Natural vectors of dirofilariasis in rural and urban areas of the Tuscan region, central Italy
Abstract
Entomological investigations by means of dog- and human-baited traps were carried out in summers 2000–2002 in urban and rural areas of the Tuscan region in central Italy. The aim of the study was to define the mosquito species involved in the transmission of Dirofilaria nematodes and to assess the risk that their presence might represent for animal and human health. Nocturnal fieldwork on host-seeking activity and feeding preferences was followed by microscopic identification of the mosquito species attracted and by molecular identification of Dirofilaria parasites in mosquitoes. In total, 3,611 mosquito females belonging to 12 species, largely represented by Culex pipiens L. and Aedes caspius (Pallas), were caught. Some females of each species collected fed on the dogs, indicating their possible role as an intermediate host, but filarial DNA was found only in Cx. pipiens, Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (Meigen), and Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi). In rural environments, the DNA evidence indicated the presence of infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis, whereas in urban areas, infective larvae of Dirofilaria repens were present. The role of Cx. pipiens as a vector for heartworm disease and subcutaneous infections in natural and artificial environments was confirmed, whereas Ae. caspius seemed refractory to the infection. The different role of the collected species is discussed. The vector competence of An. maculipennis and Cq. richiardii needs further investigation, because the importance of these species poorly represented, and the role of species such as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), characterized by a dominant diurnal activity pattern, has to be evaluated.
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Approximately 70 species of culicid mosquitoes mainly from the genera Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, and Coquilletidia have been identified and are considered potential vectors of animal and human dirofilariasis, although only in a few cases their real vectorial capacity could be proven.
“Approximately 70 species of culicid mosquitoes mainly from the genera Culex spp., Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culiseta spp., and Coquilletidia spp. have been identified, and are considered potential vectors of animal and human dirofilariasis, although only in a few cases its real vectorial capacity could be proven (Cancrini and Kramer, 2001; Cancrini et al., 2006).”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Cancrini et al., 2006
Various studies in Europe have reported several species of mosquitoes infected by D. immitis larvae, including Cx. pipiens in Spain, Italy, and Turkey; Cx. theileri in Madeira, Portugal, and the Canary Islands, Spain; Ae. vexans in Turkey; and Ae. albopictus, Ae. caspius, An. maculipennis, and Cq. richiardii in Italy.
“Various studies in Europe had reported several species of mosquitoes infected by D. immitis larvae such as Cx. pipiens in Spain (Morchón et al., 2007), Italy (Cancrini et al., 2006), and Turkey (Yildirim et al., 2011); Cx. theileri in Madeira, Portugal (Santa-Ana et al., 2006), and on the Canary Islands, Spain (Morchón et al., 2011a); Ae. vexans in Turkey (Biskin et al., 2010; Yildirim et al., 201”
From Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe – New Distribution Trends (2012) · cites this paper as Cancrini et al., 2006
At least 70 species of mosquitoes are considered potential vectors of Dirofilaria.
“with at least 70 species of mosquitoes being considered as potential vectors (Cancrini et al., 2006).”
From Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in Southwest Spain (2016) · cites this paper as Cancrini et al., 2006
Cx pipiens displayed a higher feeding rate on a microfilaraemic dog compared to a dog under preventative treatment (47% vs 6.7-12.9%).
“Accordingly, Cx pipiens displayed a higher feeding rate on a microfilaraemic dog, compared to a dog under preventative treatment (i.e., 47% vs 6.7-12.9%) [13].”
From Risk of canine and human exposure to Dirofilaria immitis infected mosquitoes in endemic areas of Italy (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
Among the culicid mosquito species, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus are known to be infected with Wolbachia and considered as vectors for Dirofilaria.
“Among the culicid mosquito species, Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus are known to be infected with Wolbachia [32, 67] and considered as vectors for Dirofilaria [13–15, 28, 45, 50, 69].”
From <i>Dirofilaria</i> and <i>Wolbachia</i> in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in central European Russia and on the Black Sea coast (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France.
“the present data show for the first time the presence of Dirofilaria spp. DNA in Oc. caspius and Cx. pipiens s.l. in France, as reported in previous European studies [5–22].”
From Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe.
“Previous molecular xenomonitoring studies revealed the presence of at least three filarioid nematodes (i.e., D. immitis, D. repens and Setaria tundra) in several mosquito species in Europe, mostly belonging to the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta and Ochlerotatus [5–22].”
From Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from Corsica Island, France (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In other Southern European countries such as Italy, D. repens has been found in Cx. pipiens at much lower rates than D. immitis.
“in contrast with recent findings of D. repens in other Southern European countries such as Italy, albeit in much lower rates than D. immitis, in Cx. pipiens [16,17]”
From First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
An. maculipennis s.l. has previously been found infected with D. immitis.
“Anopheles maculipennis s.l. has also been previously found infected with D. immitis [16].”
From First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Cx. pipiens infection rates in Spain, Italy, and Turkey have been reported as 0.3%, 0.048-0.54%, and 0.12%, respectively.
“Infection of Cx. pipiens in Spain has been detected with a rate of 0.3% [15], in Italy it ranges from 0.048% [17], much lower than this present study, to 0.26% and 0.54% [16,44], similar to our values, with an intermediate prevalence rate in Turkey of 0.12% [18].”
From First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
Cx. theileri, Cx. pipiens s.l., and An. maculipennis s.l. have already been implicated as vectors of Dirofilaria in Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Iran.
“Culex theileri, Cx. pipiens s.l. and An. maculipennis s.l. have already been implicated as vectors in countries such as Spain [15,20], Italy [16,17], Turkey [18] and Iran [21].”
From First molecular identification of mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in continental Portugal (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
The life cycle of dirofilarial worms involves an intermediate mosquito host.
“The lengthy life cycle of these nematodes involves an intermediate mosquito host (in Europe mainly Culex pipiens, Aedes vexans and Aedes albopictus) that becomes infected by taking a blood meal from a reservoir host carrying an adequate number of circulating LI larvae (microfilariae).”
From Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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ПРИСУСТВO МИКРОФИЛАРИЈА КОД ПАСА БЕЗ ВЛАСНИКА НА ТЕРИТОРИЈИ ГРАДА ЛЕСКОВЦА
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- Authors
- Cancrini, G., Magi, M., Gabrielli, S., Arispici, M., Tolari, F., Dell’Omodarme, M., & Prati, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Scuola Normale Superiore (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Entomology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 574-579
- ISSN
- 0022-2585 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2928
- OpenAlex
- W2213160558
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- dirofilariasis, mosquito vectors, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Culex pipiens, Aedes caspius, Anopheles maculipennis, Coquillettidia richardii, vector competence, heartworm disease, infective larvae, Aedes albopictus
- MeSH terms
- Aedes, Animals, Culex, Dirofilaria, Dirofilariasis, Dogs, Female, Humans, Insect Control, Insect Vectors, Italy, Pheromones, Rural Population, Urban Population, DNA, Helminth
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