The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 45 of the 54 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia results in increased degradation of α-synuclein and amyloid-β aggregates
Open accessAbstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by brain accumulation of aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alpha-synuclein (αSYN), respectively. In order to develop effective therapies, it is crucial to understand how the Aβ/αSYN aggregates can be cleared. Compelling data indicate that neuroinflammatory cells, including astrocytes and microglia, play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD and PD. However, how the interplay between the two cell types affects their clearing capacity and consequently the disease progression remains unclear. Methods: The aim of the present study was to investigate in which way glial crosstalk influences αSYN and Aβ pathology, focusing on accumulation and degradation. For this purpose, human-induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes and microglia were exposed to sonicated fibrils of αSYN or Aβ and analyzed over time. The capacity of the two cell types to clear extracellular and intracellular protein aggregates when either cultured separately or in co-culture was studied using immunocytochemistry and ELISA. Moreover, the capacity of cells to interact with and process protein aggregates was tracked using time-lapse microscopy and a customized “close-culture” chamber, in which the apical surfaces of astrocyte and microglia monocultures were separated by a <1 mm space. Results: Our data show that intracellular deposits of αSYN and Aβ are significantly reduced in co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia, compared to monocultures of either cell type. Analysis of conditioned medium and imaging data from the “close-culture” chamber experiments indicate that astrocytes secrete a high proportion of their internalized protein aggregates, while microglia do not. Moreover, co-cultured astrocytes and microglia are in constant contact with each other via tunneling nanotubes and other membrane structures. Notably, our live cell imaging data demonstrate that microglia, when attached to the cell membrane of an astrocyte, can attract and clear intracellular protein deposits from the astrocyte. Conclusions: Taken together, our data demonstrate the importance of astrocyte and microglia interactions in Aβ/αSYN clearance, highlighting the relevance of glial cellular crosstalk in the progression of AD- and PD-related brain pathology.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Human iPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia were exposed to α-synuclein or amyloid-β fibrils in monoculture and co-culture to study glial crosstalk in aggregate clearance. Co-culture reduced intracellular αSYN and Aβ deposits, with astrocytes transferring aggregates to microglia via secretion and direct contact, including tunneling nanotubes.
Key findings
- In monocultures, astrocytes accumulated αSYN over 7 days, whereas microglia showed no increase from 24 h to 7 days and more effectively reduced intracellular αSYN after pulse-chase; some deposits remained in both monocultures at 24 h + 6 days.
- In co-cultures, total intracellular αSYN was significantly reduced at day 7 versus 24 h, due to decreases in both microglia and astrocytes; astrocytic αSYN reduction was opposite to the accumulation seen in pure astrocyte cultures.
- For Aβ, co-culture reduced total intracellular Aβ at day 7 versus 24 h in both cell types, including a reduction in astrocytes that was not observed in astrocytic monocultures.
- ELISA showed that after 24 h, almost 75% of added αSYN was cleared from medium in all cultures; microglia cleared extracellular Aβ more effectively after 24 h, while astrocytes showed no significant Aβ uptake from 24 h to 7 days and had higher Aβ levels at 4 days + 3 days, suggesting greater secretion.
- Conditioned-media and close-culture chamber experiments showed astrocytes transfer a large proportion of internalized αSYN to microglia via secretory mechanisms, while microglia hardly transfer αSYN to astrocytes; TNTs and membrane contacts were observed, and live imaging showed microglia attracting and clearing intracellular αSYN deposits from astrocytes.
Methods
- Human iPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia were generated from the same Cntrl9 cell line and exposed to sonicated Cy3-labelled αSYN fibrils (0.5 μM) or Aβ fibrils (0.2 μM) for 24 h, 4 days, or 7 days, or given pulse-chase treatment, in monocultures and co-cultures.
- Analyses included immunocytochemistry, ELISA for total αSYN and Aβ in medium, cytokine array, time-lapse microscopy, and a customized “close-culture” chamber separating apical surfaces of astrocyte and microglia monocultures by <1 mm.
- Image analysis measured integrated density of αSYN/Aβ within Iba1- or vimentin-outlined cells; 60 Z-stack images per time point/treatment from three independent experiments were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn’s correction, and ELISA medium samples from four experiments were analyzed with one-way ANOVA/Tukey correction.
Limitations
- The paper states that further studies, for example using multi-photon microscopy, are needed to confirm the observed astrocyte–microglia transfer and clearance phenomenon in the living brain.
- Evident from the text: all experiments are in vitro with hiPSC-derived glia, with no in vivo AD/PD model or human brain tissue validation.
- Evident from the text: direct comparison of Cy3 intensity between Aβ and αSYN could not be done because labelling efficiency may differ, and the cytokine array showed very little effect of aggregated αSYN or Aβ on the cytokine profile.
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Claims the paper makes
45 of 54 cited sources checked · 12 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Cultured astrocytes accumulate αSYN and Aβ aggregates but not the monomeric form of the proteins.
“We have previously reported that cultured astrocytes accumulate αSYN and Aβ aggregates but not the monomeric form of the proteins [11, 12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
- cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
- Premisecitation
The αSYN and Aβ accumulation result in severe cellular stress, indicated by lysosomal and mitochondrial deficiencies.
“The αSYN and Aβ accumulation result in severe cellular stress, indicated by lysosomal and mitochondrial deficiencies [11, 12, 23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Results section reports mitochondrial defects after α-SYN oligomer exposure in human astrocytes, and the Discussion says α-SYN accumulation disrupts lysosomal machinery and is stressful to the cells. The cited paper does not establish the same effects for Aβ accumulation. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
The Background and Conclusion (pages unavailable in our copy) state that intracellular Aβ accumulation in astrocytes causes severe endosomal and lysosomal defects. The paper does not establish the sentence’s claims about αSYN accumulation or mitochondrial deficiencies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [23] Lindström V, Gustafsson G, Sanders LH, Howlett EH, Sigvardson J, Kasrayan A, et al. Extensive uptake of α-synuclein oligomers in astrocytes results in sustained intracellular deposits and mitochondrial damage. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2017;82:143–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.009. source
- Premisecitation
Astrocytes are capable of stimulating microglia phagocytosis by secretion of cytokines such as IL33 and the complement protein C3.
“Several studies have demonstrated that astrocytes are capable of stimulating microglia phagocytosis by secretion of cytokines such as IL33 and the complement protein C3 [19, 34].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] Batlle M, Ferri L, Andrade C, Ortega F-J, Vidal-Taboada JM, Pugliese M, et al. Astroglia-microglia cross talk during neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:102419. source
The Introduction says astrocytes release S100B, which modulates microglial activity, and the Discussion describes a change in microglial phagocytic morphology after astrocyte depletion. Neither passage says astrocyte-secreted factors stimulate microglial phagocytosis, and the searched passages do not identify IL33 or C3 as mediators. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [34] Park J, Wetzel I, Marriott I, Dréau D, D’Avanzo C, Kim DY, et al. A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21(7):941–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0175-4. source
The Discussion reports that the neuron–astrocyte culture secreted chemokines, including CCL2/MCP-1, that contributed to microglial recruitment. It does not say that astrocytes stimulated microglial phagocytosis through IL-33 or C3; its separate discussion of complement concerns C1q and synapse engulfment in mouse models. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Damisah et al. found that microglia eliminated from mice using a CSF1R antagonist, after which neuronal cell death was induced, resulted in astrocytes engulfing material intended for microglia but degrading it at a slower rate.
“Damisah et al. provide support for this in their recent study, where microglia were eliminated from mice using a CSF1R antagonists, after which neuronal cell death was induced. They found that astrocytes engulfed the material which was intended for microglia but degraded it at a slower rate [10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Damisah EC, Hill RA, Rai A, Chen F, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, et al. Astrocytes and microglia play orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in vivo. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaba3239. source
The Results section, “A multicellular astrocytic reaction is responsible for cell body removal in the absence of microglia” (page unavailable), confirms CSF1R-antagonist treatment, induced neuronal apoptosis, astrocytic compensation, and slower cell-body removal. It does not establish a slower rate of degradation specifically; the authors also speculate that astrocytes digest cell bodies piecemeal rather than fully engulfing them. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Astrocytes, but not microglia, have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells when exposed to αSYN fibrils.
“In a recent publication, we showed that astrocytes, but not microglia, have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) when exposed to αSYN fibrils [24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Rostami J, Fotaki G, Sirois J, Mzezewa R, Bergström J, Essand M, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01776-7. source
- Premisecitation
Astrocytes could be found in very close proximity to infiltrating T cells in the PD brain.
“Accordingly, astrocytes could be found in very close proximity to infiltrating T cells in the PD brain [24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Rostami J, Fotaki G, Sirois J, Mzezewa R, Bergström J, Essand M, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01776-7. source
- Findingown data
Intracellular deposits of Aβ are significantly reduced in co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia compared to monocultures of either cell type.
“Our data show that intracellular deposits of αSYN and Aβ are significantly reduced in co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia, compared to monocultures of either cell type.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
- Rests on an assumption: The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
- Findingown data
Co-cultured astrocytes and microglia are in constant contact with each other via tunneling nanotubes and other membrane structures.
