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Cited by 14Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionMilitary, Security, and Education Studies

Associations of childhood trauma with long-term diseases and alcohol and nicotine use disorders in Czech and Slovak representative samples

Open access
Kascakova, Natalia, Petrikova, Martina, Furstova, Jana, Hasto, Jozef, Geckova, Andrea Madarasova, Tavel, Peter·2022·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/s12889-022-14160-2PMC PMC9484250
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Abstract

Objective: The abuse and neglect of a child is a major public health problem with serious psychosocial, health and economic consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between various types of childhood trauma, selected long-term diseases and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in Czech and Slovak representative samples. Methods: Data on retrospective reporting about selected long-term diseases, alcohol and nicotine use disorder (CAGE Questionnaire) and childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ) in two representative samples (Czech sample: n = 1800, 48.7% men, mean age 46.61 ± 17.4; Slovak sample: n = 1018, 48.7% men, mean age: 46.2 ± 16.6) was collected. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between childhood maltreatment and long-term diseases. Results: There is a higher occurrence of some long-term diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma) and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in the Czech sample; however, in the Slovak sample the associations between child maltreatment and long-term diseases are stronger overall. Emotional abuse predicts the occurrence of all the studied long-term diseases, and the concurrent occurrence of emotional abuse and neglect significantly predicts the reporting of most diseases. All types of childhood trauma were strong predictors of reporting the occurrence of three or more long-term diseases. Conclusion: The extent of reporting childhood trauma and associations with long-term diseases in the Czech and Slovak population is a challenge for the strengthening of preventive and therapeutic programmes in psychosocial and psychiatric care for children and adolescents to prevent later negative consequences on health.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In two representative samples (Czech n = 1800; Slovak n = 1018), retrospectively reported childhood trauma was associated with selected long-term diseases and alcohol/nicotine use disorders, with emotional abuse and concurrent emotional abuse plus neglect emerging as key predictors. Although some diseases and AUD/NUD were more common in the Czech sample, associations between maltreatment and long-term diseases were generally stronger in the Slovak sample.

Key findings

  • Emotional abuse was a significant predictor for most studied long-term diseases and for AUD/NUD; in the Slovak sample ORs ranged from 2.4 (allergy) to 13.8 (depression/anxiety), while significant Czech ORs ranged from 2.4 (allergy) to 4.4 (pelvic pain).
  • Concurrent emotional abuse and neglect significantly predicted diabetes, asthma, migraine, pain of unclear origin, pelvic pain, and depression/anxiety in both samples (ORs 2.4–4.1 Czech; 4.6–21.2 Slovak) and alcohol use disorder in the Slovak sample (OR = 4.5).
  • All types of childhood trauma were strong predictors of reporting three or more long-term diseases, except sexual abuse; ORs were 1.9–3.9 in the Czech sample and 2.6–5.5 in the Slovak sample.
  • The Czech sample had higher occurrence of some diseases (e.g., obesity 10.2% vs 5.2%; diabetes 10.1% vs 6.3%; allergy 20.2% vs 12.2%) and AUD (10.2% vs 6.8%) and NUD (16.4% vs 12.4%), but the Slovak sample showed stronger overall associations.

Methods

  • Representative national samples: Czech n = 1800 (48.7% men; mean age 46.61 ± 17.4 per abstract; table reports 46.4 ± 17.4), Slovak n = 1018 (48.7% men; mean age 46.2 ± 16.6); data collected via CAPI personal interviews in 2016 (Czech) and 2019 (Slovak).
  • Measures: self-reported long-term disease checklist; CAGE questionnaire for alcohol use disorder and revised CAGE for nicotine use disorder; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) with Walker clinical cut-offs.
  • Analysis: Z-tests for sample comparisons; logistic regression models adjusted for gender and age (abstract says multinomial; methods says binary), with significance set at α = 0.005 due to multiple testing.

Limitations

  • Stated: cross-sectional design limits causal interpretation; retrospective recall of childhood trauma may be biased/underreported; self-reported long-term diseases may be medically imprecise; results adjusted only for gender and age, not education or socioeconomic status of parents/participants.
  • Stated: severity of maltreatment was not assessed in association with diseases.
  • Evident: the abstract and methods describe different regression model types (multinomial vs binary), a reporting inconsistency.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12889-022-14160-2

Cites

58 of 58 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 63 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the Czech sample, emotional neglect predicted only migraine, pain of unclear origin, and depression and anxiety (ORs 1.7 to 2.2).

    “In the Czech sample Emotional neglect predicted only Migraine, Pain of unclear origin and Depression and Anxiety (with ORs from 1.7 to 2.2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.
  • Findingown data

    In both the Czech and Slovak samples, emotional abuse was the single statistically significant predictor (p < 0.005) for the majority of the studied long-term diseases.

