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Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE–OM
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Background: An acceptable, standardised outcome measure to assess efficacy and effectiveness is needed across multiple disciplines offering psychological therapies. Aims: To present psychometric data on reliability, validity and sensitivity to change for the CORE–OM (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure). Method: A 34-item self-report instrument was developed, with domains of subjective well-being, symptoms, function and risk. Analysis includes internal reliability, test–retest reliability, socio-demographic differences, exploratory principal-component analysis, correlations with other instruments, differences between clinical and non-clinical samples and assessment of change within a clinical group. Results: Internal and test–retest reliability were good (0.75–0.95), as was convergent validity with seven other instruments, with large differences between clinical and non-clinical samples and good sensitivity to change. Conclusions: The CORE–OM is a reliable and valid instrument with good sensitivity to change. It is acceptable in a wide range of practice settings.
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“The CORE-OM is a well-validated, reliable, and widely used outcome measure of psychological treatments (Barkham et al. 2006;Barkham, Mullin, Leach, Stiles, & Lucock, 2007;Evans et al., 2002).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders: A feasibility and proof of concept study. (2020) · cites this paper as Evans et al., 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Both CORE-OM and CORE-10 have shown good psychometric properties [55, 56].”
From Measuring the Effect of the Early assessment Team (MEET) for patients referred to outpatient mental health care: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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“The CORE-OM has excellent internal consistency in clinical samples (α=.94) and for each of its subscales (α=.75-.94); it also has good test-retest reliability (P=.83) [73].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
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“The CORE-OM has published evidence of reliability and validity [29,30] and has been used in previous UK mental health trials [31].”
From Development and evaluation of culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions for under-served people in primary care (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
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Dineen-Griffin, S., Garcia-Cardenas, V., Williams, K., & Benrimoj, S. I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220116 · Cited by 639
Changes in undergraduate students’ psychological well‐being as they progress through university
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“All surveys included the General Population Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (GP-CORE; Sinclair et al. 2005), a general population version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham et al. 2001, 2005; Evans et al. 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationBarkham, M., Bewick, B., Mullin, T., Gilbody, S., Connell, J., Cahill, J., Mellor-Clark, J., Richards, D., Unsworth, G., & Evans, C. (2013) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.729069 · Cited by 413
“Within this tradition, one measure that has been widely adopted by practitioners and services is the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (COREOM; Barkham, Mellor-Clark, Connell, & Cahill, 2006; Evans et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBower, P., Kontopantelis, E., Sutton, A., Kendrick, T., Richards, D. A., Gilbody, S., Knowles, S., Cuijpers, P., Andersson, G., Christensen, H., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f540 · Cited by 341
Self-citationMeasuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students
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“In order to identify these two populations, we used the GP-CORE (Sinclair et al , 2005 ), a general population version of a standard measure of psychological well-being—the CORE-OM (Barkham et al , 2001 2005 ; Evans et al , 2002 ).”
MethodSelf-citationThe core beliefs inventory: A brief measure of disruption in the assumptive world
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Kilmer, R. P., Gil-Rivas, V., Vishnevsky, T., & Danhauer, S. C. (2010) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802573013 · Cited by 308
“…Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) which was designed to provide a common metric for assessing well-being for widespread usage in clinical settings and which has been extensively assessed for psychometric reliability and validity (Evans et al., 2000; Evans et al., 2002).”
BackgroundStiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., & Connell, J. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001511 · Cited by 290
“The CORE-OM is highly correlated with other self-report and clinician-rated measures of outcome (Evans et al. 2002 ; Leach et al. 2005, 2006 ; Cahill et al. 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationDose-effect relations and responsive regulation of treatment duration: The good enough level.
Barkham, M., Connell, J., Stiles, W. B., Miles, J. N. V., Margison, F., Evans, C., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.160 · Cited by 293
“(n 43) using a 1-week interval (Evans et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTherapeutic alliance predicts symptomatic improvement session by session.
Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032258 · Cited by 296
Brazier, J. E., Connell, J., Papaioannou, D. E., Mukuria, C., Mulhern, B. J., Peasgood, T., Jones, M. L., Paisley, S., O’Cathain, A., Barkham, M., et al. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18340 · Cited by 288
Self-citationThe role of deliberate practice in the development of highly effective psychotherapists.
Chow, D. L., Miller, S. D., Seidel, J. A., Kane, R. T., Thornton, J. A., & Andrews, W. P. (2015) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000015 · Cited by 313
“(cid:2) .94) and 1-week test–retest reliability for the measure (Spearman’s (cid:4) (cid:2) .90 [Evans et al., 2002]) are both high.”
BackgroundKeetharuth, A. D., Brazier, J. E., Connell, J., Bjørner, J. B., Carlton, J., Buck, E. T., Ricketts, T., McKendrick, K., Browne, J. P., Croudace, T. J., et al. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2017.10 · Cited by 275
Self-citationThe dose-response effect in routinely delivered psychological therapies: a systematic review
Robinson, L., Delgadillo, J., & Kellett, S. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1566676 · Cited by 264
“, 1996) was used in 11 studies; four used the Behavioural Health Measure (BHM-20; Kopta & Lowry, 2002), three used the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham, Gilbert, Connell, Marshall, & Twigg, 2005; Evans et al., 2002), one Figure 2.”
MethodInfluentialde Jong, K., van Sluis, P., Nugter, A., Heiser, W. J., & Spinhoven, P. (2012) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.673023 · Cited by 267
“Worldwide, there are many large initiatives (e.g., Burgess, Pirkis, & Coombs, 2006; Evans et al., 2002; Howard, Moras, Brill, Martinovich, & Lutz, 1996; Kraus, Seligman, & Jordan, 2005; Miller, Duncan, Sorrell, & Brown, 2005; Wing, et al., 1998).”
A systematic review of therapist effects: A critical narrative update and refinement to review
Johns, R. G., Barkham, M., Kellett, S., & Saxon, D. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.004 · Cited by 222
Self-citationEarly sudden gains in psychotherapy under routine clinic conditions: Practice-based evidence.
Stiles, W. B., Leach, C., Barkham, M., Lucock, M., Iveson, S., Shapiro, D. A., Iveson, M., & Hardy, G. E. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.14 · Cited by 220
“Psychometric properties for the CORE–OM as well as the two short parallel versions have been reported in detail elsewhere (Evans et al., 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationBarkham, M., Gilbert, N. L., Connell, J., Marshall, C., & Twigg, E. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.3.239 · Cited by 218
Self-citationStratton, P., Bland, J., Janes, E., & Lask, J. (2010) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00507.x · Cited by 207
“A widely used example is the CORE (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation) instrument which was pioneered and developed by Barkham, Evans and colleagues (Barkham et al 1998, Evans et al 2000, Evans et al, 2002).”
MethodConnell, J., Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Twigg, E., Singleton, N., Evans, O., & Miles, J. N. V. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.017657 · Cited by 201
Self-citationStudent debt and its relation to student mental health
Cooke, R., Barkham, M., Audin, K., Bradley, M., & Davy, J. (2004) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877032000161814 · Cited by 195
“Students answer 14 items which are drawn from three subscales of the CORE-OM (functioning, problems and subjective well-being).”
MethodSelf-citationA client‐generated psychometric instrument: The development of ‘PSYCHLOPS’
Ashworth, M. J., Shepherd, M. A., Christey, J., Matthews, V., Wright, K. P., Parmentier, H., Robinson, S. I., & Godfrey, E. L. (2004) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140412331383913 · Cited by 191
“Future work CORE-OM (Clinical Outcomes Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure) is now well established as a psychometric instrument in primary care (Barkham et al, 1998; Evans, 2002).”