“Moreover, co-cultured astrocytes and microglia are in constant contact with each other via tunneling nanotubes and other membrane structures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
- Findingown data
Microglia, when attached to the cell membrane of an astrocyte, can attract and clear intracellular protein deposits from the astrocyte.
“Notably, our live cell imaging data demonstrate that microglia, when attached to the cell membrane of an astrocyte, can attract and clear intracellular protein deposits from the astrocyte.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
- Rests on an assumption: The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
- Findingown data
Intracellular deposits of αSYN are significantly reduced in co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia compared to monocultures of either cell type.
“Our data show that intracellular deposits of αSYN and Aβ are significantly reduced in co-cultures of astrocytes and microglia, compared to monocultures of either cell type.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
- Rests on an assumption: The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
- Findingown data
Astrocytes had ingested and accumulated Aβ-F already at 24h.
“Astrocytes had ingested and accumulated Aβ-F already at 24h (c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After 24h exposure, almost 75% of the added αSYN had been cleared from the medium in all cell cultures.
“After 24h exposure, almost 75% of the added αSYN had been cleared from the medium in all cell cultures”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 7d, intracellular Aβ levels were reduced in both microglia and astrocytes in co-culture compared to 24h.
“At 7d, intracellular Aβ levels were reduced in both microglia (Fig. 4g) and astrocytes (Fig. 4h), compared to 24h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant difference in intracellular Aβ inclusions could be detected in astrocytes between 24h and 7d.
“Furthermore, no significant difference in intracellular Aβ inclusions could be detected between 24h and 7d (Fig. 3d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At d7, the overall intracellular Aβ signal in the co-culture had significantly decreased compared to the 24h time point.
“At d7, the overall intracellular Aβ signal in the co-culture had significantly decreased, compared to the 24h time point (Fig. 4f).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The pattern of LAMP-1 surrounding was identical in microglia and astrocytes cultured separately or in co-culture.
“The pattern was identical in microglia and astrocytes cultured separately or in co-culture.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Upon removal of extracellular αSYN-F, the intracellular αSYN signal in astrocytes decreased.
“However, upon removal of extracellular αSYN-F, the intracellular αSYN signal decreased, indicating that the astrocytes were capable of degrading at least a proportion of the ingested αSYN-F (Fig. 1e).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia cleared Aβ from the medium also after the 24h.
“However, while microglia cleared Aβ from the medium also after the 24h”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Low but stable levels of αSYN could be detected in the medium at 24h+3d and 24h+6d.
“Interestingly, low but stable levels of αSYN could be detected in the medium at 24h+3d and 24h+6d”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes show uptake of αSYN-F by 24h.
“Already at 24h, Cy3-labelled intracellular αSYN was detected in astrocytes, indicating uptake of αSYN-F (Fig. 1c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
By 24h, the majority of intracellular αSYN/Aβ were surrounded by LAMP-1 in both cell types.
“By 24h, the majority of intracellular αSYN/Aβ were surrounded by LAMP-1 in both cell types (Fig. 6a–d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In co-culture, both astrocytes and microglia had engulfed and accumulated Aβ-F at 24h.
“At 24h, both cell types had engulfed and accumulated Aβ-F (Fig. 4c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia show robust uptake of αSYN-F at 24h.
“Similar to astrocytes, microglia showed a robust uptake of αSYN-F at 24h (Fig. 1g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In co-cultures, microglia cells contained significantly more αSYN per cell at 24h and 4d compared to astrocytes.
“By normalizing αSYN IntDen to the total number of respective cell type, we revealed that microglia cells contained significantly more αSYN per cell at 24h and 4d, compared to the astrocytes (Fig. 2d and e and Supplementary Figure 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
- Findingown data
Intracellular αSYN signal in co-cultures appeared to be mostly reduced in astrocytes at 7d.
“Intracellular αSYN signal appeared to be mostly reduced in astrocytes at 7d (Fig. 2g and h).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
- Findingown data
In monocultures, microglia contained much more Aβ than astrocytes.
“This result was different from the monocultures, where microglia contained much more Aβ than astrocytes (Fig. 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 4d+3d, the astrocytic Aβ signal was significantly reduced compared to the 4d time point.
“At 4d+3d, the astrocytic Aβ signal was significantly reduced, compared to the 4d time point (e).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In co-culture, astrocytes and microglia appeared to contain similar levels of Aβ deposits.
“Interestingly, in the co-culture set up, both cell types appeared to contain similar levels of Aβ deposits (Fig. 4d and e and Supplementary Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Upon extracellular αSYN-F removal, the intracellular αSYN signal in microglia was dramatically reduced.
“Upon extracellular αSYN-F-removal, the intracellular αSYN signal was dramatically reduced, indicating that microglia are more effective than astrocytes when it comes to degrading the ingested αSYN-F (Fig. 1i).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 4d+3d, the astrocytic Aβ signal was slightly reduced compared to the 4d time point.
“At 4d+3d, the astrocytic Aβ signal was slightly reduced, compared to the 4d time point, indicating that astrocytes were capable of degrading the ingested Aβ to some degree (Fig. 3e).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intracellular Aβ accumulation in astrocytes was significantly increased after 4d compared to 24h.
“The intracellular Aβ accumulation was significantly increased after 4d compared to 24h (d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
αSYN levels were gradually reduced over 7d.
“Furthermore, the αSYN levels were gradually reduced over 7d”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Large amounts of intracellular Aβ could be detected in microglia at 24h.
“Large amounts of intracellular Aβ could be detected in microglia at 24h (g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Intracellular Aβ aggregates in microglia were significantly lowered at 24h+3d and 24+6d compared to 24h.
“Furthermore, the intracellular Aβ aggregates in microglia were significantly lowered at 24h+3d and 24+6d, compared to 24h (i).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The total αSYN signal in co-cultures was significantly reduced at 7d.
“Interestingly, the total αSYN signal was significantly reduced at 7d (Fig. 2f).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When cells received an Aβ-F pulse, microglia contained more Aβ inclusions at 24h+3d compared to astrocytes.
“When we analyzed the cells that received an Aβ-F pulse, we noted that the microglia cells contained more Aβ inclusions at 24h+3d, compared to the astrocytes (Fig. 4i–k)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The reduction in Aβ deposits observed in co-cultured astrocytes was not observed in astrocytic monocultures.
“This reduction in Aβ deposits was not observed in the astrocytic monocultures (Fig. 3d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes and microglia engulfed similar amounts of Aβ-F during the first 24h.
“Measurements of Aβ levels in the medium (Fig. 5d–f) showed that astrocytes and microglia engulfed similar amounts of the Aβ-F during the first 24h.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes showed no significant uptake of Aβ-F between 24h to 7d.
“astrocytes showed no significant uptake of Aβ-F between 24h to 7d”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia showed a reduction in intracellular Aβ signal at 4 days and 7d compared to 24h.
“Contrary to the astrocytes, microglia showed a reduction in intracellular Aβ signal at 4 days and 7d compared to 24h (h).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 4d+3d, higher Aβ levels were detected in the astrocyte medium compared to the microglia and the co-culture medium.
“At 4d + 3d, higher Aβ levels were detected in the astrocyte medium compared to the microglia and the co-culture medium”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia showed extensive uptake of Aβ-F aggregates at 24h.
“The microglia cells showed an extensive uptake of Aβ-F aggregates at 24h (Fig. 3g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When astrocytes were treated with αSYN-F continuously over 7d, the intracellular αSYN signal gradually increased.
“Image analysis revealed that when the astrocytes were treated with αSYN-F over the course of 7d, the intracellular αSYN signal gradually increased (Fig. 1d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Deposits of aggregated αSYN could be found within the TNTs.
“Notably, deposits of aggregated αSYN could be found within the TNTs”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes accumulated less αSYN and Aβ deposits in the co-cultures compared to the monocultures.
“Interestingly, astrocytes accumulated less αSYN and Aβ deposits in the co-cultures, compared to the monocultures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia internalized large amounts of αSYN when treated with conditioned medium from αSYN-exposed astrocytes.
“We observed that microglia internalized large amounts of αSYN, when treated with conditioned medium from αSYN-exposed astrocytes (Fig. 7c, d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Whenever the ring-shaped arrangement occurred, the αSYN deposits in the astrocytes shifted to the side of the interacting microglia.
“Interestingly, whenever this cellular arrangement occurred, the αSYN deposits in the astrocytes, which was prominently located around the nucleus, was shifted to the side of the interacting microglia (Fig. 9c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes and microglia in co-culture are frequently connected via multiple TNTs.
“Indeed, multiple TNTs were formed between the astrocytes and microglia in the co-culture (Fig. 8a, b).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Notably, we could for the first time show that astrocytes and microglia are frequently connected via TNTs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
- Findingown data
Frequent membrane contact between astrocytes and microglia was observed.
“We also observed frequent membrane contact between astrocytes and microglia (Fig. 8e).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Microglia hardly transfer any αSYN to astrocytes.
“while microglia hardly transfer any αSYN to the astrocytes (Fig. 7g, h).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Protein aggregates remained in the lysosomal compartments at all-time points, regardless of cell type and culture system.
“Furthermore, the protein aggregates remained in the lysosomal compartments at all-time points, regardless of cell type and culture system (Supplementary Figure 7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Astrocytes treated with conditioned media from αSYN-exposed microglia had very low levels of intracellular αSYN.
