Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact

McGill, Rory; Anwar, Elspeth; Orton, Lois; Bromley, Helen; Lloyd-Williams, Ffion; O’Flaherty, Martin; Taylor-Robinson, David; Guzman-Castillo, Maria; Gillespie, Duncan; Moreira, Patricia; Allen, Kirk; Hyseni, Lirije; Calder, Nicola; Petticrew, Mark; White, Martin; Whitehead, Margaret; Capewell, Simon

doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7

Cited by 412Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorNutritional Studies and DietObesity, Physical Activity, Diet

Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact

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McGill, Rory, Anwar, Elspeth, Orton, Lois, Bromley, Helen, Lloyd-Williams, Ffion, O’Flaherty, Martin, Taylor-Robinson, David, Guzman-Castillo, Maria +9 more·2015·BMC Public Health

DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7PMC PMC4423493

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Interventions to promote healthy eating make a potentially powerful contribution to the primary prevention of non communicable diseases. It is not known whether healthy eating interventions are equally effective among all sections of the population, nor whether they narrow or widen the health gap between rich and poor. We undertook a systematic review of interventions to promote healthy eating to identify whether impacts differ by socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS: We searched five bibliographic databases using a pre-piloted search strategy. Retrieved articles were screened independently by two reviewers. Healthier diets were defined as the reduced intake of salt, sugar, trans-fats, saturated fat, total fat, or total calories, or increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and wholegrain. Studies were only included if quantitative results were presented by a measure of SEP. Extracted data were categorised with a modified version of the "4Ps" marketing mix, expanded to 6 "Ps": "Price, Place, Product, Prescriptive, Promotion, and Person". RESULTS: Our search identified 31,887 articles. Following screening, 36 studies were included: 18 "Price" interventions, 6 "Place" interventions, 1 "Product" intervention, zero "Prescriptive" interventions, 4 "Promotion" interventions, and 18 "Person" interventions. "Price" interventions were most effective in groups with lower SEP, and may therefore appear likely to reduce inequalities. All interventions that combined taxes and subsidies consistently decreased inequalities. Conversely, interventions categorised as "Person" had a greater impact with increasing SEP, and may therefore appear likely to reduce inequalities. All four dietary counselling interventions appear likely to widen inequalities. We did not find any "Prescriptive" interventions and only one "Product" intervention that presented differential results and had no impact by SEP. More "Place" interventions were identified and none of these interventions were judged as likely to widen inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions categorised by a "6 Ps" framework show differential effects on healthy eating outcomes by SEP. "Upstream" interventions categorised as "Price" appeared to decrease inequalities, and "downstream" "Person" interventions, especially dietary counselling seemed to increase inequalities. However the vast majority of studies identified did not explore differential effects by SEP. Interventions aimed at improving population health should be routinely evaluated for differential socioeconomic impact.

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Individual-based approaches may exacerbate inequities.
“In addition, population strategies to address diet, such as economic incentives, can reduce socioeconomic-related disparities in health, whereas individual-based approaches may exacerbate inequities.98, 99”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [98]
Population strategies to address diet, such as economic incentives, can reduce socioeconomic-related disparities in health.
“In addition, population strategies to address diet, such as economic incentives, can reduce socioeconomic-related disparities in health, whereas individual-based approaches may exacerbate inequities.98, 99”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [98]

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Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: a cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies
Dallongeville, J., Dauchet, L., de Mouzon, O., Réquillart, V., & Soler, L. G. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq013 · Cited by 74 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Of these, nine were taxes on high energy density foods [34,36,37,41,42], three were subsidies on fruit and vegetables [35,40]”
Influential
The Women's Health Trial Feasibility Study in Minority Populations: Changes in Dietary Intakes
Coates, R. J., Bowen, D. J., Kristal, A. R., Feng, Z., Oberman, A., Hall, W. D., George, V., Lewis, C. E., Kestin, M., Davis, M., et al. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009764 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The addition of studies that split their findings by ethnicity alone [70-77] (making the selection process less selective) had no implications on the main findings (see additional information – Additional file 4).”
Addressing Health Disparities in Middle School Students' Nutrition and Exercise
Frenn, M., Malin, S., Bansal, N., Delgado, M., Greer, Y., Havice, M. J., Ho, M., & Schweizer, H. (2003) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn2001_01 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The addition of studies that split their findings by ethnicity alone [70-77] (making the selection process less selective) had no implications on the main findings (see additional information – Additional file 4).”
Responses of black and white males to the special intervention program of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
Connett, J. E., & Stamler, J. (1984) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(84)90680-x · Cited by 69 · cited 14× · see citing works
“Thus, eating a healthy diet demonstrates a social gradient with diet among people in lower SEPs being poorer in quality when compared to more advantaged groups.”
Influential
High tax on high energy dense foods and its effects on the purchase of calories in a supermarket. An experiment
Nederkoorn, C., Havermans, R. C., Giesen, J. C. A. H., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Final results of the Maryland WIC food for life program
Havas, S., Anliker, J. A., Greenberg, D., Block, G., Block, T. J., Blik, C., LANGENBERG, P. W., & DiClemente, C. C. (2003) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00160-9 · Cited by 66 · cited 14× · see citing works
“Thus, eating a healthy diet demonstrates a social gradient with diet among people in lower SEPs being poorer in quality when compared to more advantaged groups.”