    “In both samples Emotional abuse was the single statistically significant predictor (with p < 0.005) for the majority of the studied diseases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.
  • Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, sexual abuse predicted three individual diseases (obesity, migraine, and arthritis) with ORs from 3.5 to 4.6.

    “In the Slovak sample it predicted three of the individual diseases (Obesity, Migraine, and Arthritis with ORs from 3.5 to 4.6)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.
  • Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, physical abuse was a statistically significant predictor for six individual long-term diseases: obesity, allergy, eczema, asthma, pelvic pain, and depression and anxiety (ORs 2.3 to 5.8).

    “In the Slovak sample Physical abuse was a statistically significant predictor for six of the individual long-term diseases: Obesity, Allergy, Eczema, Asthma, Pelvic pain, and Depression and Anxiety (with ORs from 2.3 to 5.8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.
  • Findingown data

    In the Czech sample, the significant ORs of emotional abuse affecting the occurrence of long-term diseases were slightly lower, varying from 2.4 (allergy) to 4.4 (pelvic pain).

    “In the Czech sample the significant ORs of Emotional abuse affecting the occurrence of the long-term diseases were slightly lower, varying from 2.4 (for Allergy) to 4.4 (for Pelvic pain).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 41

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, emotional neglect predicted the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, allergy, asthma, gastroduodenal ulcer, depression and anxiety, and pain-related conditions (migraine, back pain, arthritis, pain of unclear origin, pelvic pain), with ORs from 2.4 to 7.8.

    “Emotional neglect predicted the occurrence of Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Allergy, Asthma, Gastroduodenal ulcer, Depression and Anxiety and pain-related conditions (Migraine, Back pain, Arthritis, Pain of unclear origin and Pelvic pain) in the Slovak sample (with ORs from 2.4 to 7.8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In the Czech sample there is a higher occurrence of some diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes mellitus, allergy).

    “In the Czech sample there is a higher occurrence of some diseases (e.g. Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Allergy).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The occurrence of three or more types of childhood trauma predicted the occurrence of most diseases in the Slovak sample (except ischemic heart disease, thyroid gland disease, and nicotine use disorder, ORs 2.6 to 13.3) and of some diseases in the Czech sample (ORs 2 for nicotine use disorder to 3.9 for ischemic heart disease).

    “The occurrence of three or more types of childhood trauma predicted the occurrence of most diseases in the Slovak sample (except Ischemic heart disease, Thyroid gland disease and Nicotine use disorder, with ORs from 2.6 to 13.3) and of some diseases in the Czech sample (ORs from 2 for Nicotine use disorder to 3.9 for Ischemic heart disease)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Emotional abuse is a significant predictor for most of the studied long-term diseases and for alcohol and nicotine use disorders in the Czech and Slovak samples.

    “The analysis revealed that emotional abuse is a significant predictor for most of the studied long-term diseases, as well as alcohol and nicotine use disorders.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “In our study, emotional abuse was a significant predictor for most of the studied long-term diseases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, the occurrence of three or more trauma types was 10.9% according to Walker scoring and 14.7% according to Bernstein scoring.

    “in the Slovak sample in 10.9% and in 14.7%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Walker EA, Gelfand A, Katon WJ, Koss MP, Von Korff M, Bernstein D, Russo J. Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. Am J Prev Med. 1999;107(4):332–9.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, A Retrospective Self-Report; Manual. San Antonio: NCS Pearson; 1998.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, sexual abuse predicted the occurrence of obesity, migraine, arthritis and alcohol use disorder.

    “Differences between the two national samples could also be observed for sexual abuse as a predictor; while in the Slovak sample it predicted the occurrence of obesity, migraine, arthritis and alcohol use disorder, in the Czech sample sexual abuse predicted the occurrence of ischemic heart disease only.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Czech sample the neglects and abuses were more associated with nicotine use disorder, while in the Slovak sample the neglects and abuses were more associated with alcohol use disorder.

    “Overall, in the Czech sample the neglects and abuses were more associated with Nicotine use disorder, while in the Slovak sample the neglects and abuses were more associated with the Alcohol use disorder.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: The Czech and Slovak samples are comparable enough that differences between them in the observed associations reflect real differences rather than methodological differences.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Emotional abuse was the only significant predictor for both nicotine and alcohol use disorders in the Slovak sample, with the ORs being almost three-times larger for alcohol use disorder (OR = 2.4 and OR = 6.2, respectively).