“In contrast, astrocytes treated with conditioned media from αSYN-exposed microglia had very low levels of intracellular αSYN (Fig. 7d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In co-culture experiments, microglia were responsible for a greater uptake of the aggregates.
“In our co-culture experiments, we could observe that, even though both cell types engulfed αSYN and Aβ fibrils, microglia were responsible for a greater uptake of the aggregates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Large αSYN-containing vesicles secreted from astrocytes were effectively removed by patrolling microglia.
“We noticed that large αSYN-containing vesicles that were secreted from the astrocytes were effectively removed by the patrolling microglia (Fig. 9b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Astrocytes are capable of degrading at least a proportion of the ingested αSYN-F.
“However, upon removal of extracellular αSYN-F, the intracellular αSYN signal decreased, indicating that the astrocytes were capable of degrading at least a proportion of the ingested αSYN-F (Fig. 1e).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
- Interpretationown data
Astrocytes secrete more Aβ than microglia.
“suggesting that the astrocytes also secrete more Aβ than the microglia (Fig. 5d–f).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Microglia degrade αSYN-F more effectively than astrocytes, at least when cultured separately.
“our results suggest that microglia degrade αSYN-F more effectively than astrocytes (at least when cultured separately).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Astrocytes are capable of degrading the ingested Aβ to some degree.
“At 4d+3d, the astrocytic Aβ signal was slightly reduced, compared to the 4d time point, indicating that astrocytes were capable of degrading the ingested Aβ to some degree (Fig. 3e).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
- Interpretationown data
Cells secrete some of their intracellular αSYN into the medium.
“indicating that the cells secrete some of their intracellular αSYN into the medium (Fig. 5a–c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The intracellular Aβ load affects astrocytes' phagocytic capacity.
“indicating that the intracellular Aβ load affects their phagocytic capacity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Both astrocytes and microglia continuously take up new αSYN-F independent of their intracellular αSYN load.
“suggesting that both astrocytes and microglia continuously take up new αSYN-F independent of their intracellular αSYN load.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Astrocytes and microglia are equally effective in ingesting αSYN-F.
“indicating that astrocytes and microglia are equally effective in ingesting αSYN-F (Fig. 5a–c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The presence of both microglia and astrocytes reduces the overall accumulation of αSYN.
“Hence, the presence of both microglia and astrocytes reduces the overall accumulation of αSYN.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Microglia are more effective than astrocytes at degrading ingested αSYN-F.
“Upon extracellular αSYN-F-removal, the intracellular αSYN signal was dramatically reduced, indicating that microglia are more effective than astrocytes when it comes to degrading the ingested αSYN-F (Fig. 1i).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
- Interpretationown data
Astrocytes transfer a large proportion of their intracellular αSYN to microglia via secretory mechanisms.
“Our results confirm that astrocytes transfer a large proportion of their intracellular αSYN to microglia via secretory mechanisms”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The transfer of protein aggregates from astrocytes to microglia may be an important mechanism for the clearance of protein aggregates within affected brains.
“which may be an important mechanism for the clearance of protein aggregates within affected brains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The transfer of protein aggregates from astrocytes to microglia may also constitute a risk for spreading the pathology within and between interconnected networks.
“However, it may also constitute a risk for spreading the pathology within and between interconnected networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
There is a synergistic effect of astrocytes and microglia in processing of Aβ and αSYN aggregates.
“In conclusion, our results demonstrate that there is a synergistic effect of astrocytes and microglia in processing of Aβ and αSYN aggregates, with relevance to AD and PD pathogenesis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results highlight the importance of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk with respect to AD and PD pathology.
“Taken together, our results highlight the importance of microglia-astrocyte crosstalk with respect to AD and PD pathology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
TNTs are used for cell-to-cell transfer of αSYN aggregates between astrocytes and microglia.
“indicating TNT-mediated transfer (Fig. 8c, d).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“The presence of αSYN deposits within the TNTs suggest that these structures are used for cell-to-cell transfer of protein aggregates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
- Interpretationown data
The interplay between astrocytes and microglia involves transfer of protein aggregates from astrocytes to microglia.
“Mainly, this interplay between the two cell types involves transfer of protein aggregates from astrocytes to microglia”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe conversation between microglia and astrocytes starts already during early development and remains throughout life.
“The conversation between microglia and astrocytes starts already during early development and remains throughout life [1].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] Matejuk A, Ransohoff RM. Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia: an overview. Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:1416. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01416. source
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the AD and PD brain, both astrocytes and microglia acquire reactive, inflammatory phenotypes and can effectively phagocytose aggregated proteins and cell debris, as well as secrete various cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
“In the AD and PD brain, both astrocytes and microglia acquire reactive, inflammatory phenotypes and can effectively phagocytose aggregated proteins and cell debris, as well as secrete various cytokines and inflammatory mediators [8–13].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim5 of 6 sources checked- cites [8] Peri F, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Live imaging of neuronal degradation by microglia reveals a role for v0-ATPase a1 in phagosomal fusion in vivo. Cell. 2008;133(5):916–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.037. source
The Introduction and the section on in vivo imaging of zebrafish embryos support that microglia engulf and digest apoptotic neurons. The paper does not establish the claim for AD or PD brains, or show that astrocytes and microglia phagocytose aggregated proteins or secrete cytokines and inflammatory mediators in those conditions. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [9] Sofroniew MV. Multiple roles for astrocytes as effectors of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;20(2):160–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858413504466. source
- cites [10] Damisah EC, Hill RA, Rai A, Chen F, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, et al. Astrocytes and microglia play orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in vivo. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaba3239. source
The Introduction and Discussion report that astrocytes and microglia remove dying neurons and cellular debris, supporting the debris-phagocytosis part of the claim. The paper does not establish this in AD or PD brains, or show that both cell types phagocytose aggregated proteins, acquire inflammatory phenotypes, or secrete cytokines and inflammatory mediators. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Introduction (page not provided) says reactive astrocytes engulf dead cells and aggregates of amyloid β and α-synuclein, and that astrocytes can produce cytokines and chemokines. The paper does not establish the corresponding inflammatory, phagocytic, and secretory claims for microglia in both AD and PD brains. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
The Background (page unavailable) describes reactive astrocytes and microglia around amyloid plaques in AD, says both secrete cytokines, and reports that astrocytes engulf dead cells and protein aggregates. It does not establish the same combined account for both cell types in PD brains; the Discussion also cautions that astrocytes degrade ingested aggregates slowly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [13] Marín-Teva JL, Dusart I, Colin C, Gervais A, van Rooijen N, Mallat M. Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells. Neuron. 2004;41(4):535–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00069-8. source
The passage on phagocytic behavior in cerebellar slices reports microglia engulfing dying Purkinje cells and says astroglial cells can occasionally ingest apoptotic cell bodies (page unavailable). It does not establish reactive phenotypes, clearance of aggregated proteins, or cytokine secretion by both cell types in AD or PD brains; the Molecular Mediators section instead examines microglial effects during development. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductcitationThe concentrations of αSYN-F and Aβ-F used were selected based on previous studies.
“The concentrations were selected based on our previous studies [11, 12, 23, 28, 29].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Materials and Methods section says the 0.5 μM α-SYN exposure concentration was chosen based on previous investigations. It does not establish that the Aβ-F concentration was selected on that basis, so this source supports only the α-SYN part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
- cites [23] Lindström V, Gustafsson G, Sanders LH, Howlett EH, Sigvardson J, Kasrayan A, et al. Extensive uptake of α-synuclein oligomers in astrocytes results in sustained intracellular deposits and mitochondrial damage. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2017;82:143–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.009. source
- cites [28] Beretta C, Nikitidou E, Streubel-Gallasch L, Ingelsson M, Sehlin D, Erlandsson A. Extracellular vesicles from amyloid-β exposed cell cultures induce severe dysfunction in cortical neurons. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19656. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72355-2. source
The Materials and methods sections report a 0.1 µM Aβ42 protofibril exposure and say the protofibrils were prepared using a previously established protocol (page not available in our copy). This supports a connection to prior Aβ work, but the paper does not say that the exposure concentration was selected on that basis and does not address αSYN-F concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [29] Nikitidou E, Khoonsari PE, Shevchenko G, Ingelsson M, Kultima K, Erlandsson A. Increased release of apolipoprotein E in extracellular vesicles following amyloid-β protofibril exposure of neuroglial co-cultures. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(1):305–21. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170278. source
The Materials and Methods sections on synthetic Aβ42 protofibrils and Aβ42 protofibril exposure describe a previously established preparation protocol and report a 0.1 μM exposure concentration. They do not say that this concentration was selected based on previous studies, and the searched passages do not address selection of an αSYN-F concentration. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductcitationHuman astrocytes used expressed the astrocytic markers vimentin, S100β, ALDH1L1 and GFAP, and human microglia expressed the microglial markers Iba1 and P2Y12.