Influential
Prevention of overweight in preschool children: results of kindergarten-based interventions
Jouret, B., Ahluwalia, N., Dupuy, M., Cristini, C., Nègre‐Pagès, L., Grandjean, H., & Tauber, M. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.166 · Cited by 62 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential
Lifestyle Factors of a Five-Year Community-Intervention Program
Wendel‐Vos, W., Dutman, A. E., Verschuren, W. M. M., Ronckers, E. T., Ament, A. J. H. A., van Assema, P., van Ree, J. W., Ruland, E., & Schuit, A. J. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.03.015 · Cited by 55 · cited 7× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential
Effects on nutrient intake of a family-based intervention to promote increased consumption of low-fat starchy foods through education, cooking skills and personalised goal setting: the Family Food and Health Project
Curtis, P. J., Adamson, A., & Mathers, J. C. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005101 · Cited by 51 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Curtis [54] Randomised parallel groups comparison study UK Health education: Cooking fair with cooking lessons accompanying personalised dietary goal settings 3 % change in mean food energy from fat Quintile of Deprivation Index ↓*”
Influential
Increasing children's fruit and vegetable consumption: distribution or a multicomponent programme?
Reinaerts, E., de Nooijer, J., Candel, M. J. J. M., & de Vries, N. K. (2007) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980007665495 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A computer-tailored dietary fat intake intervention for adolescents: Results of a randomized controlled trial
Haerens, L. L., Deforche, B. I., Maes, L., Brug, J., Vandelanotte, C., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02874550 · Cited by 45 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Haerens [56] RCT Belgium Health education: adapted computer tailored dietary intervention for children.”
Influential
Effect of a lifestyle intervention on adiposity and fitness in socially disadvantaged subgroups of preschoolers: A cluster-randomized trial (Ballabeina)
Bürgi, F., Niederer, I., Schindler, C. J. A., Bodenmann, P., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Kriemler, S., & Puder, J. J. (2012) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.007 · Cited by 44 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential
Inequalities in health in Scotland: what are they and what can we do about them
MacIntyre, S. (2007) · ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk factors in multi‐ethnic middle school students: the HEALTHY primary prevention trial
Willi, S. M., Hirst, K., Jago, R., Buse, J. B., KAUFMAN, F. R., ghormli, L. K. E., Bassin, S. R., Elliot, D. L., Hale, D. E., & HEALTHY Study Group (2012) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/j.2047-6310.2011.00042.x · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The addition of studies that split their findings by ethnicity alone [70-77] (making the selection process less selective) had no implications on the main findings (see additional information – Additional file 4).”
Inequalities in diet and nutrition
Tiffin, R., & Salois, M. J. (2011) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665111003284 · Cited by 41 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Tiffin [39] Modelling study UK 1% Tax on fatty food for every % saturated fat content with a matching subsidy on fruit and vegetables 2 % change in energy intake Occupation ↓”
Influential
Using risk analysis in Health Impact Assessment: the impact of different relative risks for men and women in different socio-economic groups
Mannheimer, L. N., Diderichsen, F., Burström, B., & Östlin, P. (2003) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/s0168-8510(03)00122-2 · Cited by 26 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Therefore being more likely to reduce inequalities [16,20].”
Addressing health inequalities in the United Kingdom: a case study
Oliver, A., & Nutbeam, D. (2003) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdg091 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The evidence base revealed a striking lack of studies quantifying the differential effectiveness of dietary interventions by SEP [83].”
Implementing tobacco control policies
Mackay, J. M. (2012) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/lds007 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, evidence from tobacco control suggests that comprehensive strategies involving multiple interventions at multiple levels may be more powerful than narrower approaches [84,85].”
Fruit and Vegetable Dietary Behavior in Response to a Low‐Intensity Dietary Intervention: The Rural Physician Cancer Prevention Project
Carcaise‐Edinboro, P., McClish, D. K., Kracen, A. C., Bowen, D. J., & Fries, E. A. (2008) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0361.2008.00172.x · Cited by 21 · cited 11× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential
Childhood consumption of fruit and vegetables across England: a study of 2306 6–7-year-olds in 2007
Hughes, R., Edwards, K., Clarke, G., Evans, C. E. L., Cade, J. E., & Ransley, J. K. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005939 · Cited by 20 · cited 7× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential
EVIDENCE HIERARCHIES VERSUS SYNERGISTIC INTERVENTIONS
Green, L. W., & Kreuter, M. W. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.197798 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, evidence from tobacco control suggests that comprehensive strategies involving multiple interventions at multiple levels may be more powerful than narrower approaches [84,85].”
Participation in Community-Originated Interventions is Associated with Positive Changes in Weight Status and Health Behaviors in Youth
Whetstone, L. M., Kolasa, K. M., & Collier, D. N. (2012) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.100415-quan-117 · Cited by 14 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The addition of studies that split their findings by ethnicity alone [70-77] (making the selection process less selective) had no implications on the main findings (see additional information – Additional file 4).”
