Microglia and Astrocytes in Disease: Dynamic Duo or Partners in Crime?
Abstract
Microglia-astrocyte interactions represent a delicate balance affecting neural cell functions in health and disease. Tightly controlled to maintain homeostasis during physiological conditions, rapid and prolonged departures during disease, infection, and following trauma drive multiple outcomes: both beneficial and detrimental. Recent sequencing studies at the bulk and single-cell level in humans and rodents provide new insight into microglia-astrocyte communication in homeostasis and disease. However, the complex changing ways these two cell types functionally interact has been a barrier to understanding disease initiation, progression, and disease mechanisms. Single cell sequencing is providing new insights; however, many questions remain. Here, we discuss how to bridge transcriptional states to specific functions so we can develop therapies to mediate negative effects of altered microglia-astrocyte interactions.
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Most currently available human snRNA-seq datasets are limited by both the proportion of microglia per sample and the dramatically lower sensitivity of earlier single-cell chemistries/nuclei isolation protocols.
“Most currently available human snRNA-seq datasets are limited by both the proportion of microglia per sample81 and the dramatically lower sensitivity of earlier single-cell chemistries/nuclei isolation protocols (Supplementary Note 6).”
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Astrocytes are key regulators of synaptic homeostasis, metabolic support, and neuroinflammation, and are implicated in neurodegenerative disease processes.
“Astrocytes, as key regulators of synaptic homeostasis, metabolic support, and neuroinflammation, are particularly sensitive to changes in the neuronal environment and have been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative disease processes [112–114].”
From Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [114]
Amyloid plaque formation is typically accompanied by gliosis.
“Although the causal link between Aβ accumulation and gliosis remains unclear, amyloid plaque formation is typically accompanied by gliosis.”
From Deletion of neuronal <i>Idol</i> ameliorates Alzheimer's disease–related pathologies via APOE receptors (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
The overall progression suggests a sequence of events in which early microglial activation at low levels of pathology triggers reactive astrocytes and potentially oligodendrocyte loss.
“Putting these two epochs together, the overall progression suggests a sequence of events in which early microglial activation at low levels of pathology triggers reactive astrocytes and potentially oligodendrocyte loss96.”
From Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [96]
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Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes.
Woo, E., Sansing, L. H., Arnsten, A. F. T., & Datta, D. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211029254 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The Many Faces of Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease
Monterey, M. D., Wei, H., Wu, X., & Wu, J. Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.619626 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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Regulation of astrocyte metabolism by mitochondrial translocator protein <scp>18 kDa</scp>
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“52 Given the marked reduction in the amyloid plaque load in 5XFAD;Neu cKO mice, we performed immunostaining for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to label microglia and astrocytes, respectively (Figure 3).”
Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease
Chimal-Juárez, E., Patel, H., Jury-Garfe, N., Dabin, L. C., Vidal, R., Kim, J., & Lasagna-Reeves, C. A. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.12.724684
- Authors
- Liddelow, S. A., Marsh, S. E., & Stevens, B.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liddelow, Shane A.
- Marsh, Samuel E.
- Stevens, Beth
- Venue
- Trends in Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 820-835
- ISSN
- 1471-4906 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3049318948
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 155
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 3.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cure Alzheimer's Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- microglia, astrocytes, astrocyte-microglia interaction, neuroinflammation, brain homeostasis, single-cell transcriptomics, disease mechanisms, infection, trauma (physical injury), therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Cell Communication, Homeostasis, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Neurons, Microglia
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