. J. (2009) · Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2009.02.004 · Cited by 105

Matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are elevated in severe sepsis: Prognostic value of TIMP-1 in severe sepsis

Hoffmann, U., Hoffmann, U., Bertsch, T., Hoffmann, U., Bertsch, T., Dvortsak, E., Liebetrau, C., Lang, S., Liebe, V., Huhle, G., et al. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/00365540600702058 · Cited by 101

CD40 and CD80/86 Act Synergistically to Regulate Inflammation and Mortality in Polymicrobial Sepsis

Nolan, A., Weiden, M. D., Kelly, A., Hoshino, Y., Hoshino, S., Mehta, N. N., & Gold, J. A. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-515oc · Cited by 100

Copeptin, a novel prognostic biomarker in ventilator-associated pneumonia

Seligman, R., Papassotiriou, J., Morgenthaler, N. G., et al. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6780 · Cited by 100

Association of Interleukin-4 Plasma Levels With Traumatic Injury and Clinical Course

DiPiro, J. T. (1995) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430110017004 · Cited by 99

Circulating complement proteins in patients with sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Stöve, S., Welte, T., Wagner, T., Kola, A., Klos, A., Bautsch, W., & Köhl, J. (1996) · Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology · doi:10.1128/cdli.3.2.175-183.1996 · Cited by 96

Elevated growth-arrest-specific protein 6 plasma levels in patients with severe sepsis

Borgel, D., Clauser, S., Bornstain, C., Bièche, I., Bissery, A., Remones, V., Fagon, J.-Y., Aiach, M., & Diehl, J. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000195014.56254.8a · Cited by 96

Alterations of Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Wasting Syndrome and Effects of Ghrelin Treatment on the Syndrome

Hataya, Y., Akamizu, T., Hosoda, H., Kanamoto, N., Moriyama, K., Kangawa, K., Takaya, K., & Nakao, K. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0427 · Cited by 93

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein in a surgical intensive care unit: A marker of sepsis?*

Sakr, Y. L., Burgett, U., Nácul, F. E., Reinhart, K., & Brunkhorst, F. M. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31817b86e3 · Cited by 90

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in the plasma of children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure

Whalen, M. J., Doughty, L., Carlos, T. M., Wisniewski, S. R., Kochanek, P. M., & Carcillo, J. A. (2000) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200007000-00070 · Cited by 90

Predictive value of antithrombin III and serum C-reactive protein concentration in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis

Pettilä, V., Pentti, J., Pettilä, M., Takkunen, O. S., & Jousela, I. T. (2002) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200202000-00001 · Cited by 89

Detection of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein (MIP)‐1α and MIP‐1β during Experimental Endotoxemia and Human Sepsis

O’Grady, N. P., Tropea, M., Preas, H. L., Reda, D., Vandivier, R. W., Banks, S. M., & Suffredini, A. F. (1999) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/314559 · Cited by 88

Chemokine Patterns in Meningococcal Disease

Møller, A. W., Bjerre, A. K., Brusletto, B. S., Joø, G. B., Brandtzaeg, P., & Kierulf, P. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/427514 · Cited by 88

Biomarkers of sepsis

Marshall, J. C. (2006) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-006-0045-1 · Cited by 85

Changes in the Novel Orphan, C5a Receptor (C5L2), during Experimental Sepsis and Sepsis in Humans

Huber-Lang, M. S., Sarma, J. V., Rittirsch, D., Schreiber, H. A., Weiss, M., Flierl, M. A., Younkin, E. M., Schneider, M., Suger-Wiedeck, H., Gebhard, F. T., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.1104 · Cited by 80

DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF SYSTEMIC IL-18 AND IL-12 RELEASE DURING POSTOPERATIVE SEPSIS: HIGH SERUM IL-18 AS AN EARLY PREDICTIVE INDICATOR OF LETHAL OUTCOME

Emmanuilidis, K., Weighardt, H., Matevossian, E., Heidecke, C.-D., Ulm, K., Bartels, H., Siewert, J. R., & Holzmann, B. (2002) · Shock · doi:10.1097/00024382-200210000-00002 · Cited by 80