Does a population-based multi-factorial lifestyle intervention increase social inequality in dietary habits? The Inter99 study
Toft, U., Jakobsen, M., Aadahl, M., Pisinger, C. H., & Jørgensen, T. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.005 · Cited by 13 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Thus, eating a healthy diet demonstrates a social gradient with diet among people in lower SEPs being poorer in quality when compared to more advantaged groups.”
Influential
Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Effectiveness of Dietary Counselling in Healthy Volunteers
Smith, A. M., Owen, N. G., & Baghurst, K. I. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(97)70143-2 · Cited by 10 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The majority of these were conducted in Europe [53-61], eight in the USA [62-68] and one in Australia [69].”
Influential

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Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
“In addition, population strategies to address diet, such as economic incentives, can reduce socioeconomic-related disparities in health, whereas individual-based approaches may exacerbate inequities.(98,99) Evidence-based personalized approaches, especially related to underlying nongenetic characteristics, should be c…”
Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Bridel, C., van Wieringen, W. N., Zetterberg, H., Tijms, B. M., Teunissen, C. E., and the NFL Group, Alvarez-Cermeño, J. C., Andreasson, U., Axelsson, M., Bäckström, D. C., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1534 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Good intentions are not enough: how informatics interventions can worsen inequality
Veinot, T. C., Mitchell, H., & Ancker, J. S. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy052 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015
Brown, K., Rumgay, H., Dunlop, C., Ryan, M., Quartly, F., Cox, A., Deas, A., Elliss‐Brookes, L., Gavin, A., Hounsome, L. S., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0029-6 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
“Further, many lifestyle ‘choices’ are driven by environmental/societal factors such as food pricing and availability, and susceptibility to these factors varies with socioeconomic position.(33) Differences in risk factor exposure prevalence between countries are generally not large, with the exception of H.”
Background
Child and adolescent obesity
Lister, N. B., Baur, L. A., Felix, J. F., Hill, A. J., Marcus, C., Reinehr, T., Summerbell, C., & Wabitsch, M. (2023) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00435-4 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: A blueprint for practice, research, and policy
Alcaraz, K. I., Wiedt, T. L., Daniels, E. C., Yabroff, K. R., Guerra, C. E., & Wender, R. C. (2020) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21586 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Taking account of context in population health intervention research: guidance for producers, users and funders of research
Craig, P., Di Ruggiero, E., Frohlich, K. L., Mykhalovskiy, E., White, M., on behalf of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)–National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Context Guidance Authors Group (listed alphabetically), Campbell, R., Cummins, S., Edwards, N., Hunt, K., et al. (2018) · doi:10.3310/cihr-nihr-01 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citation
The TIPPME intervention typology for changing environments to change behaviour
Hollands, G. J., Bignardi, G., Johnston, M., Kelly, M. P., Ogilvie, D., Petticrew, M. P., Prestwich, A., Shemilt, I., Sutton, S. R., & Marteau, T. M. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0140 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: time for integrated action
Marmot, M. G., & Bell, R. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l251 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
The Lancet NCDI Poverty Commission: bridging a gap in universal health coverage for the poorest billion
Bukhman, G., Mocumbi, A., Atun, R., Becker, A., Bhutta, Z., Binagwaho, A., Clinton, C., Coates, M., Dain, K., Ezzati, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31907-3 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Systematic review of dietary salt reduction policies: Evidence for an effectiveness hierarchy?
Hyseni, L., Elliott-Green, A., Lloyd‐Williams, F., Kypridemos, C., O’Flaherty, M., McGill, R., Orton, L., Bromley, H., Cappuccio, F. P., & Capewell, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177535 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citation
Erratum to: Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact
McGill, R., Anwar, E., Orton, L., Bromley, H., Lloyd‐Williams, F., O’Flaherty, M., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., Guzman-Castillo, M., Gillespie, D., Moreira, P., et al. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2162-y · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“Unfortunately, the original version of this article [1] contained an error.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The effects of public health policies on health inequalities in high-income countries: an umbrella review
Thomson, K. H., Hillier-Brown, F. C., Todd, A., McNamara, C. L., Huijts, T., & Bambra, C. L. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5677-1 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Non-conscious processes in changing health-related behaviour: a conceptual analysis and framework
Hollands, G. J., Marteau, T. M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1138093 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“For example, there is evidence that person-centred behaviour change interventions that involve individual-level education and counselling may widen inequalities, whilst those that instead alter the environments that people are exposed to do not appear to do so (McGill et al., 2015).”