“Human astrocytes, expressing the astrocytic markers vimentin, S100β, ALDH1L1 and GFAP (Supplementary Figure 3 A), and human microglia, expressing the microglial markers Iba1 and P2Y12 (Supplementary Figure 3 B) were derived from the same hiPSC line [27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] McQuade A, Coburn M, Tu CH, Hasselmann J, Davtyan H, Blurton-Jones M. Development and validation of a simplified method to generate human microglia from pluripotent stem cells. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2018;13(1):67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-018-0297-x. source
The Results section on engraftment (Fig. 5; page unavailable) reports that the derived human microglia express Iba1 and P2RY12. The paper does not report astrocytes expressing vimentin, S100β, ALDH1L1 and GFAP, or establish that the astrocytes and microglia in the citing study came from the same hiPSC line. The citing study points to its own supplementary figures for the marker observations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationMicroglia and astrocytes coordinate their functions in many ways, both in the healthy and diseased brain.
“However, recent data indicate that microglia and astrocytes coordinate their functions in many ways, both in the healthy and diseased brain [14–21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim7 of 8 sources checked- cites [14] Ali Khan MA, Yousef SA, Mullins CE. Percutaneous transluminal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty for the relief of pulmonary valve stenosis with special reference to double-balloon technique. American Heart Journal. 1986;112(1):158–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(86)90695-2. source
- cites [15] Gadani SP, Walsh JT, Smirnov I, Zheng J, Kipnis J. The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury. Neuron. 2015;85(4):703–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.01.013. source
The Introduction reports that IL-33 released after CNS injury acts on both astrocytes and microglia to induce chemokines, supporting an example of their coordinated response to injury. It reports IL-33 expression in the healthy brain, but not coordinated functions there, and does not establish that the two cell types coordinate in many ways. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [16] Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature. 2017;541(7638):481–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21029. source
Section 2 shows one way microglia influence astrocytes: activated microglia secrete factors that induce A1 reactive astrocytes. The Introduction places this response in injury and disease. The paper does not establish that the two cell types coordinate their functions in many ways in the healthy brain; page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [17] Shi Q, Chowdhury S, Ma R, Le KX, Hong S, Caldarone BJ, et al. Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(392):eaaf6295. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6295. source
The Discussion (page not provided) describes astrocyte-derived C3a acting on microglia in Alzheimer’s disease models, supporting an example of coordination in a diseased brain. It also says both cell types participate in synapse pruning, but does not establish that they coordinate their functions in many ways in both healthy and diseased brains. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [18] Rothhammer V, Borucki DM, Tjon EC, Takenaka MC, Chao C-C, Ardura-Fabregat A, et al. Microglial control of astrocytes in response to microbial metabolites. Nature. 2018;557(7707):724–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0119-x. source
The paper’s Abstract reports that microglial TGF-α and VEGF-B regulate astrocyte activity in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, supporting coordination in a diseased CNS. It does not establish the broader claim that the cells coordinate their functions in many ways in both healthy and diseased brains. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [19] Batlle M, Ferri L, Andrade C, Ortega F-J, Vidal-Taboada JM, Pugliese M, et al. Astroglia-microglia cross talk during neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:102419. source
The Introduction and Conclusions describe astrocyte–microglia interactions during neurodegeneration and brain injury, including astroglial influence on microglial responses. They do not establish coordination in the healthy brain, so that part of the cited sentence is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [20] Lian H, Litvinchuk A, Chiang AC-A, Aithmitti N, Jankowsky JL, Zheng H. Astrocyte-microglia cross talk through complement activation modulates amyloid pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2016;36(2):577–89. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2117-15.2016. source
The Introduction describes an astrocyte-to-microglia C3/C3aR pathway affecting amyloid dynamics and Alzheimer’s pathology, supporting coordination in a diseased brain. It does not establish that the cells coordinate their functions in many ways or show functional coordination in the healthy brain; the cited wild-type observations concern expression of C3 and C3aR. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Wu T, Dejanovic B, Gandham VD, Gogineni A, Edmonds R, Schauer S, et al. Complement C3 is activated in human AD brain and is required for neurodegeneration in mouse models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. Cell Rep. 2019;28:2111–2123.e6. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationStressed astrocytes respond by sending out tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), enabling intercellular transfer of pathogenic protein aggregates, as well as MHCII complexes to nearby cells.
“Subsequently, stressed astrocytes respond by sending out tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), enabling intercellular transfer of pathogenic protein aggregates, as well as MHCII complexes to nearby cells [11, 24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Discussion states that stressed astrocytes send out TNTs that transfer aggregated α-synuclein to healthy astrocytes. The cited paper does not report TNT-mediated transfer of MHCII complexes, so that part of the sentence is unsupported by this source. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [24] Rostami J, Fotaki G, Sirois J, Mzezewa R, Bergström J, Essand M, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01776-7. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAstrocytes easily degrade αSYN and Aβ monomers, while they accumulate larger oligomers and fibrils.
“These observations are in line with our previous discoveries that astrocytes easily degrade αSYN and Aβ monomers, while they accumulate larger oligomers and fibrils [11, 12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Results section (page not provided) reports that human astrocytes rapidly degraded α-SYN monomers but retained α-SYN oligomers over six days. The Discussion also reports long-term storage of aggregated Aβ42. This paper does not establish degradation of Aβ monomers or accumulation of fibrils by astrocytes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
The Results section reports that astrocytes did not accumulate Aβ40 monomers but retained Aβ42 protofibrils, degrading them only slowly. The Discussion interprets this as a contrast between monomers and aggregated Aβ. This paper does not establish the same pattern for αSYN or for mature fibrils; those parts of the sentence are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationMicroglia and astrocytes are responsible for many inflammatory processes in affected brains, including phagocytosis of αSYN and Aβ aggregates, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and stimulation of the innate immune system.
“Microglia and astrocytes are known to be responsible for many inflammatory processes in affected brains, including phagocytosis of αSYN and Aβ aggregates, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and stimulation of the innate immune system [8–12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [8] Peri F, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Live imaging of neuronal degradation by microglia reveals a role for v0-ATPase a1 in phagosomal fusion in vivo. Cell. 2008;133(5):916–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.037. source
The Introduction and the section on neuronal–microglial interactions during brain development describe microglia as CNS immune cells that phagocytose apoptotic neurons, primarily in developing zebrafish brains. They do not establish that microglia or astrocytes phagocytose αSYN or Aβ aggregates in affected brains, secrete inflammatory mediators, or stimulate the innate immune system. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [9] Sofroniew MV. Multiple roles for astrocytes as effectors of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;20(2):160–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858413504466. source
- cites [10] Damisah EC, Hill RA, Rai A, Chen F, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, et al. Astrocytes and microglia play orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in vivo. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaba3239. source
The Introduction and Discussion report that microglia and astrocytes coordinate the phagocytic removal of dying neurons and their debris. They do not establish phagocytosis of αSYN or Aβ aggregates, secretion of inflammatory mediators, or stimulation of the innate immune system; the paper's findings concern neuronal corpse removal rather than that full list of inflammatory processes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Introduction reports that reactive astrocytes engulf Aβ and α-SYN aggregates and produce cytokines and chemokines. The paper does not establish the same activities for microglia or say that these cells stimulate the innate immune system; its Discussion instead mentions possible astrocyte involvement in T-cell activation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
The Background (page not provided) says astrocytes engulf Aβ and α-synuclein aggregates, and that astrocytes and microglia secrete cytokines and neurotoxic products around Aβ plaques. It does not establish phagocytosis of both aggregates by microglia or state that these cells stimulate the innate immune system. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationAstrocytes are capable of transferring αSYN as well as MHCII to other astrocytes via direct membrane contact and through TNTs.
“Our previous results indicate that astrocytes are capable of transferring αSYN as well as MHCII to other astrocytes via direct membrane contact and through TNTs, implicating astrocytes as one of the important players in propagation of αSYN pathology [11, 24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Results section, “TNTs contribute to α-SYN transmission” (page unavailable), reports transfer of α-SYN between astrocytes through direct contact and TNTs. The cited paper does not report transfer of MHCII, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [24] Rostami J, Fotaki G, Sirois J, Mzezewa R, Bergström J, Essand M, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01776-7. source
The Results section on transfer between astrocytes (Fig. 6) and the Discussion report that MHC-II and αSYN/MHC-II complexes move between human astrocytes through tunneling nanotubes. The passages do not establish transfer of either αSYN or MHC-II through direct membrane contact as a separate route. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAstrocytes and microglia degrade dead cells in a very organized and specialized manner; microglia degrade neuronal dendrites, cell bodies, and nuclei while astrocytes phagocytose apoptotic bodies that are released from dying neurons.
“A recent study showed that astrocytes and microglia degrade dead cells in a very organized and specialized manner; microglia degrade neuronal dendrites, cell bodies, and nuclei while astrocytes phagocytose apoptotic bodies that are released from the dying neurons [10].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Damisah EC, Hill RA, Rai A, Chen F, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S, et al. Astrocytes and microglia play orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in vivo. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaba3239. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationIncomplete degradation of Aβ42 protofibrils by astrocytes results in the release of extracellular vesicles containing N-truncated, neurotoxic Aβ.
“We have previously shown that an incomplete degradation of Aβ42 protofibrils by astrocytes results in the release of extracellular vesicles containing N-truncated, neurotoxic Aβ [12].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAstrocytes are one of the major secretory cells in the CNS, responsible for secretion of neurotransmitters, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, and toxic proteins.