Glycosylation ofα 1 glycoprotein in septic shock: Changes in degree of branching and in expression of sialyl Lewisx groups

der Linden, E. C. M. B.-V., van Ommen, E. C. R., & van Dijk, W. (1996) · Glycoconjugate Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01049676 · Cited by 78

Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients: Decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin

Nakamura, T., Ebihara, I., Shoji, H., Ushiyama, C., Suzuki, S., & Koide, H. (1999) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s000110050442 · Cited by 76

Neurological injury markers in children with septic shock*

Hsu, A. A., Fenton, K. E., Weinstein, S. L., Carpenter, J. L., Dalton, H., & Bell, M. J. (2008) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181727b22 · Cited by 74

Evaluation of protein C and other biomarkers as predictors of mortality in a rat cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis*

Heuer, J. G., Sharma, G. R., Gerlitz, B., Zhang, T., Bailey, D. L., Ding, C., Berg, D. T., Perkins, D., Stephens, E. J., Holmes, K. C., et al. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000129488.54282.1a · Cited by 69

Serum Levels of the Apoptosis-Associated Molecules, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α/Tumor Necrosis Factor Type-I Receptor and Fas/FasL, in Sepsis

Freitas, I. D., Fernández-Somoza, M., Essenfeld-Sekler, E., & Cardier, J. E. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.125.6.2238 · Cited by 69

Systemic neuropeptide levels as predictive indicators for lethal outcome in patients with postoperative sepsis

Beer, S., Weighardt, H., Emmanuilidis, K., Harzenetter, M. D., Matevossian, E., Heidecke, C.-D., Bartels, H., Siewert, J., & Holzmann, B. (2002) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200208000-00020 · Cited by 68

Elevation of plasma endothelin concentrations during endotoxin shock in dogs

Nakamura, T., Kasai, K., Yoshio, S., Banba, N., Takahashi, K., Emoto, T., Yoshiyuki, H., & Shin-Ichi, S. (1991) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(91)90910-i · Cited by 68

Altered Alveolar Surfactant Is an Early Marker of Acute Lung Injury in Septic Adult Sheep

Lewis, J. F., Veldhuizen, R. A. W., Possmayer, F., Sibbald, W. J., Whitsett, J. A., Qanbar, R., & McCaig, L. (1994) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.1.8025737 · Cited by 68

Serum levels of osteopontin are increased in SIRS and sepsis

Vaschetto, R., Nicola, S., Olivieri, C., et al. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1268-4 · Cited by 68

Clinical Utility of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Early Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Rivers, E. P., McCord, J., Otero, R., Jacobsen, G., & Loomba, M. (2007) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066607307523 · Cited by 66

Bacterial infection and tissue-specific Hsp72, -73 and -90 expression in western painted turtles

Ramaglia, V., Harapa, G. M., White, N., & Buck, L. T. (2004) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2004.06.007 · Cited by 65

Should procalcitonin be introduced in the diagnostic criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis?

Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Giannopoulou, P. C., Grecka, P., Voros, D., Mandragos, K. E., & Giamarellou, H. (2004) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2004.07.001 · Cited by 65

Impaired Monocyte IL-12 Production Before Surgery as a Predictive Factor for the Lethal Outcome of Postoperative Sepsis

Weighardt, H., Heidecke, C.-D., Westerholt, A., Emmanuilidis, K., Maier, S., Veit, M., Gerauer, K. E., Matevossian, E., Ulm, K., Siewert, J., et al. (2002) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-200204000-00015 · Cited by 65

Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels in Septic Patients

Piechota, M., Banach, M., Irzmański, R., Barylski, M., Piechota-Urbańska, M., Kowalski, J., & Pawlicki, L. (2007) · Journal of Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1177/0885066607301444 · Cited by 64

Serum Soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-Selectin, and P-Selectin Levels as Markers of Infection and their Relation to Clinical Severity in Neonatal Sepsis

Aloy, J. F., Gómez-López, L., Rodríguez-Miguélez, J.-M., Salvia-Roiges, M. D., Jordán-García, I., Ferrer-Codina, I., Carbonell‐Estrany, X., & Jiménez-González, R. (2007) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-2007-981851 · Cited by 61