Background
Restructuring physical micro-environments to reduce the demand for meat: a systematic review and qualitative comparative analysis
Bianchi, F., Garnett, E. E., Dorsel, C., Aveyard, P. N., & Jebb, S. A. (2018) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30188-8 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Increasing healthy food choices through nudges: A systematic review
Vecchio, R., & Cavallo, C. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.05.014 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Preventing CKD in Developed Countries
Luyckx, V. A., Cherney, D. Z. I., & Bello, A. K. (2019) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2019.12.003 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Mediterranean-style diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (ESTEEM): A pragmatic multicentre randomised trial
Wattar, B. H. A., Dodds, J. P., Placzek, A., Beresford, L., Spyreli, E., Moore, A. P., Carreras, F. J. G., Austin, F., Murugesu, N., Roseboom, T. J., et al. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002857 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Examining the interaction of fast-food outlet exposure and income on diet and obesity: evidence from 51,361 UK Biobank participants
Burgoine, T., Sarkar, C., Webster, C. J., & Monsivais, P. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0699-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Not only to improve population-level diet and health [63], but those of at risk population sub-groups in particular (as identified here, those experiencing greatest individual-level disadvantage and greatest neighbourhood-level proportion of fast-food outlets in combination, which was associated with excess dietary an…”
Background
Disparities in the Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes — United States, 1999–2002 and 2011–2014
Beckles, G. L., & Chou, C. (2016) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6545a4 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Socio-economic and cultural disparities in diet among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review
Desbouys, L., Méjean, C., Henauw, S. D., & Castetbon, K. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980019002362 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Exploring equity in primary-care-based physical activity interventions using PROGRESS-Plus: a systematic review and evidence synthesis
Attwood, S., van Sluijs, E. M. F., & Sutton, S. R. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0384-8 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“disadvantaged groups only [33–35].”
Dietary and policy priorities to reduce the global crises of obesity and diabetes
Mozaffarian, D. (2020) · Nature Food · doi:10.1038/s43016-019-0013-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Impact of universal interventions on social inequalities in physical activity among older adults: an equity-focused systematic review
Lehne, G., & Bolte, G. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0472-4 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“The issue of IGIs has also been discussed in studies on obesity prevention interventions [26–30], interventions to promote healthy eating [31], school-based cognitive-behavioral [19], and school-based health behavior interventions [32].”
Background
Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population
Petkovic, J., Duench, S., Trawin, J., Dewidar, O., Pardo, J. P., Simeon, R., DesMeules, M., Gagnon, D., Roberts, J. H., Hossain, A., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012932.pub2 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A novel marketing mix and choice architecture framework to nudge restaurant customers toward healthy food environments to reduce obesity in the United States
Kraak, V. I., Englund, T. R., Misyak, S. A., & Serrano, E. L. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12553 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Some systematic reviews have identified pricing and fiscal strategies as essential interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequities and promote healthy eating to decrease obesity and NCD risks (49,50).”
Background
Impact of increasing the proportion of healthier foods available on energy purchased in worksite cafeterias: A stepped wedge randomized controlled pilot trial
Pechey, R., Cartwright, E., Pilling, M. A., Hollands, G. J., Vasiljevic, M., Jebb, S. A., & Marteau, T. M. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.013 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“As such, these interventions may be more equitable (McGill et al., 2015), given cognitive resources may be depleted by both deprivation in childhood and current ﬁ nancial burdens (Mani, Mullainathan, Sha ﬁ r, & Zhao, 2013; Mo ﬃ tt et al., 2011; Raver, Blair, & Willoughby, 2013).”
Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption
Hollands, G. J., Carter, P., Anwer, S., King, S., Jebb, S. A., Ogilvie, D., Shemilt, I., Higgins, J. P. T., & Marteau, T. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012573.pub3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Inequities in Diet Quality and Nutrient Intakes among Australian Adults: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study
Livingstone, K. M., Olstad, D. L., Leech, R. M., Ball, K., Meertens, B., POTTER, J. F., Cleanthous, X., Reynolds, R., & McNaughton, S. A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101092 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Such interventions can improve on “one size fits all” dietary recommendations, which may be primarily effective in higher SEP groups [37].”
Background
Effects of prevention and harm reduction interventions on gambling behaviours and gambling related harm: An umbrella review
McMahon, N. E., Thomson, K. H., Kaner, E., & Bambra, C. L. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.048 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The effects of nudges on purchases, food choice, and energy intake or content of purchases in real-life food purchasing environments: a systematic review and evidence synthesis
Harbers, M. C., Beulens, J. W. J., Rutters, F., de Boer, F. E., Gillebaart, M., Sluijs, I., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00623-y · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Alternatively, environmental-level interventions are more likely to benefit adults with low SEP and reduce health inequalities [3], because they rely to a lesser extent on an individual’s access to resources but rather create healthy opportunities for all.”
Background
Sociodemographic differences in motives for food selection: results from the LoCard cross-sectional survey
Konttinen, H. M., Halmesvaara, O., Fogelholm, M., Saarijärvi, H., Nevalainen, J., & Erkkola, M. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01139-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Given that one of the strongest associations occurred between lower household income and higher salience of cheapness, our results also support the potential of using price interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in healthy eating [8].”
BackgroundResult
Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption
Hollands, G. J., Carter, P., Shemilt, I., Marteau, T. M., Jebb, S. A., Higgins, J. P. T., & Ogilvie, D. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012573 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Changing behaviour: an essential component of tackling health inequalities
Marteau, T. M., Rutter, H., & Marmot, M. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n332 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“18 19 Such effects are known as intervention generated inequalities.”
