Effect of childhood emotional abuse and age on cortisol responsivity in adulthood
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Background The dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test has been proposed as a potential tool for identifying endophenotypes relevant to mood disorders. Several studies have shown abnormal cortisol reactivity in phenotypically healthy adults without psychiatric disorders as a function of exposure to adverse early environments. Methods Following a battery of self-report and interview assessments, 230 adults without major Axis I Disorders completed the Dex/CRH test. Childhood maltreatment was evaluated with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Effect of childhood emotional abuse (EA) on cortisol responses to the Dex/CRH test was examined with repeated measures general linear models including age, sex and other types of maltreatment. Post-hoc models examined the significant interaction between EA and age, and tested the stability of the main findings with selected covariates. Results A history of self-reported childhood EA independently and significantly diminished cortisol response. This effect was amplified with advancing subject age, and was independent of the effects of other types of childhood maltreatment, lifetime diagnoses, and symptom scores. Conclusions Dampened cortisol reactivity may be a consequence of childhood emotional abuse that is cumulative over time. Prospective longitudinal investigation is needed to evaluate the potential of this proposed endophenotype.
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Mothers with histories of emotional abuse show more pronounced physiological indicators of emotional reactivity, including during child-focused stress tasks.
“Mothers with histories of emotional abuse have more pronounced physiological indicators of emotional reactivity,[16] which has also been demonstrated within a child focused stress task.[17]”
From Role of maternal childhood trauma on parenting among depressed mothers of psychiatrically ill children (2013) · cites this paper as [16]
The Discussion reports an association between childhood emotional abuse and altered physiological responsivity, but specifically a blunted cortisol response to the Dex/CRH test. The Methods describe a sample of adults, not mothers, and the Introduction describes the test as psychologically neutral rather than a measure of emotional reactivity. The child-focused task is attached to a separate citation [17], so it is not judged against this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral ELS/CT studies have reported HPA axis hypo-activity, such as lower circulating cortisol levels and blunted cortisol stress responses, in similar populations and study designs.
“On the other hand, several ELS/CT studies have reported HPA axis hypo-activity (e.g., lower circulating cortisol levels, blunted cortisol stress responses) in similar populations and study designs (80–84).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Early life stress has been associated with both increased and decreased HPA axis reactivity to stress, and both patterns have been linked to psychopathology.
“Early life stress has been found to both exaggerate and attenuate the activity of the HPA axis in response to stress, both phenomena which have been linked to psychopathology (Carpenter et al., 2009; Heim C et al., 2000; Tyrka et al., 2008).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2009
A history of self-reported childhood emotional abuse significantly diminished cortisol response, independently of the effects of other types of childhood maltreatment.
“In a study of Carpenter et al. [30], a history of self-reported childhood emotional abuse significantly diminished cortisol response, independently of the effects of other types of childhood maltreatment.”
From Associations of childhood trauma with long-term diseases and alcohol and nicotine use disorders in Czech and Slovak representative samples (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., Ross, N. S., Khoury, L., Anderson, G. M., & Price, L. H.
- Affiliations
- Butler Hospital (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Linda L.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 69-75
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2696583
- OpenAlex
- W2001484008
- Semantic Scholar
- 8116c4756189c6cced071bd23993fa49d5550f16
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 21.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of the Interior
- Medtronic
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Department of Defense
- UCB Pharma
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood emotional abuse, cortisol response, dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test, endophenotypes, child abuse, age effects, cumulative adversity, mood disorders, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, adverse childhood experiences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child Abuse, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Linear Models, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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