The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with de novo major depression
Open accessAbstract
Background: Although there is cross-sectional evidence that changes in the immune system contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, longitudinal data capable of elucidating cause and effect relationships are lacking. Aims: We aimed to determine whether subclinical systemic inflammation, as measured by serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, is associated with an increased risk of de novo major depressive disorder. Method: Major depressive disorder was diagnosed using a clinical interview (SCID–I/NP). This is a retrospective cohort study; from a population-based sample of 1494 randomly selected women recruited at baseline during the period 1994–7, 822 were followed for a decade and provided measures of both exposure and outcome. Of these women, 644 (aged 20–84 years) had no prior history of depression at baseline and were eligible for analysis. Results: During 5827 person-years of follow-up, 48 cases of de novo major depressive disorder were identified. The hazard ratio (HR) for depression increased by 44% for each standard deviation increase in log-transformed hsCRP (ln-hsCRP) (HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.04–1.99), after adjusting for weight, smoking and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Further adjustment for other lifestyle factors, medications and comorbidity failed to explain the observed increased risk for depression. Conclusions: Serum hsCRP is an independent risk marker for de novo major depressive disorder in women. This supports an aetiological role for inflammatory activity in the pathophysiology of depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of inflammation increase the chance of developing new-onset depression. 138 , 139”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [139]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A retrospective cohort study evaluating the association between CRP levels and increased risk of de novo MDD, recruiting 1494 women randomly selected and assessed through the Structured Clinical Interview for DS-IV-TR Research Version, Non-Patient edition (SCID-I/NP), reported a hazard ratio for depression increased by 44% for each standard deviation increase in log-transformed hs-CRP, indicating”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Danesh, J., Wheeler, J. G., Hirschfield, G. M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Pepys, M. B., & Gudnason, V. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032804 · Cited by 2,953
Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
Visser, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 · Cited by 2,494
Yudkin, J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Emeis, J. J., & Coppack, S. W. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.4.972 · Cited by 2,465
Cytokine-Associated Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances in Humans
Reichenberg, A., Yirmiya, R., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Morag, A., & Pollmächer, T. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445 · Cited by 1,365
Pepys, M., & Baltz, M. (1983) · Advances in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60379-x · Cited by 1,322
Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study
Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610362104 · Cited by 1,264 · cited 1×
“Childhood maltreatment predisposes to depression and may play a role in increasing the risk for inflammation in adulthood; 47,48 this has not been entered into the models, as these data were not available.”
BackgroundCarpenter, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Allison, D. B., & Faith, M. S. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.2.251 · Cited by 1,018
Time-to-Event Analysis of Longitudinal Follow-up of a Survey: Choice of the Time-scale
Korn, E. L., Graubard, B. I., & Midthune, D. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009034 · Cited by 1,011
The macrophage theory of depression
Smith, R. S. (1991) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90272-z · Cited by 931
Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment
Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.4.409 · Cited by 641 · cited 1×
“Childhood maltreatment predisposes to depression and may play a role in increasing the risk for inflammation in adulthood; 47,48 this has not been entered into the models, as these data were not available.”
BackgroundLemieux, I., Pascot, A., Prud’homme, D., Alméras, N., Bogaty, P. M., Nadeau, A., Bergeron, J., & Després, J. (2001) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.21.6.961 · Cited by 593
Ford, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010 · Cited by 544
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Yaffe, K. S., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Rubin, S. M., Ferrucci, L., Harris, T. B., & Pahor, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01811-5 · Cited by 530
Hak, A. E., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Bots, M. L., Polderman, K. H., Schalkwijk, C. G., Westendorp, I. C. D., Hofman, A., & Witteman, J. C. M. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.8.1986 · Cited by 525
Kuo, H., Yen, C., Chang, C., Kuo, C.-K., Chen, J.-H., & Sorond, F. A. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70099-5 · Cited by 409
Indicators of immune activation in major depression
Sluzewska, A., RYBAKOWSKI, J. K., Bosmans, E., Sobieska, M., Berghmans, R., Maes, M. H. J., & Wiktorowicz, K. (1996) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(96)02783-7 · Cited by 384
Interleukin-1 beta: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in major depression?