A systematic review of the influences of food store product placement on dietary-related outcomes
Shaw, S., Ntani, G., Baird, J., & Vogel, C. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa024 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“reflective engagement, which appear most beneficial for more advantaged groups.(22) Assessing whether product”
Background
A comprehensive review of current approaches on food waste reduction strategies
Urugo, M. M., Teka, T. A., Gemede, H. F., Mersha, S., Tessema, A., Woldemariam, H. W., & Admassu, H. (2024) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
A description of interventions promoting healthier ready-to-eat meals (to eat in, to take away, or to be delivered) sold by specific food outlets in England: a systematic mapping and evidence synthesis
Hillier-Brown, F. C., Summerbell, C. D., Moore, H. J., Wrieden, W. L., Adams, J. M., Abraham, C., Adamson, A., Araújo‐Soares, V., White, M. J., & Lake, A. A. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3980-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Population 629 level interventions have the advantage that they are often more effective and 630 equitable than more individualistic interventions, although have not been popular 631 with governments in the UK [36, 37].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Impact of school policies on non-communicable disease risk factors – a systematic review
Singh, A., Bassi, S., Nazar, G. P., Saluja, K., Park, M. H., Kinra, S., & Arora, M. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4201-3 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages from childhood to adulthood in relation to socioeconomic status – 15 years follow-up in Norway
Bolt-Evensen, K., Vik, F. N., Stea, T. H., Klepp, K.-I., & Bere, E. T. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0646-8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
An effectiveness hierarchy of preventive interventions: neglected paradigm or self-evident truth?
Capewell, S., & CAPEWELL, A. E. (2017) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx055 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Advancing the evidence base for public policies impacting on dietary behaviour, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Europe: The Policy Evaluation Network promoting a multidisciplinary approach
Lakerveld, J., Woods, C. B., Hebestreit, A., Brenner, H., Flechtner‐Mors, M., Harrington, J. M., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Laxy, M., Łuszczyńska, A., Mazzocchi, M., et al. (2020) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101873 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reducing health inequalities through general practice
Gkiouleka, A., Wong, G., Sowden, S. L., Bambra, C. L., Siersbaek, R., Manji, S., Moseley, A., Harmston, R. R., Kuhn, I. L., & Ford, J. A. (2023) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00093-2 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Digital health interventions for all? Examining inclusivity across all stages of the digital health intervention research process
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“…interventions such as dietary counseling can widen social inequalities by being less effective in minoritized populations, potentially because they require more individual agency (which minoritized populations tend to have less of due to a host of factors, including structural barriers) [7].”
Background
Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the Transport for London network: a controlled interrupted time series analysis
Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., Boyland, E. J., Burgoine, T., de Vocht, F., Egan, M., et al. (2022) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003915 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“However, there was no evidence to suggest that a reduction in advertising exposure mediated a reduction in HFSS consumption, which may have been caused by other factors related to the policy [26].”
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Using social norms to encourage healthier eating
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“low consumers who are often resistant to other types of healthy eating interventions that focus on providing information on the health benefits of healthier eating) (McGill et al. 2015).”
Background
Adverse childhood experiences: A scoping review of measures and methods
Karatekin, C., Mason, S. M., Riegelman, A., Bakker, C., Hunt, S., Gresham, B. L., Corcoran, F., & Barnes, A. J. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106425 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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Evaluating social and spatial inequalities of large scale rapid lateral flow SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in COVID-19 management: An observational study of Liverpool, UK (November 2020 to January 2021)
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“agency often widen the inequalities they seek to tackle [4,5].”
Can policy ameliorate socioeconomic inequities in obesity and obesity‐related behaviours? A systematic review of the impact of universal policies on adults and children
Olstad, D. L., Teychenne, M. J., Minaker, L. M., Taber, D. R., Raine, K. D., Nykiforuk, C. I. J., & Ball, K. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12457 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The potential of food environment policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in diets and to improve healthy diets among lower socioeconomic groups: an umbrella review
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“the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Instrument [EPHPP] [26, 38, 42]; the Effective Practice of Care [EPOC] guidelines and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale [39]; the Methods for Evaluating Research Guideline Evidence [MERGE] [42]; the Community Guide of the US Task Force on Community Preventive Se…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Nudging more sustainable grocery purchases: Behavioural innovations in a supermarket setting
Bauer, J. M., Aarestrup, S. C., Hansen, P. G., & Reisch, L. A. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121605 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Prominent positioning and food swaps are effective interventions to reduce the saturated fat content of the shopping basket in an experimental online supermarket: a randomized controlled trial
Koutoukidis, D. A., Jebb, S. A., Ordóñez-Mena, J. M., Noreik, M., Tsiountsioura, M., Kennedy, S. G., Payne, S., Aveyard, P. N., & Piernas, C. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0810-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Potential of trans fats policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in mortality from coronary heart disease in England: cost effectiveness modelling study
Allen, K., Pearson‐Stuttard, J., Hooton, W., Diggle, P. J., Capewell, S., & O’Flaherty, M. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h4583 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Does self-control modify the impact of interventions to change alcohol, tobacco, and food consumption? A systematic review
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“Relatedly, the possibility that individual differences in self-control caused by material deprivation might help to account for socioeconomic differences in intervention outcomes (i.e., intervention generated inequalities; McGill et al., 2015) requires further exploration.”
BackgroundInfluential
Determinants of routine cervical screening participation in underserved women: a qualitative systematic review
Wearn, A., & Shepherd, L. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2050230 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…‘change’ one’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours which in turn can inadvertently increase challenges to service access for marginalised or underserved groups (e.g. those of low socioeconomic status or those from ethnic minority groups) (Lorenc et al., 2013; McGill et al., 2015; White et al., 2009).”