Laboratory Diagnosis of Patients with Acute Chest Pain

Penttilä, I., Penttilä, K., & Rantanen, T. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2000.027 · Cited by 60

Ceramide concentrations in septic patients: A possible marker of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Delogu, G., Famularo, G., Amati, F., Signore, L., Antonucci, A., Trinchieri, V., Marzio, L. D., & Cifone, M. G. (1999) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199911000-00015 · Cited by 60

Nitric oxide-derived urinary nitrate as a marker of intestinal bacterial translocation in rats

Oudenhoven, I. M. J., Klaasen, H. L. B. M., Lapré, J. A., Weerkamp, A. H., & van der Meer, R. (1994) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90059-0 · Cited by 59

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide

Kandil, E. H. (2008) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.2007.69 · Cited by 59

Surface and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: Expression patterns in murine sepsis

Gibot, S., Massin, F., Renard, P. L., Béné, M. C., Faure, G. C., Bollaert, P., & Lévy, B. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000172614.36571.75 · Cited by 59

Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 protects mice in sepsis

Tsao, P., Chan, F.-T., Wei, S., Hsieh, W., Chou, H., Su, Y., Chen, C., Hsu, W., Hsieh, F., & Hsu, S.-M. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000275273.56547.b8 · Cited by 59

Serum MIP-1α and IL-8 in septic patients

Fujishima, S., Sasaki, J., Shinozawa, Y., Takuma, K., Kimura, H. J., Suzuki, M., Hori, S., Aikawa, N., & Kanazawa, M. (1996) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01709331 · Cited by 59

Endotoxin increases plasma leptin and ghrelin levels in dogs*

Yılmaz, Z., İlçöl, Y. Ö., & Ulus, İ. H. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0b013e3181611f5aa · Cited by 57

CALPAIN INHIBITORS IMPROVE MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION INDUCED BY ENDOTOXIN IN RATS

Tissier, S., Lancel, S., Marechal, X., Mordon, S. R., Depontieu, F., Scherpereel, A., Chopin, C., & Nevière, R. (2004) · Shock · doi:10.1097/00024382-200404000-00010 · Cited by 55

Intrahepatic STAT-3 activation and acute phase gene expression predict outcome after CLP sepsis in the rat

Andrejko, K. M., Chen, J., & Deutschman, C. S. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.6.g1423 · Cited by 55

Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Challenges and Recommendations

Gullo, A., Bianco, N. D., & Berlot, G. (2006) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.006 · Cited by 52

Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsis

Seidelin, J. B., Nielsen, O. H., & Strøm, J. J. (2002) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1501-5 · Cited by 52

Lysophosphatidylcholine reduces the organ injury and dysfunction in rodent models of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive shock

Murch, O., Collin, M., Sepodes, B. M. N., Foster, S. J., Mota‐Filipe, H., & Thiemermann, C. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706788 · Cited by 49

Changes in plasma concentrations of vasoactive neuropeptides in patients with sepsis and septic shock

Arnalich, F. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(94)00416-p · Cited by 49

High C-reactive protein and low cholesterol levels are prognostic markers of survival in severe sepsis

Memiş, D., Gursoy, O., Tasdogan, M., Süt, N., Ömürlü, İ. K., Türe, M., & Karamanlıoğlu, B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.10.008 · Cited by 49

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a possible diagnostic marker for Gram-negative bacteremia in neutropenic cancer patients

Nijhuis, C. S. M. O., Vellenga, E., Daenen, S. M. G. J., van der Graaf, W. T. A., Gietema, J. A., Groen, H. J. M., Kamps, W. A., & de Bont, E. S. J. M. (2003) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-003-2026-2 · Cited by 48

Increased Release of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors Into Blood During Clinical Sepsis

Ertel, W. (1994) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1994.01420360120017 · Cited by 47

LPS down-regulates the expression of chemokine receptor CCR2 in mice and abolishes macrophage infiltration in acute inflammation

Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Warr, G. A., & Bravo, R. (1999) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.65.2.265 · Cited by 47

Decreased plasma glutamate in early phases of septic shock with acute liver dysfunction is an independent predictor of survival

Poeze, M., Luiking, Y. C., Breedveld, P., Manders, S., & Deutz, N. E. P. (2008) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.04.006 · Cited by 44

Interleukin 13 and inflammatory markers in human sepsis

Collighan, N., Giannoudis, P. V., Kourgeraki, O., Perry, S., Guillou, P. J., & Bellamy, M. C. (2004) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1002/bjs.4521 · Cited by 44

Leptin alterations in the course of sepsis in humans.