BackgroundTranter, R., Bell, D., Gutting, P., Harmer, C., Healy, D., & Anderson, I. M. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.028 · Cited by 184
Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Twigg, E., Mellor-Clark, J., & Cooper, M. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706007136 · Cited by 211
“Forms are considered valid if up to three items are omitted (Evans et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorrell, C., Warner, R., Slade, P., Dixon, S., Walters, S. J., Paley, G., & Brugha, T. S. (2009) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta13300 · Cited by 181
Phillips, E. A., Gordeev, V. S., & Schreyögg, J. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3839 · Cited by 148
Selecting outcome measures in mental health: the views of service users
Crawford, M. J., Robotham, D., Thana, L., Patterson, S., Weaver, T., Barber, R., Wykes, T., & Rose, D. (2011) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.577114 · Cited by 172
“…members to consider the appropriateness of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire, rather than the 28- or 60-item version of this questionnaire (Goldberg & Williams, 1991) and the 34-item version of the CORE-OM but do not know how different versions would have been rated (Evans et al., 2002).”
MethodSaxon, D. H., & Barkham, M. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028898 · Cited by 163
Self-citationBarkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., Connell, J., & Cahill, J. (2006) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140600581218 · Cited by 204
Self-citationComputer-based treatment for anxiety and depression: is it feasible? Is it effective?
Proudfoot, J. G. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.008 · Cited by 158
Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9740-3 · Cited by 154
“The CORE-OM was developed as a standardized brief outcome measure for use in both routine clinical practice and psychotherapy research (Evans et al. 2002).”
MethodThe Young Person's CORE: Development of a brief outcome measure for young people
Twigg, E., Barkham, M., Bewick, B. M., Mulhern, B. J., Connell, J., & Cooper, M. (2009) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140902979722 · Cited by 149
“Our starting point was the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham et al, 2001 ; Evans et al, 2002 ) which was developed at a time when the Department of Health was calling for routine evidence in relation to the psychological therapies (Department of Health, 1996 ).”
MethodSelf-citationDynamic Models of Individual Change in Psychotherapy Process Research
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Self-citationDistress improves after mindfulness training for progressive MS: a pilot randomised trial
Bogosian, A., Chadwick, P., Windgassen, S., Norton, S., McCrone, P., Mosweu, I., Silber, E., & Moss-Morris, R. (2015) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515576261 · Cited by 135
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“The CORE [52] convergent validity [52].”
InfluentialMulhern, B. J., Mukuria, C., Barkham, M., Knapp, M. R. J., Byford, S., Soeteman, D., & Brazier, J. E. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.122283 · Cited by 134
“30,31 CORE-OM comprises 34 items addressing domains of subjective well-being, symptoms (anxiety, depression, physical problems, trauma), functioning (general functioning, close relationships, social relationships) and risk (risk to self, risk to others).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSudden Gains in Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Replication and Extension.
Hardy, G. E., Cahill, J., Stiles, W. B., Ispan, C., Macaskill, N. D., & Barkham, M. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.1.59 · Cited by 133
“The differences in total scale means between Forms A and B are minimal (Barkham et al., 2001; Evans et al., 2002), and in calculating sudden gains, Forms A and B were treated as equivalent.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDoes self-control improve with practice? Evidence from a six-week training program.
Miles, E., Sheeran, P., Baird, H. M., Macdonald, I. A., Webb, T. L., & Harris, P. R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000185 · Cited by 136
Barkham, M., Broglia, E., Dufour, G., Fudge, M., Knowles, L., Percy, A. K., Turner, A., & Williams, C. (2019) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12227 · Cited by 128
“For assessment, measures include the CORE-OM (Evans et al., 2002) and CCAPS-34 (or CCAPS-62; for UK data, see Broglia, Millings & Barkham, 2017).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPredicting change for individual psychotherapy clients on the basis of their nearest neighbors.
Lutz, W., Leach, C., Barkham, M., Lucock, M. P., Stiles, W. B., Evans, C., Noble, R., & Iveson, S. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.5.904 · Cited by 136
“Lambert et al. (2002) compared a “rational method” of predicting patient treatment failure with a statistical ETR technique and showed essential equivalence, though the statistical approach was marginally more accurate.”
MethodResultSelf-citationLinke, S., Murray, E., Butler, C., & Wallace, P. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.2.e10 · Cited by 127
“Secondary outcome measures included an abbreviated (35-item) version of the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire (APQ), which assesses harm associated with heavy drinking [32], and the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM), a 34-item measure of mental health symptoms [33].”