Background
The effect of Public Health/Pediatric Obesity interventions on socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity: A scoping review
Venturelli, F., Ferrari, F., Broccoli, S., Bonvicini, L., Mancuso, P., Bargellini, A., & Rossi, P. G. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12931 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Health in the United States: Are Appeals to Choice and Personal Responsibility Making Americans Sick?
Hook, C. J., & Markus, H. R. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619896252 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In contrast, evidence suggests that stronger interventions, such as taxes on unhealthy foods and cigarettes and subsidies for healthy foods, would be unlikely to widen health disparities and might even narrow them (McGill et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2008).”
Background
Socioeconomic differences in food habits among 6‐ to 9‐year‐old children from 23 countries—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015/2017)
Fismen, A., Buoncristiano, M., Williams, J., Helleve, A., Abdrakhmanova, S., Bakacs, M., Bergh, I. H., Boymatova, K., Duleva, V. L., Fijałkowska, A., et al. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13211 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Framing action to reduce health inequalities: what is argued for through use of the ‘upstream–downstream’ metaphor?
McMahon, N. E. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab157 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“paradigm or self-evident truth? McGill et al. (2015)25 Are interventions to promote healthy”
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Avoiding nocebo and other undesirable effects in chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy: An invitation to reflect
Hohenschurz‐Schmidt, D., Thomson, O. P., Rossettini, G., Miciak, M., Newell, D., Roberts, L. C., Vase, L., & Draper‐Rodi, J. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102677 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Impact of Maternal Obesity on Offspring Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Literature Review
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Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption
Hollands, G. J., Carter, P., Anwer, S., King, S., Jebb, S. A., Ogilvie, D., Shemilt, I., Higgins, J. P. T., & Marteau, T. M. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012573.pub2 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Successfully Recruiting Adults with a Low Socioeconomic Position into Community-Based Lifestyle Programs: A Qualitative Study on Expert Opinions
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“At the same time, the evidence base consistently shows that groups with a low SEP are at higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cardiovascular events [11,12], so their underrepresentation in health promotion approaches hinders opportunities to decrease socioeconomic inequalities in health [13].”
Background
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old
Spiga, F., Davies, A. L., Tomlinson, E., Moore, T. H., Dawson, S., Breheny, K., Savović, J., Gao, Y., Phillips, S. M., Hillier-Brown, F. C., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015328.pub2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old
Spiga, F., Tomlinson, E., Davies, A. L., Moore, T. H., Dawson, S., Breheny, K., Savović, J., Hodder, R. K., Wolfenden, L., Higgins, J. P. T., et al. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015330.pub2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
de Mestral, C., Mayén, A., Petrović, D., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Bochud, M., & Stringhini, S. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303629 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Education and the Relationship Between Supermarket Environment and Diet
Vogel, C., Ntani, G., Inskip, H. M., Barker, M. E., Cummins, S., Cooper, C. C., Moon, G., & Baird, J. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.030 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effect of snack-food proximity on intake in general population samples with higher and lower cognitive resource
Hunter, J. A., Hollands, G. J., Couturier, D., & Marteau, T. M. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.101 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Despite this evidence, intervention studies rarely explore differential outcomes by SEP (McGill et al., 2015) or cognitive resource.”
Higher ultra-processed food intake is associated with higher DNA damage in healthy adolescents
Edalati, S., Bagherzadeh, F., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Ebrahimi‐Mameghani, M. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520001981 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Interactive social media interventions for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population
Welch, V. A., Petkovic, J., Simeon, R., Presseau, J., Gagnon, D., Hossain, A., Pardo, J. P., Pottie, K. C., Rader, T., Sokolovski, A., et al. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012932 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Diet Quality: from Identifying the Problem to Implementing Solutions
Peeters, A., & Blake, M. R. (2016) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-016-0167-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Estimated reductions in cardiovascular and gastric cancer disease burden through salt policies in England: an IMPACT NCD microsimulation study
Kypridemos, C., Guzman-Castillo, M., Hyseni, L., Hickey, G. L., Bandosz, P., Buchan, I. E., Capewell, S., & O’Flaherty, M. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013791 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Future cost-effectiveness and equity of the NHS Health Check cardiovascular disease prevention programme: Microsimulation modelling using data from Liverpool, UK
Kypridemos, C., Collins, B., McHale, P., Bromley, H., Parvulescu, P., Capewell, S., & O’Flaherty, M. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002573 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Improving cardiometabolic health through nudging dietary behaviours and physical activity in low SES adults: design of the Supreme Nudge project
Lakerveld, J., Mackenbach, J. D., de Boer, F. E., Brandhorst, B., Broerse, J. E. W., de Bruijn, G., Feunekes, G. I. J., Gillebaart, M., Harbers, M. C., Hoenink, J. C., et al. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5839-1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Altering the availability of products within physical micro-environments: a conceptual framework
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Advancing Health Equity Efforts to Reduce Obesity: Changing the Course
Kumanyika, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-092021-050805 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“A qualitative study (67) of the diminishing-returns hypothesis suggests reasons why upward SES mobility might have smaller or even opposite health effects for Black and White people.”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining subgroup effects by socioeconomic status of public health interventions targeting multiple risk behaviour in adolescence
Tinner, L., Caldwell, D. M., Hickman, M., MacArthur, G. J., Gottfredson, D. C., Lana, A., Moberg, D. P., Wolfe, D. A., & Campbell, R. M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6042-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Whereas reviews have been undertaken to assess inequalities with regard to single behaviours such as healthy eating [16, 22] physical activity [23], smoking tobacco [24], no study has yet explored differential intervention effects with regard to MRB interventions.”