“An accumulating body of evidence emphasizes astrocytes as one of the major secretory cells in the CNS, responsible for secretion of neurotransmitters, growth factors, inflammatory mediators, and toxic proteins [33].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Verkhratsky A, Matteoli M, Parpura V, Mothet J-P, Zorec R. Astrocytes as secretory cells of the central nervous system: idiosyncrasies of vesicular secretion. The EMBO journal. 2016;35(3):239–57. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201592705. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationAstrocytes accumulate large amounts of αSYN and Aβ aggregates, resulting in severe cellular stress.
“We have previously shown that astrocytes accumulate large amounts of αSYN and Aβ aggregates, resulting in severe cellular stress [11, 12, 23, 24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [11] Rostami J, Holmqvist S, Lindström V, Sigvardson J, Westermark GT, Ingelsson M, et al. Human astrocytes transfer aggregated alpha-synuclein via tunneling nanotubes. J Neurosci. 2017;37(49):11835–53. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0983-17.2017. source
The Discussion (page not provided) says that α-SYN accumulates in astrocytes and causes substantial cellular stress. It also reports that astrocytes engulf and store large amounts of aggregated Aβ42, but does not say that Aβ accumulation causes the stress described here. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [12] Söllvander S, Nikitidou E, Brolin R, Söderberg L, Sehlin D, Lannfelt L, et al. Accumulation of amyloid-β by astrocytes result in enlarged endosomes and microvesicle-induced apoptosis of neurons. Molecular Neurodegeneration. 2016;11(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-016-0098-z. source
- cites [23] Lindström V, Gustafsson G, Sanders LH, Howlett EH, Sigvardson J, Kasrayan A, et al. Extensive uptake of α-synuclein oligomers in astrocytes results in sustained intracellular deposits and mitochondrial damage. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2017;82:143–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.009. source
- cites [24] Rostami J, Fotaki G, Sirois J, Mzezewa R, Bergström J, Essand M, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01776-7. source
The Background says αSYN accumulation in cultured human astrocytes causes severe cellular stress, and the section on intracellular αSYN deposits reports that these cells accumulated large amounts of aggregated αSYN. The passages do not establish the corresponding claim about Aβ aggregates or Aβ-induced stress. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationInsufficient degradation of protein aggregates and chronic inflammation are driving forces of AD and PD brain pathology.
“Growing evidence indicates that insufficient degradation of protein aggregates and chronic inflammation are driving forces of AD and PD brain pathology [30–32].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [30] Nixon RA, Yang D-S, Lee J-H. Neurodegenerative lysosomal disorders: a continuum from development to late age. Autophagy. 2008;4(5):590–9. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.6259. source
The sections on pathological consequences in Alzheimer’s disease and lysosomal-system defects in Parkinson disease link impaired protein degradation to AD pathology and impaired α-synuclein degradation to familial PD. They do not support the additional claim that chronic inflammation drives pathology in either disease. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] Nixon RA. Autophagy, amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer disease. Journal of Cell Science. 2007;120(23):4081–91. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.019265. source
- cites [32] Appelqvist H, Wäster P, Kågedal K, Öllinger K. The lysosome: from waste bag to potential therapeutic target. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology. 2013;5(4):214–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjt022. source
The Neurodegenerative disorders section links defective autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction to neurodegeneration and says brain inflammation is observed in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The Future targeting section also links impaired lysosomal degradation to protein-accumulation diseases. But the paper describes inflammation as a secondary pathological change and hedges the role of lysosomal disturbance; it does not establish that chronic inflammation and insufficient aggregate degradation are both driving forces of AD and PD pathology. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataAstrocytes secrete a high proportion of their internalized protein aggregates, while microglia do not.
“Analysis of conditioned medium and imaging data from the “close-culture” chamber experiments indicate that astrocytes secrete a high proportion of their internalized protein aggregates, while microglia do not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cy3 labeling of αSYN and Aβ fibrils does not alter their uptake, accumulation, or degradation properties.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataExposure to aggregated αSYN or Aβ had very little effect on the cytokine profile.
“Our data indicate that the exposure to aggregated αSYN or Aβ had very little effect on the cytokine profile.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataMicroglia continued to proliferate over the 7d, and the αSYN signal per cell was reduced over time, although the total αSYN content in the culture was unchanged.
“Since microglia continued to proliferate over the 7d, the αSYN signal per cell was reduced over time, although the total αSYN content in the culture was unchanged (Fig. 1h–j and Supplementary Figure 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIntracellular αSYN increased over time in astrocytes, but remained unchanged in microglia cells.
“Together with the finding that intracellular αSYN increased over time in astrocytes, but remained unchanged in microglia cells”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFollowing removal of αSYN, there was a clear reduction of intracellular deposits in the co-culture set-up at 24h+3d and 24h+6d, although some remaining deposits were not cleared.
“In line with the results from the monocultures, there was a clear reduction of intracellular deposits in the co-culture set-up, following removal of αSYN (24h+3d and 24h+6d, Fig. 2i–k), although there were some remaining deposits that were not cleared.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn microglia, the intracellular Aβ signal was significantly decreased at 4d, and no change in intracellular Aβ was observed from 4 to 7d.
“In contrast to αSYN, the intracellular Aβ signal was significantly decreased at 4d. On the other hand, no change in intracellular Aβ was observed from 4 to 7d (Fig. 3h).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataThe intracellular levels of Aβ-F at 24h in astrocytes appeared lower than the levels of αSYN-F.
“The intracellular levels of Aβ-F at 24h in astrocytes appeared lower than the levels of αSYN-F (Fig. 3c).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn separate cultures, both microglia and astrocytes ingest αSYN and Aβ aggregates, but microglia appear more effective in degrading the protein aggregates.
“Our data show that in the separate cultures, both microglia and astrocytes ingest αSYN and Aβ aggregates, but microglia appear to be more effective in degrading the protein aggregates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataMicroglial cells are often found within ring-shaped areas, completely surrounded by astrocytic membrane, and anchored via sprouting extensions.
“Often, the microglial cells were found within a ring-shaped area, completely surrounded by an astrocytic membrane.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Moreover, microglia were often situated in ring-shaped areas, “in the middle” of astrocytes, clearly anchored to the astrocyte membrane via extending protrusions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn the co-culture experiments, astrocytes also establish direct contact with microglia and the two glial cell types remained in a continual alliance for a long time.
“In the co-culture experiments in this study, we found that astrocytes also establish direct contact with microglia and that the two glial cell types remained in a continual alliance for a long time, as shown by immunocytochemistry and time-lapse microscopy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown dataNo change in the intensity of CD68 staining was detected following αSYN or Aβ exposure.
“No change in the intensity of the CD68 staining was detected following αSYN or Aβ exposure (Supplementary Fig 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe αSYN load in astrocytes is dramatically reduced during microglia interaction, with deposits appearing immediately degraded after transfer.
“We also noted that the αSYN load in the astrocyte was dramatically reduced during the microglia interaction”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“As shown with our time-lapse recordings, the αSYN-deposits appeared to be immediately degraded, after being transferred from astrocytes to microglia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn PD, intracellular inclusions of αSYN are found in neurons and glia, while both extracellular and intracellular deposits of Aβ are present in the AD brain.
“In PD, intracellular inclusions of alpha-synuclein (αSYN) are found in neurons and glia, while both extracellular and intracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) are present in the AD brain [2, 3].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Goedert M. Parkinson’s disease and other alpha-synucleinopathies. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2001;39(4):308–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2001.047. source
- cites [3] LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(7):499–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2168. source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataAstrocyte and microglia interactions are important in Aβ/αSYN clearance, and glial cellular crosstalk is relevant in the progression of AD- and PD-related brain pathology.
“Taken together, our data demonstrate the importance of astrocyte and microglia interactions in Aβ/αSYN clearance, highlighting the relevance of glial cellular crosstalk in the progression of AD- and PD-related brain pathology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataSome αSYN deposits are more difficult for astrocytes and microglia to clear, as intracellular αSYN was still observed in both monocultures at 24h+6d.
“Notably, intracellular αSYN was still observed in both monocultures at 24h+6d, indicating that some deposits are more difficult for the cells to clear (Fig. 1e and i).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductown dataThe IntDen αSYN/Aβ signal was normalized to area rather than cell number because astrocytes and microglia proliferated during the experiment, and normalization to cell number would be misleading.
“Since the astrocytes and microglia proliferated during the time course of the experiment (Supplementary Figure 1 and 2), we normalized the IntDen αSYN/Aβ signal to the area and not to the cell number. In proliferating cultures, normalization to the cell number is misleading as the deposits per cell will then be reduced without any degradation taking place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe presence of microglia either increases the degradation capacity of astrocytes or causes astrocytes to dispose of their inclusions via secretion or cell-to-cell transfer.
“indicating that the presence of microglia either increases the degradation capacity of the astrocytes or causes astrocytes to dispose of their inclusions via secretion or cell-to-cell transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningMicroglia were generated from the same human iPSC line as astrocytes to enable co-cultures without strain-induced immunological reactions.
“To enable co-cultures of human iPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia without strain-induced immunological reactions, microglia were generated from the same human iPSC line that was used for deriving the NES cells.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataAlthough intracellular Aβ aggregates were significantly lowered in microglia at 24h+3d and 24h+6d, there were still some remaining Aβ deposits, indicating that microglia were not capable of complete degradation during the 6d time span.