Tzanela, M., Orfanos, S. E., Tsirantonaki, M., Kotanidou, A. N., Sotiropoulou, C., Christophoraki, M., Vassiliadi, D. A., Thalassinos, N., & Roussos, C. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 44

The Relationship between Plasma Taurine and Other Amino Acid Levels in Human Sepsis

Chiarla, C., Giovannini, I., Boldrini, G., Castagneto, M., & Siegel, J. H. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.9.2222 · Cited by 44

Erythropoietin and renin as biological markers in critically ill patients

Tamion, F., Cam‐Duchez, V. L., Ménard, J.-F., Girault, C., Coquerel, A., & Bonmarchand, G. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2902 · Cited by 41

CC and CXC chemokine levels in children with meningococcal sepsis accurately predict mortality and disease severity

Vermont, C. L., Hazelzet, J. A., de Kleijn, E. D., van den Dobbelsteen, G. P. J. M., & de Groot, R. (2006) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc4836 · Cited by 41

Release of the mitochondrial enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase under septic conditions.

Struck, J., Ühlein, M., Morgenthaler, N. G., Fürst, W., Höflich, C., Bahrami, S., Bergmann, A., Volk, H., & Redl, H. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 41

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and E-selectin concentrations: A comparison in patients with severe acute pancreatitis and severe sepsis

Hynninen, M. S., Valtonen, M., Markkanen, H. M., Vaara, M., Kuusela, P., Jousela, I. T., Piilonen, A. K., & Takkunen, O. S. (1999) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/s0883-9441(99)90015-1 · Cited by 38

Expression of E-Selectin, P-Selectin, and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 during Experimental Murine Listeriosis

López, S., Prats, N., & Marco, A. (1999) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65241-8 · Cited by 37

Monocyte CD14 and soluble CD14 in predicting mortality of patients with severe community acquired infection

Aalto, H., Takala, A., Kautiainen, H., Siitonen, S. M., & Repo, H. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/00365540701199808 · Cited by 36

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels are elevated in plasma and decreased in vena cava during endotoxin shock in the rat.

Wang, X., Jones, S. B., Zhou, Z., Han, C., & Fiscus, R. R. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 36

Effect of sepsis or cytokine administration on release of gut peptides

Zamir, O., Hasselgren, P.-O. J., Higashiguchi, T., Frederick, J. A., & Fischer, J. E. (1992) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/0002-9610(92)90273-t · Cited by 35

New Biomarkers in an Acute Model of Live Escherichia coli‐induced Sepsis in Pigs

Castellheim, A. G., Thorgersen, E. B., Hellerud, B. C., Pharo, A. M., Johansen, H. T., Brosstad, F. R., Gaustad, P., Brun, H., Fosse, E. T., Tønnessen, T. I., et al. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02122.x · Cited by 34

Increased Urinary Excretion of Bilirubin Oxidative Metabolites in Septic Patients: A New Marker for Oxidative Stress in Vivo

Otani, K., Shimizu, S., Chijiiwa, K., Yamaguchi, K., Kuroki, S., & Tanaka, M. (2001) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1006/jsre.2000.6036 · Cited by 30

Cysteinyl-leukotriene generation as a biomarker for survival in the critically ill

Morlion, B. J., Torwesten, E., Kuhn, K., Puchstein, C., & Fürst, P. (2000) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200011000-00020 · Cited by 29

Longitudinal course and clinical significance of TGF-β1, sL- and sE-Selectins and sICAM-1 levels during severe acute stress in children