Background
The Health Equity and Effectiveness of Policy Options to Reduce Dietary Salt Intake in England: Policy Forecast
Gillespie, D., Allen, K., Guzman-Castillo, M., Bandosz, P., Moreira, P., McGill, R., Anwar, E., Lloyd‐Williams, F., Bromley, H., Diggle, P. J., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127927 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“There is a paucity of studies on socio-economic differentials in effects of dietary interventions [41,42].”
Self-citation
Examination of how food environment and psychological factors interact in their relationship with dietary behaviours: test of a cross-sectional model
Vogel, C., Abbott, G., Ntani, G., Barker, M. E., Cooper, C. C., Moon, G., Ball, K., & Baird, J. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0772-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Socio‐economic inequalities in the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes on body mass index: An individual participant data meta‐analysis
Robroek, S. J., Hengel, K. M. O., van der Beek, A. J., Boot, C. R. L., van Lenthe, F. J., Burdorf, A., & Coenen, P. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13101 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“7,9,10 ,14”
Longitudinal dietary trajectories from preconception to mid-childhood in women and children in the Southampton Women’s Survey and their relation to offspring adiposity: a group-based trajectory modelling approach
Dalrymple, K. V., Vogel, C., Godfrey, K. M., Baird, J., Harvey, N. C., Hanson, M. A., Cooper, C. C., Inskip, H. M., & Crozier, S. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01047-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Our findings support the need to enact effective and appropriate nutrition interventions to promote longer term health outcomes, particularly among families from socially deprived backgrounds [41].”
Background
Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease: a causal perspective
Bann, D., Wright, L., Hughes, A. D., & Chaturvedi, N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00941-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Additionally, interventions targeted at individual behaviour change might inadvertently widen inequalities because they can disproportionately benefit those with the most resources (high SEP groups) 157,158 .”
Individualisation in public health: reflections from life narratives in a disadvantaged neighbourhood
Berg, J., Harting, J., & Stronks, K. (2019) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2019.1680803 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Free school meals as an approach to reduce health inequalities among 10–12- year-old Norwegian children
Vik, F. N., Lippevelde, W. V., & Øverby, N. C. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7286-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Planting seeds of change: reconceptualizing what people eat as eating practices and patterns
Olstad, D., & Kirkpatrick, S. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01102-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Co-construction and Evaluation of a Prevention Program for Improving the Nutritional Quality of Food Purchases at No Additional Cost in a Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Population
Pérignon, M., Dubois, C., Gazan, R., Maillot, M., Muller, L., Ruffieux, B., Gaigi, H., & Darmon, N. (2017) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/cdn.117.001107 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cooking without thinking: How understanding cooking as a practice can shed new light on inequalities in healthy eating.
van Kesteren, R., & Evans, A. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104503 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Socioeconomic inequalities in effectiveness of and compliance to workplace health promotion programs: an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis
Coenen, P., Robroek, S. J., van der Beek, A. J., Boot, C. R. L., van Lenthe, F. J., Burdorf, A., & Hengel, K. M. O. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01002-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Impact of decreasing the proportion of higher energy foods and reducing portion sizes on food purchased in worksite cafeterias: A stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial
Reynolds, J. P., Ventsel, M., Kosīte, D., Dames, B. A. R., Brocklebank, L. A., Masterton, S., Pechey, E., Pilling, M. A., Pechey, R., Hollands, G. J., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003743 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Those in manual occupations have—on average— worse health outcomes and higher body mass indexes (BMIs) compared to those in nonmanual occupations [7], and many interventions that aim to improve healthy eating only exacerbate existing inequalities [20].”
Background
The role of the food industry in health: lessons from tobacco?
Capewell, S., & Lloyd‐Williams, F. (2018) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldy002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“McGill et al. 14 used a “5Ps” Framework to categorise healthy eating interventions (Price, Place, Product, Promotion and Person).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Searching for health equity: validation of a search filter for ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in transport
Hosking, J., Macmillan, A. K., Jones, R., Ameratunga, S. N., & Woodward, A. J. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1009-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Added Sugar and Oral Health: A Position Paper of the Brazilian Academy of Dentistry
Feldens, C. A., Pinheiro, L. L., Cury, J. A., Mendonça, F., Groisman, M., Costa, R. A. H., Pereira, H. C., & Vieira, A. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2022.869112 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Although educating mothers and families regarding healthy eating may reduce disease risks, broader approaches not depending on “behavior changes” may be more effective in reducing sugar consumption, and ultimately health disparities [41].”