“Although the intracellular Aβ aggregates were significantly lowered at 24h+3d and 24h+6d, there were still some remaining Aβ deposits at these time points, indicating that the microglia were not capable of complete degradation during the 6d time span (Fig. 3i).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationMicroglia and astrocytes could share the burden by dividing toxic materials in a size-dependent manner, where microglia would phagocytose bigger aggregates and astrocytes smaller aggregates.
“These data suggest that microglia and astrocytes could share the burden by dividing toxic materials in a size-dependent manner, where microglia would phagocytose bigger aggregates and astrocytes smaller aggregates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataMicroglia attract and clear intracellular protein deposits directly from astrocytes.
“indicating that microglia attract and clear intracellular protein deposits directly from the astrocytes (Fig. 9c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningIt is possible that astrocytes engulf less protein aggregates in the presence of microglia and thereby allow better degradation of the ingested material.
“Hence, it is possible that astrocytes engulf less protein aggregates in the presence of microglia and thereby allow better degradation of the ingested material.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataαSYN-F/Aβ-F is cleared predominantly by lysosomal degradation and do not end up in other cellular compartments.
“suggesting that the αSYN-F/Aβ-F is cleared predominantly by lysosomal degradation and do not end up in other cellular compartments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The hiPSC-derived astrocytes and microglia used in this study are representative of human brain astrocytes and microglia in AD and PD.
“Human astrocytes were generated from neuroepithelial-like stem (NES) cells, produced from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs, Cntrl9 cell line) [25, 26].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cy3 labeling of αSYN and Aβ fibrils does not alter their uptake, accumulation, or degradation properties.
“The αSYN-F were Cy3-labelled using Cy3AM antibody labelling kit (GE Healthcare, PA33000) as described previously [24].”
The paper relies on this without support.
A decrease in intracellular αSYN/Aβ signal over time reflects degradation of the ingested aggregates rather than secretion or other loss.
“However, upon removal of extracellular αSYN-F, the intracellular αSYN signal decreased, indicating that the astrocytes were capable of degrading at least a proportion of the ingested αSYN-F (Fig. 1e).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cell markers used (Iba1, vimentin, S100B, etc.) specifically identify microglia and astrocytes in co-culture.
“In both the separate cultures and in the co-cultures, microglia and astrocytes were outlined using the cellular markers Iba1 and vimentin, limiting the analysis to internalized αSYN/Aβ only.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Microglia can attach to cell membrane of astrocytes, attracting and clearing intracellular protein deposits such as α-synuclein and Aβ from astrocytes.
“In addition, microglia can also attach to the cell membrane of astrocytes, attracting and clearing intracellular protein deposits, such as α-synuclein and Aβ, from the astrocytes.73”
From Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
The Results section on cell-to-cell transfer (Fig. 9; page unavailable) shows microglia attaching to astrocyte membranes as intracellular α-synuclein deposits shift toward them and decrease. The paper also reports reduced Aβ deposits in co-cultured astrocytes, but does not show that membrane-attached microglia attract and clear Aβ by the same mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Image analysis is described as both excluding and using cell-number normalization
MajorThe image-analysis methods say the aggregate signal was normalized to area, not cell number, including in co-cultures. The results instead describe normalizing the co-culture αSYN signal to the number of each cell type.
“In both the separate cultures and in the co-cultures, microglia and astrocytes were outlined using the cellular markers Iba1 and vimentin, limiting the analysis to internalized αSYN/Aβ only. The IntDen αSYN/Aβ signal was measured within the outlined cells. Since the astrocytes and microglia proliferated during the time course of the experiment (Supplementary Figure 1 and 2), we normalized the IntDen αSYN/Aβ signal to the area and not to the cell number.”
“By normalizing αSYN IntDen to the total number of respective cell type, we revealed that microglia cells contained significantly more αSYN per cell at 24h and 4d, compared to the astrocytes (Fig. 2d and e and Supplementary Figure 4).”
Astrocytic Aβ is called stable despite a reported increase at day 4
MinorThe Fig. 3 caption says astrocytic Aβ levels remain stable, but its description reports a significant increase at 4 days relative to 24 hours.
“Figure: Fig. 3 Intracellular Aβ levels are reduced in microglia over time but remain stable in astrocytes.”
“The intracellular Aβ accumulation was significantly increased after 4d compared to 24h (d).”
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Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development
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“Neuroinflammation is mainly mediated by central glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia [79, 80].”
BackgroundAlpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson’s Disease
Saramowicz, K., Siwecka, N., Galita, G., Kucharska-Lusina, A., Rozpędek‐Kamińska, W., & Majsterek, I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010360 · Cited by 78
“However, the extent of deposit clearance in astrocytes is greater than spreading, especially when assisted by microglia; this emphasizes the pivotal role of glial interplay in neuronal protection [316,317].”
Neuroprotection and Disease Modification by Astrocytes and Microglia in Parkinson Disease
Takahashi, S., & Mashima, K. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11010170 · Cited by 73
Circadian clock protein BMAL1 broadly influences autophagy and endolysosomal function in astrocytes
McKee, C. A., Polino, A. J., King, M. W., & Musiek, E. S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2220551120 · Cited by 70
“However, when compared to microglia, astrocytes may be less efficient at degrading protein aggregates and may resecrete them and propagate pathologies, particularly in the case of alpha-synuclein (7, 55, 56).”
BackgroundThe Amyloid-Beta Clearance: From Molecular Targets to Glial and Neural Cells
Cai, W., Wu, T., & Chen, N. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13020313 · Cited by 69
Ballweg, A., Klaus, C., Vogler, L., Katzdobler, S., Wind-Mark, K., Zatcepin, A., Ziegler, S. I., Secgin, B., Eckenweber, F., Bohr, B., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02749-2 · Cited by 59
Li, Z., Yin, B., Zhang, S., Lan, Z., & Zhang, L. (2023) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115817 · Cited by 54
Intercellular Communication in the Brain through Tunneling Nanotubes
Khattar, K. E., Safi, J., Rodriguez, A., & Vignais, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14051207 · Cited by 54
Long-term effects of amyloid-beta deposits in human iPSC-derived astrocytes
Konstantinidis, E., Dakhel, A., Beretta, C., & Erlandsson, A. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103839 · Cited by 56
“, 2018, 2016) nor human astrocytes (Rostami et al., 2021) fully degrade the ingested aggregates.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNanomaterials as Microglia Modulators in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders
Battaglini, M., Marino, A., Montorsi, M., Carmignani, A., Ceccarelli, M. C., & Ciofani, G. (2023) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202304180 · Cited by 53
Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review
Kruczkowska, W., Gałęziewska, J., Buczek, P., Płuciennik, E., Kciuk, M., & Śliwińska, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18040486 · Cited by 51
Tunneling Nanotubes Facilitate Intercellular Protein Transfer and Cell Networks Function
Turos-Korgul, L., Kolba, M. D., Chrościcki, P., Zieminska, A., & Piwocka, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.915117 · Cited by 44
Eltom, K., Mothes, T., Libard, S., Ingelsson, M., & Erlandsson, A. (2024) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-024-01745-8 · Cited by 46
“…divergence, electron microscopy analysis has unveiled significant structural variations among tau fibrils in different tauopathies [16–17 , 67 We have previously shown that human astrocytes effectively ingest aggregates of recombinant tau, Aβ, α-synuclein, as well as whole dead cells [32, 41, 52].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAstrocytic uptake of neuronal corpses promotes cell‐to‐cell spreading of tau pathology
Mothes, T., Portal, B., Konstantinidis, E., Eltom, K., Libard, S., Streubel-Gallasch, L., Ingelsson, M., Rostami, J., Lindskog, M., & Erlandsson, A. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01589-8 · Cited by 43
Self-citationMerTK is a mediator of alpha-synuclein fibril uptake by human microglia
Dorion, M., Yaqubi, M., Senkevich, K. A., Kieran, N. W., MacDonald, A., Chen, C. X. ‐., Luo, W., Wallis, A., Shlaifer, I., Hall, J. A., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad298 · Cited by 43
“…human iMGL, Trudler et al. 58 previously observed inflammasome activation and IL-1 β secretion following cell treatment with non-sonicated large size α -syn PFFs ( > 2000 nm), whereas Rostami et al. 14 failed to observe IL-1 β secretion from iMGL following sonicated, smaller α -syn PFFs treatment.”
MethodSelf-citationPalese, F., Rakotobé, M., & Zurzolo, C. (2025) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2024 · Cited by 44
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Unraveling the Heterogeneity of Astrocytes
Santiago-Balmaseda, A., Aguirre-Orozco, A., Valenzuela-Arzeta, I. E., Villegas-Rojas, M. M., Pérez‐Segura, I., Jiménez-Barrios, N., Hurtado-Robles, E., Rodríguez-Hernández, L. D., Rivera-German, E. R., Guerra‐Crespo, M., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13110921 · Cited by 43
“It has been suggested that α -syn plays a significant role in astrocytic activation, attributed to the presence of α -syn aggregates within reactive astrocytes [143].”
BackgroundNovel human iPSC models of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease and regenerative medicine
Summers, R. A., Fagiani, F., Rowitch, D. H., Absinta, M., & Reich, D. S. (2024) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2024.08.004 · Cited by 39
Hong, B., Ohtake, Y., Itokazu, T., & Yamashita, T. (2024) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-024-01816-8 · Cited by 38
Astrocytes: The Stars in Neurodegeneration?