    “Emotional abuse was the only significant predictor for both Nicotine and Alcohol use disorders in the Slovak sample, with the ORs being almost three-times larger for Alcohol use disorder (OR = 2.4 and OR = 6.2, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.
    • Rests on an assumption: The Czech and Slovak samples are comparable enough that differences between them in the observed associations reflect real differences rather than methodological differences.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The occurrence of three or more trauma types did not predict the occurrence of long-term diseases as strongly and/or significantly, while some individual types of trauma or concurrent emotional abuse and neglect were stronger predictors for diseases.

    “We found interesting that the occurrence of three or more trauma types did not predict the occurrence of long-term diseases as strongly and/or significantly, while some individual types of trauma or concurrent emotional abuse and neglect were stronger predictors for diseases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Czech and Slovak populations, the co-occurrence of emotional abuse and neglect was a strong predictor for depression and anxiety, more pain-related long-term diseases, diabetes mellitus and asthma.

    “Importantly, the co-occurrence of emotional abuse and neglect was a strong predictor for the occurrence of depression and anxiety, more pain-related long-term diseases, diabetes mellitus and asthma in the Czech and Slovak populations and for allergy, gastroduodenal ulcer and alcohol use disorder in the Slovak sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Slovak sample, physical abuse predicted the occurrence of obesity, allergy, eczema, asthma, pelvic pain, depression and anxiety and alcohol use disorder.

    “According to the results of the present study, physical abuse predicted the occurrence of obesity, allergy, eczema, asthma, pelvic pain, depression and anxiety and alcohol use disorder in the Slovak sample, and only the occurrence of diabetes mellitus and alcohol use disorder in the Czech sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There is a higher occurrence of some long-term diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma) and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in the Czech sample than in the Slovak sample.

    “There is a higher occurrence of some long-term diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma) and alcohol and nicotine use disorder in the Czech sample”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The Czech and Slovak samples are comparable enough that differences between them in the observed associations reflect real differences rather than methodological differences.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Czech sample, the occurrence of three or more trauma types was 11.4% according to Walker clinically relevant scoring and 17.3% according to Bernstein scoring.

    “in the Czech sample in 11.4% according to Walker (clinically relevant scoring) [7], and in 17.3% according to Bernstein (when already low occurrence is considered to be trauma) [24]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Walker EA, Gelfand A, Katon WJ, Koss MP, Von Korff M, Bernstein D, Russo J. Adult health status of women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect. Am J Prev Med. 1999;107(4):332–9.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, A Retrospective Self-Report; Manual. San Antonio: NCS Pearson; 1998.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In the Slovak sample, all types of abuse and emotional abuse with neglect were strong predictors of AUD.

    “The Czech Republic has a long tradition of beer drinking: therefore, we assume that in the case of AUD in the Czech Republic there might be more “traditional drinkers” and a smaller percentage of “symptomatic drinkers” related to childhood maltreatment as in the Slovak sample, where all types of abuse and emotional abuse with neglect were strong predictors of AUD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The association between types of childhood trauma and disease outcomes appears to be nonspecific.

    “while the association between types of childhood trauma and disease outcomes appear to be nonspecific, perhaps because individual types of maltreatment often co-occur [14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Heim CM, Entringer S, Buss C. Translating basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early-life stress into novel approaches for the developmental programming of lifelong health. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2019;105:123–37. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All the univariate logistic regression models were adjusted for the gender and age of the respondents.

    “All the univariate models were adjusted for the gender and age of the respondents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There are dose-response relationships between the severity and frequency of childhood trauma and the risk for later disease.

    “There are dose–response relationships between the severity and frequency of childhood trauma and the risk for later disease, while the association between types of childhood trauma and disease outcomes appear to be nonspecific, perhaps because individual types of maltreatment often co-occur [14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Heim CM, Entringer S, Buss C. Translating basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early-life stress into novel approaches for the developmental programming of lifelong health. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2019;105:123–37. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Slovak version of the CTQ showed acceptable reliability and validity, with Cronbach's alpha 0.84 and 0.64 to 0.94 for the individual subscales.

    “The analysis showed the acceptable reliability and validity of the Slovak version of the CTQ, with Cronbach’s alpha 0.84 and for the individual subscales from 0.64 to 0.94 [5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Petrikova M, Kascakova N, Furstova J, Hasto J, Tavel P. Validation and adaptation of the Slovak version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2440. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Due to multiple testing, the level of significance was set at α = 0.005.

    “Due to multiple testing, the level of significance was set at α = 0.005.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The link between child maltreatment and later alcohol and nicotine use disorders has been revealed by large population studies and meta-analytic studies.