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.8.1189 · Cited by 364
Frommberger, U. H., Bauer, J., Haselbauer, P., Fräulin, A., Riemann, D., & Berger, M. (1997) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf02900219 · Cited by 362
Association Between Depression and Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Danner, M., Kasl, S. V., Abramson, J. L., & Vaccarino, V. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000041542.29808.01 · Cited by 341
Kop, W. J., Gottdiener, J. S., Tangen, C. M., Fried, L. P., McBurnie, M. A., Walston, J. D., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C. H., & Tracy, R. P. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02264-0 · Cited by 327
Mikovа, O. E., Yakimova, R., Bosmans, E., Kenis, G., & Maes, M. H. J. (2001) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00081-5 · Cited by 299
Role of IL-6 in cytokine-induced sickness behavior: a study with IL-6 deficient mice.
Bluthé, R., Michaud, B., Poli, V., & Dantzer, R. (2000) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00269-9 · Cited by 239
Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study
Pasco, J. A., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Ng, F., Henry, M. J., Nicholson, G. C., Kotowicz, M. A., & Berk, M. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.046706 · Cited by 233
Self-citationAcute phase proteins in major depression
Berk, M., Wadee, A. A., Kuschke, R. H., & O’Neill-Kerr, A. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00139-6 · Cited by 215
Self-citationvan den Biggelaar, A. H. J., Gussekloo, J., de Craen, A. J. M., Frölich, M., Stek, M. L., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.01.011 · Cited by 209
Overweight and Obesity Affect Treatment Response in Major Depression
Kloiber, S., Ising, M., Reppermund, S., Horstmann, S., Dose, T., Majer, M., Zihl, J., Pfister, H., Unschuld, P. G., Holsboer, F., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.001 · Cited by 208
Inflammatory Proteins and Depression in the Elderly
Tiemeier, H. W., Albert Hofman, D., van Tuijl, H. R., Kiliaan, A. J., Meijer, J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2003) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200301000-00025 · Cited by 205
Panagiotakos, D. B. (2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.01.018 · Cited by 194
Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry
Berk, M., Ng, F., Dean, O., Dodd, S., & Bush, A. I. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.05.001 · Cited by 183
Self-citationMilaneschi, Y., Corsi, A. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.011 · Cited by 147
Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Australian Women
Henry, M. J., Pasco, J. A., Nicholson, G. C., Seeman, E., & Kotowicz, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1385/jcd:3:3:261 · Cited by 137
Self-citationHigh-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Fracture Risk in Elderly Women
Pasco, J. A., Kotowicz, M. A., Henry, M. J., Nicholson, G. C., Spilsbury, H. J., Box, J. D., & Schneider, H. G. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.11.1353 · Cited by 134
Self-citationC-reactive protein: the best laboratory indicator available for monitoring disease activity
Hart, W. R., & Deodhar, S. D. (1989) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.56.2.126 · Cited by 134
Gałecki, P., Szemraj, J., Bieńkiewicz, M., Zboralski, K., & Gałecka, E. (2009) · Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.1014 · Cited by 124
Current status of interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma.
Dutcher, J. P. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 107
Kynurenine pathway in psychosis: evidence of increased tryptophan degradation
Barry, S., Clarke, G., Scully, P., & Dinan, T. (2009) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108089583 · Cited by 96 · cited 1×
“41 These are potentially anxiogenic and neurotoxic.”
Dutcher, J. P., Logan, T. F., Gordon, M. S., Sosman, J. A., Weiss, G. R., Margolin, K. A., Plasse, T. F., Mier, J. W., Lotze, M. T., Clark, J. I., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 86
Raitakari, M., Mansikkaniemi, K., Marniemi, J., Viikari, J. S. A., & Raitakari, O. T. (2005) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01563.x · Cited by 86
Does dopamine dysfunction drive depression?