Dittlau, K. S., & Freude, K. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14030289 · Cited by 39
“Finally, microglial and astrocytic cross-communication is important for the optimal clearance of A β and α -synuclein aggregates [201].”
Gao, C., Shen, X., Tan, Y., & Chen, S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02580-1 · Cited by 45
The chaperone Clusterin in neurodegeneration−friend or foe?
Yuste‐Checa, P., Bracher, A., & Hartl, F. U. (2022) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202100287 · Cited by 37
The Mechanism and Function of Glia in Parkinson's Disease
Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Awan, M. U. N., & Bai, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.903469 · Cited by 38
“Thus, NitroSynapsin (an NMDAR antagonist) can reverse eNMDARmediated synaptic loss induced by oligomeric α-syn (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTools for studying human microglia: In vitro and in vivo strategies
Warden, A. S., Han, C. Z., Hansen, E. A., Trescott, S., Nguyen, C. T., Kim, R. Y., Schafer, D. M., Johnson, A., Wright, M., Ramírez, G., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.008 · Cited by 38
“In an AD model, coculture of astrocytes and microglia resulted in fewer intracellular deposits of both α-synuclein and amyloid-β compared with monocultures of either cell type suggesting an anti-inflammatory role of glial crosstalk in AD (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMa, C., Wu, Y., Song, L., Yin, L., Yin, J.-J., Wang, Q., Yu, J., & Xiao, B. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.355747 · Cited by 37
“DHA affects the expression of ApoE, which protects brain cells and lowers the incidence of sporadic AD (Fumagalli et al., 2018; Sala-Vila et al., 2021).”
BackgroundNADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases
Boonpraman, N., & Yi, S. S. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.390973 · Cited by 37
“This leads to neuronal damage and cell death during neurodegenerative processes (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundKonstantinidis, E., Portal, B., Mothes, T., Beretta, C., Lindskog, M., & Erlandsson, A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02687-5 · Cited by 35
“We know from our previous work that murine and human astrocytes effectively engulf exogenously added Aβ aggregates, but store, rather than degrade the ingested material [20, 21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUceda, S., Echeverry‐Alzate, V., Reiriz, M., Miguel, E. M., Pérez-Curiel, A., Gómez-Senent, S., & Beltrán-Velasco, A. I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713294 · Cited by 36
Arbo, B. D., Schimith, L. E., dos Santos, M. G., & Hort, M. A. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174800 · Cited by 33
Chen, P., Liu, X., Lin, M.-H., Li, Y., Kang, D., Ye, Z., & Lin, Q. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02949-w · Cited by 33
Mao, S., Teng, X., Li, Z., Zu, J., Zhang, T., Xu, C., & Cui, G. (2023) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148271 · Cited by 32
Camberos-Barraza, J., Camacho-Zamora, A., Bátiz-Beltrán, J. C., Osuna‐Ramos, J. F., Rábago-Monzón, Á. R., Valdez-Flores, M. A., Angulo‐Rojo, C., Guadrón‐Llanos, A. M., Picos-Cárdenas, V. J., Calderón-Zamora, L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063160 · Cited by 36
“This bidirectional communication amplifies the inflammatory response and contributes to the perpetuation of neuroinflammation [75].”
BackgroundRole of astrocytes in sleep deprivation: accomplices, resisters, or bystanders?
Que, M., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhan, G., Luo, X., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1188306 · Cited by 35
“Therefore, IL-3-related mechanisms could be a possible target for AD treatment (McAlpine et al., 2021; Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundNatural Products as the Potential to Improve Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Kim, S. W., Lee, J. H., Kim, B., Yang, G., & Kim, J. U. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24108827 · Cited by 30
“Targeting the activation of immune cells by abnormal proteins such as β-amyloid or α-synuclein and the resulting neuroinflammatory response can be a potential strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s [31,32].”
BackgroundYang, Y., Seok, M., Kim, Y. E., Choi, Y., Song, J., Sulistio, Y. A., Kim, S., Chang, M., Oh, S., Nam, M., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01693-6 · Cited by 29
Xu, Q., Su, Z., Hu, Z. J., Yang, W., Xian, Y., & Lin, Z. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154441 · Cited by 30
Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: preclinical insights and challenges
Xu, Q., Yang, W., Zhong, M., Lin, Z., Gray, N. E., & Xian, Y. (2023) · Acta Materia Medica · doi:10.15212/amm-2023-0001 · Cited by 30
“Accumulating evidence suggests that Aβ oligomers have significant neurotoxicity [14], and the Aβ plaques are usually surrounded by activated glial cells and damaged neurons [15-17].”
BackgroundCo-Culture Models: Key Players in In Vitro Neurotoxicity, Neurodegeneration and BBB Modeling Studies
Monteiro, A. R., Barbosa, D. J., Remião, F., & Silva, R. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030626 · Cited by 27
Jang, Y., Thuraisamy, T., Redding‐Ochoa, J., Pletniková, O., Troncoso, J. C., Zhang, Z., Rosenthal, L. S., Dawson, T. M., Pantelyat, A. Y., & Na, C. H. (2022) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1076 · Cited by 26
Yang, Y.-N., Zhang, M.-Q., Yu, F.-L., Han, B., Bao, M.-Y., Yan-He, Yan-he, & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115717 · Cited by 26
Astrocytes and Alpha-Synuclein: Friend or Foe?
Ozoran, H., & Srinivasan, R. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230284 · Cited by 28
Tujula, I., Hyvärinen, T., Lotila, J., Rogal, J., Voulgaris, D., Sukki, L., Tornberg, K., Korpela, K., Jäntti, H., Malm, T., et al. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02304-x · Cited by 22
“However, accumulating evidence from coculture studies indicates the importance of cell–cell contacts in revealing physiologically relevant inflammatory functions of glial cells [9, 23, 24, 54].”
Uncovering Plaque-Glia Niches in Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brains Using Spatial Transcriptomics
Avey, D. R., Ng, B., Vialle, R. A., Kearns, N. A., de Paiva Lopes, K., Iatrou, A., De Tissera, S., Vyas, H., Saunders, D. M., Flood, D. J., et al. (2024) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.05.611566 · Cited by 24
Li, S.-J., Ma, M., Li, J., Lu, X.-Y., Lu, C., Zhou, S.-F., Zhang, L.-X., Li, M.-Q., Shao, T.-Z., Bai, S., et al. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0228 · Cited by 23
“Inflammatory cytokines secreted by microglia could cause astrocyte activation and mediate communication between microglia and astrocyte [30-32].”
BackgroundRaghavan, A., Kashyap, R., Sreedevi, P. R., Jos, S., Chatterjee, S., Alex, A., D’Souza, M. N., Giridharan, M., Muddashetty, R. S., Manjithaya, R. R., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110565 · Cited by 22
Miller, M. R., Landis, H. E., Miller, R. E., & Tizabi, Y. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13181554 · Cited by 26
Alami, M., Boumezough, K., Zerif, E., Zoubdane, N., Khalil, A., Bunt, T., Laurent, B., Witkowski, J. M., Ramassamy, C., Boulbaroud, S., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16213667 · Cited by 28
Otero‐Jimenez, M., Wojewska, M. J., Binding, L. P., Jogaudaite, S., Gray‐Rodriguez, S., Young, A. L., Gentleman, S., & Alegre‐Abarrategui, J. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-01944-x · Cited by 23
Uncovering plaque-glia niches in human Alzheimer’s disease brains using spatial transcriptomics
Avey, D. R., Ng, B., Vialle, R. A., Kearns, N. A., Lopes, K. D. P., Iatrou, A., Tissera, S. L. D., Vyas, H., Saunders, D. M., Flood, D. J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration Advances · doi:10.1186/s44477-025-00002-z · Cited by 28
“Indeed, crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia has been shown to increase the degradation of Aβ aggregates in iPSC-derived cultures [70].”
Novel strategies in Parkinson’s disease treatment: a review
Mitchell, C. L., & Kurouski, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1431079 · Cited by 27
Progranulin deficiency in the brain: the interplay between neuronal and non-neuronal cells
Gawęda-Walerych, K., Aragona, V., Lodato, S., Sitek, E. J., Narożańska, E., & Buratti, E. (2025) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-025-00475-8 · Cited by 22
Role of lipid droplets in neurodegenerative diseases: From pathogenesis to therapeutics
Kang, Y., Yeap, Y. J., Yang, J., Ma, S., Lim, K. L., Zhang, Q., Lu, L., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105867 · Cited by 22
“It has been shown that the accumulation of LDs in astrocytes disrupted aggregated synuclein clearance and accelerated PD progression (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTeng, X., Mao, S., Wu, H., Shao, Q., Zu, J., Zhang, W., Zhou, S., Zhang, T., Zhu, J., Cui, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15780 · Cited by 20
“Emerging evidence implicates microglial and astrocyte dysfunctions in the pathogenesis and progression of PD (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundUnveil the pain of endometriosis: from the perspective of the nervous system
Fan, P., & Li, T. (2022) · Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1017/erm.2022.26 · Cited by 20
Membrane interaction to intercellular spread of pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Valappil, D. K., Mini, N. J., Dilna, A., & Nath, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.936897 · Cited by 19
“The crosstalk between neurons and astroglial cells facilitates longrange intercellular transfer of neurodegenerative aggregates probably that helps to enhance cellular clearance of toxic burdens (Rostami et al., 2021; Scheiblich et al., 2021).”