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Population Approaches to Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
White, M. J. (2016) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002080 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Making personalised nutrition the easy choice: Creating policies to break down the barriers and reap the benefits
Stewart-Knox, B. J., Markovina, J., Rankin, A., Bunting, B. P., Kuznesof, S. A., Fischer, A. R. H., van der Lans, I. A., Poínhos, R., de Almeida, M. D. V., Panzone, L., et al. (2016) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.08.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Interventions to promote health and prevent noncommunicable health conditions, however, have tended to focus almost exclusively on educational approaches and interventions based on communication, such as labelling, with only limited success (McGill et al., 2015).”
Background
Is adolescent body mass index and waist circumference associated with the food environments surrounding schools and homes? A longitudinal analysis
Green, M. A., Radley, D., Lomax, N., Morris, M. A., & Griffiths, C. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5383-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Contribution of Diet Quality to Socioeconomic Inequalities in Obesity: A Population-based Study of Swiss Adults
de Mestral, C., Chatelan, A., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Stringhini, S., & Bochud, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071573 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“To date, however, most interventions to improve healthy eating in the general population and in specific groups have relied on individual responsibility, primarily in relation to nutrition knowledge [42,46,47], even though the evidence shows these have limited impact and often exacerbate inequalities [14,47–49].”
Background
Food consumption in the UK: Trends, attitudes and drivers
d'Angelo, C., Gloinson, E. R., Draper, A., & Guthrie, S. (2020) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr4379 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Diet-Related Health Inequalities in High-Income Countries: A Scoping Review of Observational Studies
Álvarez, E. C., Rifà‐Ros, R., Salinas‐Roca, B., Costa‐Tutusaus, L., Lamas, M., & Rodríguez‐Monforte, M. (2025) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100439 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…promoting and health-damaging dietary behaviors by in ﬂ uencing key determinants such as cost [28 – 32], availability [33 – 35], convenience [36], material and informational/educational resources [37 – 39], marketing exposure [36,40], and symbolic representations of food [27,41 – 43], among others.”
Feasibility of a social media-based weight loss intervention designed for low-SES adults
Cavallo, D. N., Martinez, R., Hooper, M. W., & Flocke, S. A. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibaa070 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A systematic review examining socioeconomic factors in trials of interventions for men that report weight as an outcome
McDonald, M., Hunt, K., Sivaramakrishnan, H., Moullin, J. C., Avenell, A., Kerr, D. A., Birch, J. M., Ntoumanis, N., & Quested, E. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13436 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Others have posited that behavioral weight management interventions that rely on a high degree of individual agency may augment health inequalities,(43,45) with population level approaches potentially more equitable.(46,47) Indeed, a recent systematic review concluded that digital interventions targeting physical acti…”
Background

PP09 Assessing the Potential Effect of Healthy Eating Policy Interventions on Socioeconomic Inequalities: Systematic Review
McGill, R., Anwar, E., Orton, L., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., Bromley, H., Lloyd‐Williams, F., Calder, N. J., O’Flaherty, M., Guzman-Castillo, M., White, M. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203126.108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Interventions promoting healthy eating as a tool for reducing social inequalities in diet in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Mayén, A., de Mestral, C., Zamora, G., Paccaud, F. M., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Bovet, P., & Stringhini, S. (2016) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0489-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The effectiveness of nutrition interventions on dietary outcomes by relative social disadvantage: a systematic review
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Exploring subgroup effects by socioeconomic position of three effective school-based dietary interventions: the European TEENAGE project
Lien, N., Haerens, L. L., Velde, S. J. T., Mercken, L. A. G., Klepp, K., Moore, L., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Faggiano, F., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2013) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-013-0524-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Additional file 1: Table S1. of Interventions promoting healthy eating as a tool for reducing social inequalities in diet in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
MayĂŠn, A.-L., de Mestral, C., Zamora, G., Paccaud, F., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Bovet, P., & Stringhini, S. (2016) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3651794_d2

Authors: McGill, R., Anwar, E., Orton, L., Bromley, H., Lloyd-Williams, F., O’Flaherty, M., Taylor-Robinson, D., Guzman-Castillo, M., Gillespie, D., Moreira, P., Allen, K., Hyseni, L., Calder, N., Petticrew, M., White, M., Whitehead, M., & Capewell, S.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
University of Cambridge (GB)
Corresponding author: McGill, Rory
ORCID: Orton, Lois
Taylor-Robinson, David
Guzman-Castillo, Maria
Gillespie, Duncan
Allen, Kirk
Hyseni, Lirije
Petticrew, Mark
White, Martin
Whitehead, Margaret
Capewell, Simon
Venue: BMC Public Health
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-05-02
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 457-457
ISSN: 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1781-7
PMC: PMC4423493
OpenAlex: W4239413439
Cited by: 407
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 5
FWCI: 4.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-09-15)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Apollo
Funders: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Wellcome Trust (087636/Z/08/Z)
National Institute for Health and Care Research
University of Exeter
University of Sheffield
National Institutes of Health
Medical Research Council (MR/K023187/1)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007462/1, ES/G007470/1)
School for Public Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Keywords: healthy eating interventions, socioeconomic disparities, socioeconomic position, nutrition counseling, non-communicable disease prevention, dietary intake, fruit and vegetable intake, health disparities
MeSH terms: Commerce, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Health Education, Health Promotion, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Vegetables, Marketing

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Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact

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