Malhi, G. S., & Berk, M. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00969.x · Cited by 86
Self-citationHämäläinen, J., Kaprio, J. A., Isometsä, E., Heikkinen, M., Poikolainen, K., Lindeman, S., & Aro, H. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.8.573 · Cited by 79
Yuan, G., Zhou, L., Tang, J., Yang, Y., Gu, W., Li, F., Hong, J., Gu, Y., Li, X., Ning, G., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.025 · Cited by 78
Lifetime psychiatric disorders and body composition: A population-based study
Williams, L. J., Pasco, J. A., Henry, M. J., Jacka, F. N., Dodd, S., Nicholson, G. C., Kotowicz, M. A., & Berk, M. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.02.001 · Cited by 60
Self-citationKangavari, S., Matetzky, S., Shah, P. K., Yano, J., Chyu, K., Fishbein, M. C., & Cercek, B. (2004) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/107424840400900410 · Cited by 57
Janssen, J., Beekman, A. T. F., Comijs, H. C., Deeg, D. J. H., & Heeren, T. J. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1428 · Cited by 56
Wei, Y., Zhou, F., He, D., Bai, J., Hui, L., Wang, X., & Nan, K. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.001 · Cited by 49
Depressive symptoms and levels of C-reactive protein: A population-based study
Pikhart, H., Hubacek, J. A., Kubinova, R., Nicholson, A., Peasey, A., Capkova, N., Poledne, R., & Bobak, M. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0422-1 · Cited by 34
Dell’Osso, L., Pini, S., Maggi, L., Rucci, P., Debbio, A. D., Carlini, M., Baldini, A., Ferrari, G., Manca, E., Beverini, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.10.024 · Cited by 29
C-Reactive Protein: Vascular Risk Marker in Elderly Patients with Mental Illness
Nilsson, K. H., Gustafson, L., & Hultberg, B. L. (2008) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000160957 · Cited by 19
Blumenfeld, Z., Boulman, N., Leiba, R., Siegler, E., Shachar, S. S., Linn, R., & Levy, Y. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510601113241 · Cited by 18
Oxidative biology: new intervention opportunities in psychiatry
Berk, M. (2007) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2007.00224.x · Cited by 14
Self-citationHigh-dose interleukin-2 in metastatic disease: renal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
Dutcher, J. P. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First, 2002, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV–TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID–I/NP)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?
Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Pasco, J. A., Moylan, S., Allen, N. B., Stuart, A. L., Hayley, A. C., Byrne, M. L., et al. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-200 · Cited by 1,423
Self-citationMajor depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment
Cui, L., Li, S., Wang, S., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Xia, M., & Li, B. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y · Cited by 1,244
“138,139 Although depression can cause in fl ammation, its cause is still unclear and may be in fl uenced and regulated by immune cells, in fl ammatory cytokines, and the nervous system.”
BackgroundCRP, IL-6 and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Valkanova, V., Ebmeier, K. P., & Allan, C. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.004 · Cited by 972
The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view
Dean, J., & Keshavan, M. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025 · Cited by 765
The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie
Savitz, J. B. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0414-4 · Cited by 805
Metadata
- Authors
- Pasco, J. A., Nicholson, G. C., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Henry, M. J., Kotowicz, M. A., Schneider, H. G., Leonard, B. E., & Berk, M.
- Affiliations
- Barwon Health (AU)
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Pasco, Julie A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 197
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 372-377
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2004252086
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, major depressive disorder, systemic inflammation, risk factors for depression, women, inflammatory markers, depression pathophysiology, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Weight, C-Reactive Protein, Major Depressive Disorder, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Life Style, Middle Aged, Body Mass Index, Age of Onset, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
