Cited by 219Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentImmune Response and InflammationInflammation biomarkers and pathways

Endotoxemia—menace, marker, or mistake?

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Munford, Robert S·2016·Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Abstract

Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases—not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.

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  1. Erwin, A. L. (1990) Studies of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and of a leukocyte lipopolysaccharide-deacylating enzyme, acyloxyacyl hydrolase. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.

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Authors
Munford, R. S.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Munford, Robert S
Venue
Journal of Leukocyte Biology
Published
2016-07-14
Volume
100
Issue
4
Pages
687-698
ISSN
  • 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
  • 1938-3673
OpenAlex
W2462845880
Cited by
219
References
157
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 3
FWCI
2.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Leukocyte Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Division of Intramural Research
  • National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • U.S. National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
Keywords
endotoxemia, lipopolysaccharide, septic shock, atherosclerosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, chronic fatigue, assay limitations
MeSH terms
Biological Transport, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Limulus Test, Lipid A, Lipopolysaccharides, Lymph, Neutralization Tests, Structure-Activity Relationship, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, O Antigens, Endotoxemia

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