    “The link between child maltreatment and later alcohol and nicotine use disorders (AUD, NUD) has also been revealed by large population studies [11, 19] and meta-analytic studies [1, 9].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [11] Noteboom A, Ten Have M, de Graaf R, Beekman AT, Penninx BW, Lamers F. The long-lasting impact of childhood trauma on adult chronic physical disorders. J Psychiat Res. 2021;136:87–94. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Prev Med. 2003;37(3):268–77. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [1] Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, Jones L, Dunne MP. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Pub Health. 2017;2(8):e356–66. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Czech version of the CTQ has been shown to be both reliable and valid, with Cronbach's alpha 0.92 for the whole questionnaire and 0.64 to 0.92 for the individual subscales.

    “The Czech version of the CTQ has been shown to be both reliable and valid. Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.92 and for the individual subscales varied from 0.64 to 0.92 [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Kascakova N, Furstova J, Solcova IP, Biescad M, Hasto J, Tavel P. Psychometric analysis of the Czech version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) with the sociodemografic differences in traumatization of Czech adults. Cesk Psychol. 2018;62(3):212–30.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent Australian prospective study in a large birth cohort revealed that especially emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect are strong predictors for many adverse outcomes in health at age 21.

    “However, a recent Australian prospective study in a large birth cohort revealed that especially emotional abuse and/or emotional neglect are strong predictors for many adverse outcomes in health at age 21 [15, 16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Strathearn L, Giannotti M, Mills R, Kisely S, Najman J, Abajobir A. Long-term Cognitive, Psychological, and Health Outcomes Associated With Child Abuse and Neglect. Pediatrics. 2020;146(4):e20200438. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Kisely S, Abajobir AA, Mills R, Strathearn L, Clavarino A, Najman JM. Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study. Brit J Psychiat. 2018;213(6):698–703. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Reduced reward activation may predict risk for depression, addiction and other psychopathologies.

    “Reduced reward activation may predict risk for depression, addiction and other psychopathologies [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Strathearn L, Giannotti M, Mills R, Kisely S, Najman J, Abajobir A. Long-term Cognitive, Psychological, and Health Outcomes Associated With Child Abuse and Neglect. Pediatrics. 2020;146(4):e20200438. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Health behaviour (such as obesity, drinking and smoking) and mental health problems (such as depression, anxiety) may be crucial links between early childhood physical abuse and midlife physical health.

    “A study by Springer [33] assessing four life course pathways between childhood physical abuse and midlife physical health revealed that health behaviour (such as obesity, drinking and smoking) and mental health problems (such as depression, anxiety) may be crucial links between early childhood physical abuse and midlife physical health.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Springer KW. Childhood physical abuse and midlife physical health: Testing a multi-pathway life course model. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(1):138–46. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Childhood maltreatment interferes with the healthy development of a child and possesses a risk for later health problems.

    “Because childhood maltreatment interferes with the healthy development of a child and possesses a risk for later health problems, intervention preventive programmes in childhood can serve as very useful strategies for healthy development, from the neurobiological aspect as well as from the economical aspect [68].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Huebner G, Boothby N, Aber J, Darmstadt G, Diaz A, Masten A, Yoshikawa H, Redlener I, Emmel A, Pitt M. Beyond survival: the case for investing in young children globally. NAM Perspectives 2016. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.31478/201606b source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The same research designs and the same methods used allowed for a comparison of the results.

    “The same research designs and the same methods used allowed for a comparison of the results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Emotional abuse, including parental verbal abuse, has received less attention in research than the more studied and visible physical and sexual abuse.

    “Emotional abuse, including parental verbal abuse, has received less attention in research than the more studied and visible physical and sexual abuse, but its negative impact is unquestionable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The results were controlled for gender and age, but not for education or socioeconomic status of the respondents' parents or the participants themselves.

    “The results were controlled for gender and age, but not for education or socioeconomic status of the respondents’ parents or the participants themselves.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a population-based study of middle-aged men and women, physical abuse experienced in childhood predicted worse mental and physical health decades after the abuse.

    “In a population-based study of middle-aged men and women [32] the physical abuse experienced in childhood predicted worse mental and physical health decades after the abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Maniglio R. The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(7):647–57. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sexual abuse is considered to be a nonspecific risk factor for later psychopathology.

    “According to meta-analytic studies [32, 34], survivors of childhood sexual abuse are at significant risk of a wide range of health difficulties, including obesity, pain-related conditions, cardiopulmonary symptoms, gastrointestinal health and gynaecologic health; moreover, sexual abuse is considered to be a nonspecific risk factor for later psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Maniglio R. The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(7):647–57. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Irish L, Kobayashi I, Delahanty DL. Long-term physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse: a meta-analytic review. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(5):450–61. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The higher occurrence of self-reported long-term diseases in Czech inhabitants compared to Slovaks could be due to better preventive screening of long-term diseases in the Czech Republic.