BackgroundJavadpour, P., Abbaszadeh, F., Ahmadiani, A., Rezaei, M., & Ghasemi, R. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04009-7 · Cited by 20
“TNTs have also been detected between different cell lines, such as PC12 cells [89], SH-SY5Y cells [90], human-induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC)–derived astrocytes, and microglia [88, 91].”
Natural polyphenol: Their pathogenesis-targeting therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease
Niu, C., Dong, M., & Niu, Y. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116359 · Cited by 19
From Neuron‐Centric to Glia‐Centric: How Aging Glial Networks Drive Neurodegenerative Disease
Hayashide, L. D. S., Pessoa, B., Dias, G. R., Pontes, B., Pinto, R. S., & Diniz, L. P. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70361 · Cited by 19
“Efficient clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins, such as α-syn and Aβ, critically depends on the dynamic crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia (Rostami et al. 2021).”
Peripheral HMGB1 is linked to O3 pathology of disease‐associated astrocytes and amyloid
Ahmed, C., Greve, H. J., Garza-Lombó, C., Malley, J. A., Johnson, J., Oblak, A. L., & Block, M. L. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13825 · Cited by 18
“82 We hypothesize that increased astrocyte–microglia communication may signify a coordinated effort between these cell types in compensating for the O 3 exposure–induced dysregulation of protective functions in the periplaque space.”
BackgroundSinghaarachchi, P. H., Antal, P., Calon, F., Culmsee, C., Delpech, J.-C., Feldotto, M., Geertsema, J., Hoeksema, E. E., Kőrösi, A., Layé, S., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105724 · Cited by 19
“However, there is also evidence that reactive astrocytes are capable of binding, internalizing and degrading deposited A β , indicating a neuroprotective role for astrocytes in AD, (Wyss-Coray et al., 2003) which might be fostered by the interaction with microglia (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEffects of exercise on neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders
Su, Y., & Su, Z. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03165-3 · Cited by 22
“More-over, microglia possess the capacity to adhere to the surface of astrocytes and attract and remove protein clumps such as α-synuclein and Aβ that are present within the astrocytes [112].”
Emerging role of microglia in inter-cellular transmission of α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease
Zhang, X., Yu, H., & Feng, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1411104 · Cited by 17
“This transfer not only occurs between neurons and microglia, but also between astrocytes and microglia, where TNTs can directly deliver α -syn to adjacent microglia for degradation (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundJin, Z., Lu, Y., Tang, H., & Cui, H. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70472 · Cited by 24
“38 Glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, are crucial in A β clearance, demonstrated by one study that degradation of A β by a synergistic interplay between microglia and astrocytes via cell-to-cell communication, 39 with microglia being more effective.”
Gladen-Kolarsky, N., Monestime, O., Bollen, M., Choi, J., Yang, L., Magaña, A. A., Maier, C. S., Soumyanath, A., & Gray, N. E. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13101164 · Cited by 18
“These pro-inflammatory cytokines lead to further ROS production, as synaptic function and neurotransmission continue to deteriorate [9,22,23].”
BackgroundWheeler, H. B., Madrigal, A. A., & Chaim, I. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2317860121 · Cited by 18
Albert, K., Kälvälä, S., Hakosalo, V., Syvänen, V., Krupa, P., Niskanen, J., Peltonen, S., Sonninen, T.-M., & Lehtonen, Š. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102649 · Cited by 16
Glial cell crosstalk in Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic strategies
Wang, N., Xiao, X., Chen, Z., Xu, K., Cao, X., Kou, D., & Zeng, J. (2025) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2024.12.023 · Cited by 18
Zhang, M., Li, C., Ren, J., Wang, H., Fang, Y., Wu, J., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.909303 · Cited by 16
“Studies have shown that interaction of astrocytes and microglia favors the clearance of amyloid-β and α-synuclein aggregates, highlighting the important role of glial crosstalk in the progression of PD (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundStrategies to rescue mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease: The significance of mitochondrial transfer
Liang, J., Su, Z., Su, G., Rasheed, M., Tang, S., Sunniya, H., Maazouzi, M., Cui, Y., Wang, J., Wang, X., et al. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102856 · Cited by 14
In vitro electrochemical detection of the degradation of amyloid-β oligomers
Zhang, B., Zhu, T., Liu, L., & Yuan, L. (2022) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.009 · Cited by 14
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Synaptic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Niu, J., Zhong, Y., Jin, C., Cen, P., Wang, J., Cui, C., Xue, L., Cui, X., Tian, M., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-024-01188-0 · Cited by 13
“In comparison, the radio-ligand [ 11 C]NMSP has a higher affinity (0.1–0.3 nmol/L) for the D2 receptor.”
InfluentialThe Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson’s Disease
Garcia, R., Zarate, S. M., & Srinivasan, R. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_13 · Cited by 14
Kondo, M., Okazaki, H., Nakayama, K., Hohjoh, H., Nakagawa, K., Segi‐Nishida, E., & Hasegawa, H. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03703-z · Cited by 13
Mao, S., Qiao, R., Wang, Q., Shen, L., Li, D., Huo, X., Wang, J., Liu, K., Chen, W., Zhu, T., et al. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70329 · Cited by 16
“[31]”
Neuroimmunology of Cardiovascular Disease
Zarate, S. M., Kirabo, A., Hinton, A. O., Jr., & Santisteban, M. M. (2024) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-024-01301-8 · Cited by 14
“For example, microglia and astrocyte co-cultures clear amyloid-beta (Aβ) and α-synuclein more effectively than either monoculture alone [21].”
BackgroundRefining the interactions between microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease pathology
Chen, J., Xu, S., Wang, L., Liu, X., Liu, G., Tan, Q., Li, W., Zhang, S., & Du, Y. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.03.033 · Cited by 17
Glial phagocytosis for synapse and toxic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases
Choi, Y., & Chung, W. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00870-9 · Cited by 14
“Likewise, astrocytes can secrete ingested αSyn into the conditioned medium [244].”
Zhao, X., Li, L., Ma, X., Li, Y., Gao, B., & Luo, W. (2023) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02704-8 · Cited by 12
“Recent studies have shown that astrocyte and microglia interactions play a significant role in the clearance of Aβ/α-syn, highlighting the relevance of glial cell interaction in the progression of AD and PD-related brain pathology (Jinar et al. 2021).”
Shen, Z., Yang, X., Lan, Y., & Chen, G. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231159 · Cited by 13
Volonté, C., Hu, G., Shaw, C. A., Claudio, V. J., dos Santos, J. A., Vaz, S. H., Sebastião, A. M., Balcar, V. J., Mozley, P. D., Verde, F., et al. (2026) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2026.1004136 · Cited by 12
Kędzia, D., Galita, G., Majsterek, I., & Rozpędek‐Kamińska, W. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16010156 · Cited by 13
“Increasing evidence highlights the existence of a highly integrated crosstalk network among oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, collectively shaping the inflammatory landscape of the PD brain [17,18].”
Li, K., Ling, H., Wang, X., Xie, Q., Gu, C., Luo, W., & Qiu, P. (2023) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110909 · Cited by 11
Amyloid-β deposits in human astrocytes contain truncated and highly resistant proteoforms
Beretta, C., Svensson, E., Dakhel, A., Zyśk, M., Hanrieder, J., Sehlin, D., Michno, W., & Erlandsson, A. (2024) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103916 · Cited by 12
“Live cell imaging of the phagocytic astrocytes for 14 days, confirmed that the ingested A β aggregates were not degraded, but rather stored and packed together, as we have previously shown (Rostami et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Rostami, J., Mothes, T., Kolahdouzan, M., Eriksson, O., Moslem, M., Bergström, J., Ingelsson, M., O’Callaghan, P., Healy, L. M., Falk, A., & Erlandsson, A.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Erlandsson, Anna
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroinflammation
- Published
- 2021-06-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 124-124
- ISSN
- 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8173980
- OpenAlex
- W3116421092
- Semantic Scholar
- f1cda7d893cb3cc82c8b14196072573039c27a7d
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 11.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet (2018-02659)
- Parkinsonfonden (1229/19)
- Alzheimerfonden (AF-930515)
- Hjärnfonden (FO2018-0153)
- Åhlén-stiftelsen (193013)
- Demensförbundet
- Torsten Söderbergs Stiftelse (M60/18)
- O. E. och Edla Johanssons Vetenskapliga Stiftelse
- Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggmästare (191-0410)
- Stiftelsen Apotekare Hedbergs Fond för Medicinsk Forskning (991)
- Gun och Bertil Stohnes Stiftelse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- astrocyte-microglia crosstalk, alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta, protein aggregate clearance, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, glial interactions, tunneling nanotubes, co-culture, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Astrocytes, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microglia, Microscopy, Confocal, Coculture Techniques, Cell Membrane Structures, Nanotubes, alpha-Synuclein, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Proteolysis, Protein Aggregation, Pathological, Protein Aggregates
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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