Briassoulis, G. C., Papassotiriou, I., Mavrikiou, M., Lazaropoulou, C., & Margeli, A. P. (2007) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.11.015 · Cited by 29

Biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Tang, B. L., & Kumar, R. (2008) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n5p406 · Cited by 29

Patterns of Correlation of Plasma Ceruloplasmin in Sepsis

Chiarla, C., Giovannini, I., & Siegel, J. H. (2007) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.024 · Cited by 28

The Th2 response as monitored by CRTH2 or CCR3 expression is severely decreased during septic shock

Venet, F., Lepape, A., Debard, A., Bienvenu, J., Bohé, J., & Monneret, G. (2004) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.005 · Cited by 27

Elevated Serum Diiodotyrosine (DIT) in Severe Infections and Sepsis: DIT, a Possible New Marker of Leukocyte Activity*

MEINHOLD, H., Gramm, H.-J., MEISSNER, W., ZIMMERMANN, J., Schwander, J., Dennhardt, R., & Voigt, K. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-4-945 · Cited by 27

Plasma apolipoprotein CI correlates with increased survival in patients with severe sepsis

Berbée, J. F. P., van der Hoogt, C. C., de Haas, C. J. C., van Kessel, K. P. M., Dallinga‐Thie, G. M., Romijn, J. A., Havekes, L. M., van Leeuwen, H. J., & Rensen, P. C. N. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1006-y · Cited by 26

Plasma Apolipoprotein CI Protects Against Mortality From Infection in Old Age

Berbée, J. F. P., Mooijaart, S. P., de Craen, A. J. M., Havekes, L. M., van Heemst, D., Rensen, P. C. N., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/63.2.122 · Cited by 25

Xanthine oxidase activity in patients with sepsis

Luchtemberg, M. N., Petronilho, F. C., Constantino, L. D. S., Gelain, D. P., Andrades, M. É., Ritter, C., Moreira, J. C. F., STRECK, E. L., & Dal‐Pizzol, F. (2008) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.07.015 · Cited by 24

Preoperative apolipoprotein CI levels correlate positively with the proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia following elective cardiac surgery

Schippers, E. F., Berbée, J. F. P., Disseldorp, I. M. L.-V., Versteegh, M. I. M., Havekes, L. M., Rensen, P. C. N., & van Dissel, J. T. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1077-9 · Cited by 23

Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Lactoferrin and White Blood Cell Count in Patients with S. aureus Septicemia

Söderquist, B., Sundqvist, K., Jones, I. L., et al. (1995) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365549509032734 · Cited by 23

Evaluation of leukocyte cell surface markers in dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory diseases

Weiss, D. J., Welle, M., Mortiz, A., & Walcheck, B. K. (2004) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.59 · Cited by 23

Low plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is an indicator of poor prognosis in sepsis

Perry, S. E., Mostafa, S. M., Wenstone, R., & McLaughlin, P. J. (2002) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-002-1335-1 · Cited by 22

A New Model for Outcome Prediction in Intra-Abdominal Sepsis by the Linear Discriminant Function Analysis of IL-6 and IL-10 at Different Heart Rates

Wang, H., Gee, M. J., Yang, C. R., & Su, Y. (2005) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2005.08.030 · Cited by 22

Circulating endotoxin and antiendotoxin antibodies during severe sepsis and septic shock

Maury, É., Blanchard, H. S., Chauvin, P., Guglielminotti, J. R., ALZIEU, M., Guidet, B., & Offenstadt, G. (2003) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1053/jcrc.2003.50004 · Cited by 22

Modulation of Lipid and Protein Mediators of Inflammation by Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α during Experimental Sepsis

Uozumi, N., Kita, Y., & Shimizu, T. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3558 · Cited by 20

Valor de la determinación de la proteína C reactiva como marcador pronóstico y de infección en pacientes críticos

Seller-Pérez, G., Herrera-Gutiérrez, M. E., Lebrón-Gallardo, M., de Toro-Peinado, I., Martín-Hita, L., & Porras-Ballesteros, J. A. (2005) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(05)72184-9 · Cited by 19