MethodJernelöv, S., Lekander, M., Blom, K., Rydh, S., Ljótsson, B., Axelsson, J., & Kaldo, V. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-5 · Cited by 127
“The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) evaluates general psychological distress [44].”
MethodA real‐world study of the effectiveness of DBT in the UK National Health Service
Feigenbaum, J. D., Fonagy, P., Pilling, S., Jones, A., Wildgoose, A., & Bebbington, P. E. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02017.x · Cited by 123
“94 for the different subscales (Evans et al., 2002).”
Real-Time Monitoring of Psychotherapeutic Processes: Concept and Compliance
Schiepek, G. K., Aichhorn, W., Gruber, M., Strunk, G., Bachler, E., & Aas, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00604 · Cited by 133
“…(SF-36; Ware et al., 1993), the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS; Wing et al., 1998), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (short version: DASS 21; Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), and many more (see Evans et al., 2002; Howard et al., 1996; Trauer, 2010; Newnham et al., 2010a,b).”
BackgroundPointon-Haas, J., Waqar, L., Upsher, R., Foster, J., Byrom, N., & Oates, J. (2024) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.603 · Cited by 135
Phillips, R., Schneider, J., Molosankwe, I., Leese, M., Foroushani, P. S., Grime, P., McCrone, P., Morriss, R., & Thornicroft, G. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001323 · Cited by 110
“Secondary outcomes rated were: depression, using the PHQ-9 (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002); Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (CORE10; Evans et al. 2002); and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Spitzer et al. 2006).”
Shapes of early change in psychotherapy under routine outpatient conditions
Stulz, N., Lutz, W., Leach, C., Lucock, M., & Barkham, M. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.6.864 · Cited by 122
Self-citationValidity of Sudden Gains in Acute Phase Treatment of Depression.
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.1.173 · Cited by 133
Promoting Altruism Through Meditation: An 8-Week Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Wallmark, E., Safarzadeh, K., Daukantaitė, D., & Maddux, R. E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0115-4 · Cited by 118
“Selected items from the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (Evans et al. 2002) scale (0–3 scale) were used to Mindfulness (2013) 4:223–234 225”
MethodFalkenström, F., Hatcher, R. L., Skjulsvik, T., Larsson, M. H., & Holmqvist, R. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000038 · Cited by 117
Wallace, P., Murray, E., McCambridge, J., Khadjesari, Z., White, I. R., Thompson, S. G., Kalaitzaki, E., Godfrey, C., & Linke, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014740 · Cited by 114
“Participants were randomly allocated to one of four secondary outcome measures, each of which addressed different domains of alcohol-related harm: the Alcohol Use Disorders Test (AUDIT) [26], the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) [27], the Alcohol Problem Questionnaire (APQ) [28], and the ten item Clinical Outcomes…”
Audin, K., Davy, J., & Barkham, M. (2003) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877032000128073 · Cited by 114
“It is derived from the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation–Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) (Evans et al., 2002), which was developed as a generic measure of psychological well-being for use in the National Health Service and has been widely adopted by mental health services (see, for example, Whewell…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy in routine care
Cavanagh, K., Shapiro, D. A., Van den Berg, S., Swain, S., Barkham, M., & Proudfoot, J. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x84782 · Cited by 113
Self-citationPinsof, W. M., Zinbarg, R. E., Lebow, J. L., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Durbin, E., Chambers, A. L., Latta, T. A., Karam, E. A., Goldsmith, J. Z., & Friedman, G. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300802669973 · Cited by 109
“At the University of Leeds, Michael Barkham and colleagues (Barkham, Gilbert, Connell, Marshall, & Twigg, 2005 ; Cahill et al, 2006 ; Evans et al, 2002 ) created the 34-item CORE to track outpatients’ global distress, well-being, problems/symptoms, and life/social functioning.”
MethodEvans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Marshall, C., & Mellor‐Clark, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.384 · Cited by 107
“Although the CORE-OM showed no internal consistency differences between British university students whose first language was not English and those for whom it was (Evans et al., 2002), we do not yet have extensive normative data for different ethnic groups outside university settings.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWorking alliance predicts psychotherapy outcome even while controlling for prior symptom improvement
Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.847985 · Cited by 108
“Validation of the Swedish version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure (CORE-OM).”