    “The reason for the higher occurrence of self-reported long-term diseases in Czech inhabitants compared to Slovaks could be better preventive screening of long-term diseases in the Czech Republic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Emotional abuse has a neurobiological correlate in the brain.

    “there is evidence that emotional abuse also has its neurobiological correlate in the brain [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Teicher MH, Samson JA, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment. Am J Psychiat. 2006;163(6):993–1000. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lack of emotional nurturing in childhood has been shown to negatively impact the reward system in the brain and reduce the amount of oxytocin receptors in the brain.

    “Lack of emotional nurturing in childhood has been shown to negatively impact the reward system in the brain and reduce the amount of oxytocin receptors in the brain [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Strathearn L. Maternal neglect: oxytocin, dopamine and the neurobiology of attachment. J Neuroendocrinol. 2011;23(11):1054–65. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Survivors of childhood sexual abuse are at significant risk of a wide range of health difficulties, including obesity, pain-related conditions, cardiopulmonary symptoms, gastrointestinal health and gynaecologic health.

    “According to meta-analytic studies [32, 34], survivors of childhood sexual abuse are at significant risk of a wide range of health difficulties, including obesity, pain-related conditions, cardiopulmonary symptoms, gastrointestinal health and gynaecologic health; moreover, sexual abuse is considered to be a nonspecific risk factor for later psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Maniglio R. The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(7):647–57. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Irish L, Kobayashi I, Delahanty DL. Long-term physical health consequences of childhood sexual abuse: a meta-analytic review. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(5):450–61. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Data from a longitudinal Minnesota study of Risk and Adaptation showed that physical neglect, but not physical or sexual abuse, predicted all three studied health outcomes, including biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk, self-reported quality of health and a number of health problems.

    “Data from a longitudinal Minnesota study of Risk and Adaptation showed that physical neglect, but not physical or sexual abuse, predicted all three studied health outcomes, including the biomarkers of the cardiometabolic risk, self-reported quality of health and a number of health problems [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Johnson WF, Huelsnitz CO, Carlson EA, Roisman GI, Englund MM, Miller GE, Simpson JA. Childhood abuse and neglect and physical health at midlife: Prospective, longitudinal evidence. Dev Psychopathol. 2017;29(5):1935–46. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a mixed quantitative-qualitative study, respondents denying or not-recognising emotional abuse had poorer health in adulthood, similarly to respondents recognising and reporting emotional abuse.

    “In a mixed quantitative–qualitative study [31] this group of respondents, denying or not-recognising emotional abuse, had poorer health in adulthood, similarly to respondents recognising and reporting emotional abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Gavin H. Sticks and stones may break my bones: An examination of the effects of emotional abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2011;20(5):503–29. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a German representative sample, the occurrence of three or more types of childhood trauma was found in 16.6%.

    “In a German representative sample the occurrence of three or more types of childhood trauma was found in 16.6% [40], and in a study in the Netherlands across a 5-year period, the prevalence was 13.0% [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Häuser W, Schmutzer G, Brähler E, Glaesmer H. Maltreatment in childhood and adolescence: results from a survey of a representative sample of the German population. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(17):287.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A history of self-reported childhood emotional abuse significantly diminished cortisol response, independently of the effects of other types of childhood maltreatment.

    “In a study of Carpenter et al. [30], a history of self-reported childhood emotional abuse significantly diminished cortisol response, independently of the effects of other types of childhood maltreatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ross NS, Khoury L, Anderson GM, Price LH. Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood. Biol Psychiat. 2009;66(1):69–75. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The dissimilar stratification of the urban and rural populations in both countries might be another reason for the higher occurrence of self-reported long-term diseases in Czech inhabitants compared to Slovaks.

    “Another reason might be the dissimilar stratification of the urban and rural populations in both countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a study in the Netherlands across a 5-year period, the prevalence of three or more types of childhood trauma was 13.0%.

    “In a German representative sample the occurrence of three or more types of childhood trauma was found in 16.6% [40], and in a study in the Netherlands across a 5-year period, the prevalence was 13.0% [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Euser S, Alink LR, Pannebakker F, Vogels T, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH. The prevalence of child maltreatment in the Netherlands across a 5-year period. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(10):841–51. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The patterns of associations between childhood trauma and the studied diseases might differ if the effects of childhood trauma had been examined over and above the effects of socioeconomic status on the diseases.

    “The patterns of associations between childhood trauma and the studied diseases might differ if the effects of childhood trauma had been examined over and above the effects of socioeconomic status on the diseases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The associations between possible emotional neglect and gastroduodenal ulcer have already been described by Franz Alexander.