Serum Erythropoietin Levels in Septic Shock

Tamion, F., Cam‐Duchez, V. L., Ménard, J.-F., Girault, C., Coquerel, A., & Bonmarchand, G. (2005) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x0503300505 · Cited by 19

Increases in vanilloid TRPV1 receptor protein and CGRP content during endotoxemia in rats

Orliac, M. L., Peroni, R. N., Abramoff, T., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.032 · Cited by 18

Lactoferrin as an Indicator of Septicemia and Endotoxemia in Pigs

Gutteberg, T. J., Røkke, O., Jørgensen, T. Ø., & Andersen, O. K. (1988) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365548809035667 · Cited by 18

Decrease of serum dipeptidylpeptidase activity in severe sepsis patients: relationship to procalcitonin

Bergmann, A., & Bohuon, C. (2002) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00042-6 · Cited by 17

Acute phase response in reindeer after challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxin

Orro, T., Sankari, S., Pudas, T., Oksanen, A., & Soveri, T. (2004) · Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2004.01.005 · Cited by 17

Unbalanced expression of ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in mouse endotoxinemia

Mimuro, J., Niimura, M., Kashiwakura, Y., Ishiwata, A., Ono, T., Ohmori, T., Madoiwa, S., Okada, K., Matsuo, O., & Sakata, Y. (2007) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.011 · Cited by 16

Effect of septicaemia on the plasma levels of biopterin and nitric oxide metabolites in rats and rabbits

van Amsterdam, J., van den Berg, C., Zuidema, J., Biesebeek, J. D. T., & Rokos, H. (1996) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00511-4 · Cited by 16

Contact system activation in human sepsis - 47kD HK, a marker of sepsis severity?

Asmis, L., Asmis, R., Sulzer, I., & Furlan, M. (2008) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2008.11788 · Cited by 16

Prognostic value of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with severe sepsis

Brueckmann, M., Brueckmann, M., Hoffmann, U., Brueckmann, M., Hoffmann, U., Engelhardt, C., Lang, S., Fukudome, K., Haase, K. K., Liebe, V., et al. (2007) · Growth Factors · doi:10.1080/08977190701272784 · Cited by 15

Expression of stress proteins HSP 72 & HSP 32 in response to endotoxemia.

Ofenstein, J. P., Heidemann, S. M., Juett-Wilstermann, A., & Sarnaik, A. P. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 14

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Soluble fms‐like Tyrosine Kinase‐1 in Septic Shock Patients Treated With Direct Hemoperfusion With a Polymyxin B‐immobilized Fiber Column

Ebihara, I., Hirayama, K., Kaneko, S., Nagai, M., Ogawa, Y., Fujita, S., Usui, J., Mase, K., Yamagata, K., & Kobayashi, M. (2008) · Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis · doi:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2008.00589.x · Cited by 13

Endotoxemia during supraceliac aortic crossclamping is associated with suppression of the monocyte CD14 mechanism: Possible role of transforming growth factor-β1

Hafez, H. M., Berwanger, C. S., Lintott, P., et al. (2000) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1067/mva.2000.102326 · Cited by 12

Alterations of neuropeptides in the human gut during peritonitis

Jacob, P., Mueller, M. H., Hahn, J., Wölk, I., Mayer, P., Nagele, U., Hennenlotter, J., Stenzl, A., Königsrainer, A., & Glatzle, J. (2007) · Langenbeck s Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-007-0168-3 · Cited by 12

The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets

van der Poll, T., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Scicluna, B. P., & Netea, M. G. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.36 · Cited by 1,957

Sepsis: a roadmap for future research

Cohen, J., Vincent, J.-L., Adhikari, N. K. J., Machado, F. R., Angus, D. C., Calandra, T., Jaton, K., Giulieri, S., Delaloye, J., Opal, S., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70112-x · Cited by 992

The immune system’s role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome

Delano, M. J., & Ward, P. A. (2016) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12499 · Cited by 880

Mechanisms and treatment of organ failure in sepsis

Lelubre, C., & Vincent, J.-L. (2018) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0005-7 · Cited by 852

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy

Gofton, T. E., & Young, G. B. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.183 · Cited by 821