Towards a neurocognitive approach to dance movement therapy for mental health: A systematic review
Millman, L. S. M., Terhune, D. B., Hunter, E. C. M., & Orgs, G. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2490 · Cited by 111
Gelkopf, M., Mazor, Y., & Roe, D. (2020) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzz133 · Cited by 102
Waite, P., McManus, F., & Shafran, R. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.006 · Cited by 102
“95) and convergent validity (Evans et al., 2002) and has been shown to be acceptable and robust in a primary care setting (Barkham, Gilbert, Connell, Marshall, & Twigg, 2005).”
BackgroundMurphy, R., & Hutton, P. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12767 · Cited by 102
de Jong, K., Timman, R., Roijen, L. H., Vermeulen, P., Kooiman, K., Passchier, J., & Busschbach, J. J. V. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.871079 · Cited by 110
“Outcome monitoring feedback has become increasingly popular and has been adopted by many mental health care providers all over the world (e.g., Evans et al., 2002; Howard, Moras, Brill, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kim de Jong, Erasmus University Medical Center,…”
BackgroundStiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Connell, J., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.298 · Cited by 98
Self-citationEvans, C., Connell, J., Audin, K., Sinclair, A., & Barkham, M. (2005) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880500132581 · Cited by 95
Self-citationPsychometrics of the Personal Questionnaire: A client-generated outcome measure.
Elliott, R., Wagner, J. A., Sales, C. M. D., Rodgers, B. C., Alves, P., & Café, M. J. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000174 · Cited by 109
“Psychometrics of the Personal Questionnaire: A Client-Generated Outcome Measure Robert Elliott University of Strathclyde John Wagner Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Centre of Vancouver Célia M.D. Sales Universidade de Évora & ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Brian Rodgers University of Queensland Paula Alves IS…”
MethodInfluentialQuinn, C., Toms, G. R., Jones, C., Brand, A., Edwards, R. T., Sanders, F. L., & Clare, L. (2015) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215002094 · Cited by 91
Littlewood, E., Duarte, A., Hewitt, C. E., Knowles, S. E., Palmer, S., Walker, S., Andersen, P., Araya, R., Barkham, M., Bower, P., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta191010 · Cited by 92
“It shows reliable sensitivity to change over time.(39)”
BackgroundSelf-citationAntons, S., Engel, J., Briken, P., Krüger, T. H. C., Brand, M., & Stark, R. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00061 · Cited by 91
“Sexual desire Arizona sexual experience scale (McGahuey et al., 2000) Wainberg et al., (2006) Craving Pornography Craving Questionnaire (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014) Bőthe et al., (2021) Obsessive sexual thoughts 10 items; e.g., “I feel out of control of my sexual thoughts” Hardy et al., (2010) Fantasies about acting out…”
Backgroundvan Sonsbeek, M. A., Hutschemaekers, G. G., Veerman, J. W., & Tiemens, B. B. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-3 · Cited by 86
“ROM has become an increasingly popular method for improving treatment and has been adopted by many mental health care institutions worldwide [22,41,42].”
MethodWalters, S. J., Jacques, R., Henriques-Cadby, I. B. D. A., Candlish, J., Totton, N., & Xian, M. T. S. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3671-2 · Cited by 86
“5 CORE Life functioning dimension 1 0 to 4 3 [32]”
Brooks, S. K., Chalder, T., & Gerada, C. (2011) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2011.556168 · Cited by 85
“Patients were given the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure – referred to hereafter as the CORE-OM (Evans et al., 2002) – a general measure of distress consisting of 34 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale.”
MethodProgress monitoring in mental health and addiction treatment: A means of improving care.