    “The associations between possible emotional neglect and gastroduodenal ulcer have already been described by the father of psychosomatic medicine, Franz Alexander, who wrote that “ulcer patients cannot freely gratify their dependent needs because accepting help from others mobilizes shame and guilt” [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Alexander F. Psychosomatic Medicine: Its Principles and Applications. New York, The United States: W.W. Norton & Company; 1950.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies show a tendency to underreport childhood maltreatment when asked retrospectively, and the real frequencies could be higher.

    “Studies show a tendency to underreport childhood maltreatment when asked retrospectively [66], and the real frequencies could be higher.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Hardt J, Rutter M. Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence. J Child Psychol Psyc. 2004;45(2):260–73. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A recent study found strong associations between moderate to severe childhood neglect and stronger psychological stress response in patients with diabetes mellitus.

    “A recent study found strong associations between moderate to severe childhood neglect and stronger psychological stress response in patients with diabetes mellitus [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Monzer N, Hartmann M, Buckert M, Wolff K, Nawroth P, Kopf S, Kender Z, Friederich H-C, Wild B. Associations of childhood neglect with the ACTH and plasma cortisol stress response in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:986. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study is cross-sectional.

    “This study is cross-sectional and associations between childhood maltreatment and health outcomes need to be interpreted with caution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Developmental programming reflects the concept of sensitive periods of plasticity in brain development that were identified for various brain areas, various ages and gender differently.

    “Another important perspective is developmental programming reflecting the concept of sensitive periods of plasticity in brain development that were identified for various brain areas, various ages and gender differently [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Teicher MH, Samson JA. Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. J Child Psychol Psyc. 2016;57(3):241–66. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Adults with higher educational attainment have better health compared to their less educated peers.

    “Adults with higher educational attainment have better health compared to their less educated peers [63, 64].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [63] Conger RD, Donnellan MB. An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:175–99. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Raghupathi V, Raghupathi W. The influence of education on health: An empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995–2015. Archives of Public Health. 2020;78(1):1–18. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OECD statistics show that the consumption of alcohol in the Czech Republic was 11.7 L per capita in 2016, whereas in Slovakia it was 10.3 L per capita in 2019.

    “OECD statistics [46] show that the consumption of alcohol in the Czech Republic was 11.7 L per capita in 2016 (the time of data collection), whereas in Slovakia it was 10.3 L per capita in 2019.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] OECD (2022). Non-medical determinants of health, OECD Health Statistics (database), [cited 2022 July 23] Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00546-en source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A prospective study showed that emotional abuse was associated with heavy drinking and emotional neglect with AUD at 21 years of age, and emotional and physical abuse predicted AUD at 30 years of age.

    “A prospective study showed that emotional abuse was associated with heavy drinking and emotional neglect with AUD at 21 years of age [18], and emotional and physical abuse predicted AUD at 30 years of age [47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] Kisely S, Mills R, Strathearn L, Najman JM. Does child maltreatment predict alcohol use disorders in young adulthood? A cohort study of linked notifications and survey data. Addiction. 2020;115(1):61–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Kisely S, Strathearn L, Najman J. The influence of child maltreatment on substance or alcohol use in 30-year-old adults: A birth cohort study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021;40(4):673–80. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent neurobiological study by Puetz et al. revealed that participants who experienced a combination of abuse and neglect showed a hypoactive pattern of neural response in amygdala, with hypocortisolism and a spatially distributed pattern of reduced neural activation in a range of brain areas.

    “A recent neurobiological study by Puetz et al. [42] revealed that participants who experienced a combination of abuse and neglect showed a hypoactive pattern of neural response in amygdala, with hypocortisolism and a spatially distributed pattern of reduced neural activation in a range of brain areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Puetz VB, Viding E, Gerin MI, Pingault J-B, Sethi A, Knodt AR, Radtke SR, Brigidi BD, Hariri AR, McCrory E. Investigating patterns of neural response associated with childhood abuse v. childhood neglect. Psychol Med. 2020;50(8):1398–407. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A Scottish study comparing rural areas and cities in health outcomes found that people living in remote small towns had a lower risk of hospital admission for chronic disease, and those in very remote rural areas had lower mortality, both compared with those living in primary cities.

    “a Scottish study comparing rural areas and cities in health outcomes found that people living in remote small towns had a lower risk of hospital admission for chronic disease, and those in very remote rural areas had lower mortality, both compared with those living in primary cities [58].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Teckle P, Hannaford P, Sutton M. Is the health of people living in rural areas different from those in cities? Evidence from routine data linked with the Scottish health survey. BMC Health Ser Res. 2012;12(1):1–16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low SES among parents has been identified as a risk factor for childhood maltreatment, which in turn leads to financial and employment-related difficulties in adulthood.

