Cognitive and neurophysiological markers of ADHD persistence and remission
Open accessAbstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists in around two-thirds of individuals in adolescence and early adulthood. Aims: To examine the cognitive and neurophysiological processes underlying the persistence or remission of ADHD. Method: Follow-up data were obtained from 110 young people with childhood ADHD and 169 controls on cognitive, electroencephalogram frequency, event-related potential (ERP) and actigraph movement measures after 6 years. Results: ADHD persisters differed from remitters on preparation-vigilance measures (contingent negative variation, delta activity, reaction time variability and omission errors), IQ and actigraph count, but not on executive control measures of inhibition or working memory (nogo-P3 amplitudes, commission errors and digit span backwards). Conclusions: Preparation-vigilance measures were markers of remission, improving concurrently with ADHD symptoms, whereas executive control measures were not sensitive to ADHD persistence/remission. For IQ, the present and previous results combined suggest a role in moderating ADHD outcome. These findings fit with previously identified aetiological separation of the cognitive impairments in ADHD. The strongest candidates for the development of non-pharmacological interventions involving cognitive training and neurofeedback are the preparation-vigilance processes that were markers of ADHD remission.
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Hypo-arousal has been associated with RTV.
“Decreased arousal could be another possible underlying mechanism of impaired CV under guanfacine, since hypo-arousal has been associated with RTV (80, 81).”
From Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
The Discussion links RTV-related measures to an arousal-attention model and discusses bottom-up arousal regulation. It does not specifically report an association between hypo-arousal and RTV; it also says the observed pattern does not fit the arousal-regulation model’s predictions for ADHD persistence and remission. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildhood risk factors associated with a more persistent course of ADHD include higher levels of symptoms, comorbid oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), lower IQ, and family socioeconomic disadvantage.
“These studies have identified childhood risk factors associated with a more persistent course, including higher levels of symptoms, comorbid oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), lower IQ, and family socioeconomic disadvantage.”
From Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says childhood IQ predicted later ADHD outcome in this sample and identifies low IQ as a potential risk for poor outcome. The passages do not identify higher childhood symptom levels, comorbid ODD, or family socioeconomic disadvantage as predictors of persistence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Cheung, C. H. M., Rijsdijk, F., McLoughlin, G., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kuntsi, Jonna
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 208
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 548-555
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC4887724
- OpenAlex
- W1828299506
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Action Medical Research (GN1777)
- Vifor Pharma
- Medical Research Council (MR/N013182/1, G0300189, R01MH062873)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062873)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD persistence, contingent negative variation, delta oscillations, reaction time variability, omission errors, executive function, Nogo-P3, IQ, EEG frequency, event-related potentials, cognitive training, neurofeedback, early adulthood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Arousal, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Remission, Spontaneous, Disease Progression, Siblings, Actigraphy, Executive Function
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