Goodman, J. D., McKay, J. R., & DePhilippis, D. (2013) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0032605 · Cited by 90
“In this study, patients completed the CORE-SF (measuring psychological distress; Barkham et al., 2001; Evans et al., 2002) and Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (Attkisson & Zwick, 1982) via a telephone-based interview system weekly for the first 8 weeks of treatment in a substance abuse outpatient…”
BackgroundMethodThe effectiveness of UK student counselling services: an analysis using the CORE System
Connell, J., Barkham, M., & Mellor‐Clark, J. (2008) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880701715655 · Cited by 80
“First, a clinical cut-off score of 11.9 for males and 12.93 for females was used together with a reliable change index of 4.8.4 This corresponds with values calculated in Evans et al. (2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSpiritual attitudes and visitor motivations at the Beltane Fire Festival, Edinburgh
Matheson, C. M., Rimmer, R. J., & Tinsley, R. (2014) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.023 · Cited by 80
Moltu, C., Veseth, M., Stefansen, J., Nøtnes, J. C., Skjølberg, Å., Binder, P., Castonguay, L. G., & Nordberg, S. S. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1189619 · Cited by 80
“Based on interviews of nine therapists and 10 clients using the CORE-OM (Evans et al., 2002), a tool that tracks symptoms and functions, Unsworth et al. (2012) reported that this measure might help the therapeutic relationship by being a conversation enhancer and by focusing the session.”
MethodSchiefele, A.-K., Lutz, W., Barkham, M., Rubel, J. A., Boehnke, J. R., Delgadillo, J., Kopta, S. M., Schulte, D., Saxon, D. H., Nielsen, S. L., et al. (2016) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0736-3 · Cited by 86
“The primary outcome measure of this sample was the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham et al., 2001; Evans et al., 2002).”
Self-citationConnell, J., Barkham, M., & Mellor-Clark, J. (2007) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880601106781 · Cited by 78
“The first component was the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham et al , 1998 , 2001 , 2006; Evans et al , 2002 ; Mellor-Clark et al , 1999 ).”
MethodBogosian, A., Hughes, A., Norton, S., Silber, E., & Moss‐Morris, R. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12201 · Cited by 75
Rozental, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00589 · Cited by 74
Turner, H. M., Marshall, E. J., Stopa, L. L., & Waller, G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.001 · Cited by 73
Hawkins, E. J., Baer, J. S., & Kivlahan, D. R. (2007) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.10.001 · Cited by 72
Saxon, D. H., Barkham, M., Foster, A., & Parry, G. D. (2016) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2028 · Cited by 72
Self-citationPractice‐based Evidence as a Complement to Evidence‐based Practice: From Dichotomy to Chiasmus
Barkham, M., & Margison, F. R. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713242.ch25 · Cited by 72
Self-citationTwo short forms of the Agnew Relationship Measure: The ARM-5 and ARM-12
Cahill, J., Stiles, W. B., Barkham, M., Hardy, G. E., Stone, G. M., Agnew-Davies, R., & Unsworth, G. (2011) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.643253 · Cited by 75
“The two 18-item short forms (CORE-SF-A and CORE-SF-B) were drawn from the 34 items (see Barkham et al, 2001 ; Evans et al, 2002 , for a further description of these forms).”
MethodSelf-citationFalkenström, F., Solomonov, N., & Rubel, J. (2020) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12293 · Cited by 69
“All participants completed the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Evans et al., 2002) before each session, and the Working Alliance Inventory – Short form Revised (WAI-SR; Hatcher & Gillaspy, 2006) after each session.”
MethodPylvänäinen, P., Muotka, J. S., & Lappalainen, R. I. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00980 · Cited by 80
“It can be used for assessing clinical effectiveness of various models of therapy (Evans et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialTraining the next generation of counseling psychologists in the practice of telepsychology
McCord, C., Saenz, J. J., Armstrong, T. W., & Elliott, T. R. (2015) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1053433 · Cited by 77
“The CORE-B (derived from the 34 question CORE-Outcome Measure) is an 18-item self-report measure developed to track client progress in therapy (Evans et al., 2002).”