    “Moreover, low SES among parents has been identified as a risk factor for childhood maltreatment, which in turn leads to financial and employment-related difficulties in adulthood [65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Zielinski DS. Child maltreatment and adult socioeconomic well-being. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(10):666–78. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Another study of a Canadian community sample revealed that the more childhood traumatic events participants experienced, the more chronic conditions they reported.

    “Another study of a Canadian community sample [51] revealed that the more childhood traumatic events participants experienced, the more chronic conditions they reported.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Mock SE, Arai SM. Childhood trauma and chronic illness in adulthood: mental health and socioeconomic status as explanatory factors and buffers. Front Psychol. 2011;1:246. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, all types of abuse and physical neglect predicted alcohol and nicotine addiction, also controlled for other childhood adversities.

    “According to the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions [48], all types of abuse and physical neglect predicted alcohol and nicotine addiction, also controlled for other childhood adversities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Elliott JC, Stohl M, Wall MM, Keyes KM, Goodwin RD, Skodol AE, Krueger RF, Grant BF, Hasin DS. The risk for persistent adult alcohol and nicotine dependence: the role of childhood maltreatment. Addiction. 2014;109(5):842–50. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hypocortisolism can be adaptive in the short-term perspective and reflects the processes of how the organism tries to adjust to a persistent stressful environment in terms of the allostatic load model, but from a long-term perspective it poses a major threat to healthy development.

    “Although hypocortisolism can be adaptive in the short-term perspective and reflects the processes of how the organism tries to adjust to a persistent stressful environment in terms of the allostatic load model [43], from a long-term perspective it poses a major threat to healthy development [44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual: Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093–101. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [44] Guidi J, Lucente M, Sonino N, Fava GA. Allostatic load and its impact on health: a systematic review. Psychother Psychosom. 2021;90(1):11–27. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Early life stress induces "biological scars" at the level of stress regulatory systems which promote the pathophysiology of various disorders in an interaction with genetics, epigenetics and the environment.

    “Early life stress induces “biological scars” at the level of stress regulatory systems which promote the pathophysiology of various disorders in an interaction with genetics, epigenetics and the environment [14, 52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Heim CM, Entringer S, Buss C. Translating basic research knowledge on the biological embedding of early-life stress into novel approaches for the developmental programming of lifelong health. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2019;105:123–37. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Jiang S, Postovit L, Cattaneo A, Binder EB, Aitchison KJ. Epigenetic modifications in stress response genes associated with childhood trauma. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:808. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Causality between childhood trauma and health outcomes can be presupposed from cross-sectional data when time causality of events and the effects, neurodevelopmental processes and mechanisms linking childhood trauma and negative health consequences are known.

    “On the other hand, when we know the time causality of events and the effects, the neurodevelopmental processes and mechanisms linking childhood trauma and negative health consequences, we can also presuppose causality between childhood trauma and health outcomes from cross-sectional data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Czech Republic has a long tradition of beer drinking.

    “The Czech Republic has a long tradition of beer drinking: therefore, we assume that in the case of AUD in the Czech Republic there might be more “traditional drinkers” and a smaller percentage of “symptomatic drinkers” related to childhood maltreatment as in the Slovak sample, where all types of abuse and emotional abuse with neglect were strong predictors of AUD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a study of 97 internal medicine outpatients, the number of childhood trauma types was found to be associated with the number of psychophysiological disorders and with the length of medical disability.

    “In a study of 97 internal medicine outpatients, the number of childhood trauma types was found to be associated with the number of psychophysiological disorders and with the length of medical disability [50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Sansone RA, Butler M, Dakroub H, Pole M. The relationship between number of types of childhood trauma, number of psychophysiological disorders, and length of medical disability. Traumatol. 2006;12(2):143–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

59 of 59

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Retrospective self-reports of childhood trauma accurately reflect actual childhood experiences of abuse and neglect.

    “Childhood trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), a retrospective self-report measuring the severity of five different types of childhood trauma: emotional abuse (EA), physical abuse (PA), sexual abuse (SA), emotional neglect (EN), and physical neglect (PN) [3].”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Czech and Slovak samples are comparable enough that differences between them in the observed associations reflect real differences rather than methodological differences.

    “In the Slovak sample, however, there were overall stronger associations (i.e. systematically higher ORs) of those abuse and neglect variables that are significant predictors of long-term diseases”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported long-term diseases accurately reflect actual diagnoses.

    “Long-term health difficulties were detected by the item “Do you have any long-lasting disability or disorder? Please, mark all possibilities which are related to you”.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    In the Czech Republic, there might be more “traditional drinkers” and a smaller percentage of “symptomatic drinkers” related to childhood maltreatment than in the Slovak sample.