MethodMavranezouli, I., Brazier, J. E., Young, T. A., & Barkham, M. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9768-4 · Cited by 69
“Indeed, this domain had been previously found to highly correlate with items in the overall ‘problems’ domain [20].”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationTransforming between Beck Depression Inventory and CORE‐OM scores in routine clinical practice
Leach, C., Lucock, M. P., Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Noble, R., & Iveson, S. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x35335 · Cited by 69
Self-citationMedlicott, E., Phillips, A., Crane, C., Hinze, V., Taylor, L., Tickell, A., Montero-Marin, J., & Kuyken, W. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116023 · Cited by 67
“The Clinical Outcomes Routine Evaluation-10 (CORE-10) [46] is derived from the 34-item Clinical Outcomes Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure [47] and was used as a measure of psychological distress at all data collection time points (T0, T1 and T2).”
MethodEffects of psychological therapies in randomized trials and practice‐based studies
Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Connell, J., Twigg, E., Leach, C., Lucock, M. P., Mellor‐Clark, J., Bower, P., King, M., Shapiro, D. A., et al. (2008) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466508x311713 · Cited by 68
“Forms are considered valid if up to three items are omitted (Evans et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDimensions of variation on the CORE‐OM
Lyne, K. J., Barrett, P. T., Evans, C., & Barkham, M. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x39106 · Cited by 66
“The analyses of the psychometric properties of the CORE-OM (Evans et al., 2002) explored six scores from the 34 items: the mean item totals for each of the four domains, the mean item total across the 28 non-risk items, (reflecting a possible hierarchical relationship between the three non-risk…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBewick, B. M., Gill, J., Mulhern, B., Barkham, M., & Hill, A. J. (2008) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v4i2.120 · Cited by 66
“Students were asked to complete the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation ten item measure ( CORE-10) (Connell & Barkham, 2007), a short-form of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure CORE-OM (Barkham et al. 2001, 2005; Evans et al. 2002).”
MethodSelf-citationThe effectiveness of university counselling for students with academic issues
McKenzie, K., Murray, K. R., Murray, A. L., & Richelieu, M. (2015) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12034 · Cited by 66
New Developments for Case Conceptualization in Emotion-Focused Therapy.
Timulak, L., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2015) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1922 · Cited by 59
Bramwell, K., & Richardson, T. (2018) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-017-9367-6 · Cited by 65
“This measured general mental health and distress over the past week and is reliable and valid (Evans et al. 2002).”
BackgroundThe variables problem and progress in psychotherapy research.
Stiles, W. B. (2013) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0030569 · Cited by 64
“Outcomes were assessed using Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation—Outcome Measure (CORE-OM; Barkham et al., 2001; Barkham, Gilbert, Connell, Marshall, & Twigg, 2005; Evans et al., 2002).”
MethodLong, C. G., Fulton, B., & Hollin, C. R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.591 · Cited by 63
Williams, C., Wilson, P., Morrison, J., McMahon, A., Andrew, W., Allan, L., McConnachie, A., McNeill, Y., & Tansey, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052735 · Cited by 62
“Additional analyses of BDI-II and CORE-OM total score were conducted after imputing missing values as equal to the baseline value.”
InfluentialMavranezouli, I., Brazier, J. E., Rowen, D., & Barkham, M. (2012) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x12464431 · Cited by 62
“The validity, reliability, and acceptability of the CORE-OM have been demonstrated across a wide range of practice settings.(12,13) Based on these characteristics and given the arguments favoring the development of a preference-based measure specific to mental health, the CORE-OM was selected as the basis for construc…”
MethodSelf-citationFeixas, G., Trujillo, A., Bados, A., García‐Grau, E., Salla, M., Medina, J. C., Montesano, A., Soriano, J., Medeiros-Ferreira, L., Cañete, J., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s103079 · Cited by 62
“With the exception of the Problem/Symptoms domain, the effect sizes of the differences were similar to the results of the UK study with CIs including the UK referential values.(36) At 1.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, K.
- Affiliations
- The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, Chris
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-60
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2114350740
- Cited by
- 934
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 14.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Leeds
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- CORE-OM, outcome measures, psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, sensitivity to change, psychotherapy, subjective well-being, clinical symptoms, functioning, risk, self-report measures
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome
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