    “we assume that in the case of AUD in the Czech Republic there might be more “traditional drinkers” and a smaller percentage of “symptomatic drinkers” related to childhood maltreatment as in the Slovak sample”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The frequencies of ACE exposure in this SUD sample are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD.

    “These frequencies are consistent with previous studies documenting elevated rates of childhood adversity among individuals with SUD [3, 5, 9].”

    From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results report associations between childhood abuse or neglect and alcohol and nicotine use disorders in Czech and Slovak representative samples. That supports elevated childhood adversity for these two disorders, but the paper does not establish ACE exposure frequencies for a SUD sample or for substance use disorders generally; it cannot verify that the citing study’s frequencies are consistent with its findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Childhood maltreatment-specifically emotional, physical, and sexual abuse-strongly predicted alcohol use disorder in adulthood in a representative Slovak study.

    “A representative study in Slovakia [5] confirmed that childhood maltreatment—specifically emotional, physical, and sexual abuse—strongly predicted alcohol use disorder in adulthood.”

    From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Slovak two-trauma percentage does not match its count

    Minor

    The table reports 178 Slovak respondents with two types of childhood maltreatment out of 1,018, which is 17.5%, not 18.4%.

    Reported 18.4 · recomputed 17.485265

  • Slovak pelvic-pain percentage uses a different denominator

    Minor

    The reported 41 cases are 4.0% of the stated Slovak sample of 1,018, not 7.9%. The 7.9% figure appears to use the 522 Slovak women as its denominator, whereas the Czech pelvic-pain percentage uses the full Czech sample.

    Reported 7.9 · recomputed 4.027505

  • Slovak arthritis confidence interval conflicts with its lack of significance marker

    Minor

    The reported Slovak physical-abuse odds ratio for arthritis has a 95% confidence interval of 1.1-1.2, entirely above 1, but has no p < 0.05 significance marker under the table's notation.

  • Physical neglect is called a predictor of Czech obesity despite a nonsignificant result

    Minor

    The Discussion includes obesity among Czech cardiometabolic diseases predicted by physical neglect. Table 2 reports a Czech obesity odds ratio of 1.3 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.9-1.9 and no significance marker.

  • "More than 3" diseases is labeled with the count for "3 and more"

    Minor

    Table 4 labels 487 Czech and 192 Slovak respondents as having more than three long-term diseases. Table 1 assigns those exact counts to three or more diseases, a different outcome category.

  • Czech alcohol-use significance marker conflicts with its confidence interval

    Minor

    The Czech emotional-abuse odds ratio for alcohol use disorder has a 95% confidence interval of 0.8-5.9, which includes 1, yet it is marked as significant at p < 0.05.

  • Two different Czech mean ages are reported

    Minor

    The abstract gives the Czech sample's mean age as 46.61, while the Methods section gives 46.41 for the same 1,800-person sample.

  • Abstract says emotional abuse predicts all diseases, but Results name exceptions

    Minor

    The abstract says emotional abuse predicts all studied long-term diseases. The Results explicitly except hypertension and thyroid gland disease in the Slovak sample.

  • Regression model is described as both multinomial and binary

    Minor

    The abstract says multinomial logistic regression models were used, but the statistical analyses section says binary logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships.

  • Physical-neglect percentages are reversed between text and table

    Minor

    The Introduction assigns 35.8% to the Czech sample and 35.7% to the Slovak sample, while Table 1 assigns 35.7% to the Czech sample and 35.8% to the Slovak sample under Walker's scoring.

10 of 10

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Kascakova N, Furstova J, Solcova IP, Biescad M, Hasto J, Tavel P. Psychometric analysis of the Czech version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) with the sociodemografic differences in traumatization of Czech adults. Cesk Psychol. 2018;62(3):212–30.
  2. Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, A Retrospective Self-Report; Manual. San Antonio: NCS Pearson; 1998.
  3. Zuzánková N. Národnostní složení obyvatelstva ČSR. Český lid 1982, 69(1):24–31. Aavaliable from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42701314

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Kascakova, N., Petrikova, M., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Geckova, A. M., & Tavel, P.
Affiliations
Palacký University Olomouc (CZ)
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-09-19
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
1769-1769
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12889-022-14160-2
PMC
PMC9484250
OpenAlex
W4296352701
Semantic Scholar
66d30f538959da616f025db7dfc2a5ba4ac08d19
Cited by
14
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2
FWCI
2.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Grantová Agentura České Republiky (19-18964S)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
Keywords
childhood trauma, child abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, long-term disease, alcoholism, nicotine use disorder, diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, allergy, Czech population, Slovak population
MeSH terms
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Tobacco Use Disorder, Czech Republic, Slovakia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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