Why cognitive performance in ADHD may not reveal true potential: Findings from a large population-based sample

KUNTSI, JONNA; WOOD, ALEXIS C.; VAN DER MEERE, JAAP; ASHERSON, PHILIP

doi:10.1017/s135561770909081x

Cited by 80Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Why cognitive performance in ADHD may not reveal true potential: Findings from a large population-based sample

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KUNTSI, JONNA, WOOD, ALEXIS C., VAN DER MEERE, JAAP, ASHERSON, PHILIP·2009·Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

DOI 10.1017/s135561770909081xPMC PMC2844935

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Abstract

Focusing on symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a sample obtained from the general population, we aimed to investigate the effects of incentives and event rate on reaction time (RT) performance and response inhibition. We assessed 1156 children, at a mean age of 8 years, on their performance on an inhibition task and a RT task under different experimental conditions that manipulated event rate and incentives. Children with high ADHD (ADHD-H) symptoms showed cognitive performance deficits only under some of the experimental conditions compared to a control group. The fast-incentive condition of the RT task succeeded in normalizing the RT variability, as well as the slow overall speed, in the ADHD-H group. Analyses of ADHD symptom scores as a quantitative trait in the total sample were overall consistent with these findings. The findings suggest that at least some cognitive performance deficits in children with high ADHD symptoms do not reflect stable cognitive deficits. The degree to which cognitive impairments in ADHD can be modulated by energetic or motivational factors has important implications for clinical and educational interventions.

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Two studies have suggested that combining fast event rate and reward can synergistically improve reaction time variability.
“Two studies in the literature have suggested that combining fast ER and reward can synergistically improve RTV [14,91].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
In Kuntsi et al., the combination of a fast event rate and incentive condition normalized speed of response (mean RT 653 vs 648 ms) and intraindividual variability (SD 217 vs 203 ms).
“Compared with the performance on the task with a slow event rate and no incentive, the combination of a fast event rate and the incentive condition normalized speed of response (mean RT ¼ 653 vs 648 ms) and intraindividual variability (SD ¼ 217 vs 203 ms).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Kuntsi et al (2009)
In Kuntsi et al.'s baseline slow event rate condition, the ADHD group had longer average reaction time and higher intraindividual variability (mean RT 1018 vs 943 ms; SD 495 vs 404 ms).
“In the baseline task, with a slow event rate (8 s), the ADHD group had longer average RT and higher intraindividual variability (average mean RT ¼ 1018 vs 943 ms; average SD ¼ 495 vs 404 ms).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Kuntsi et al (2009)

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McLoughlin G. , Albrecht B. , Banaschewski T. , Rothenberger A. , Brandeis D. , Asherson P. , & Kuntsi J. (under review). Developmental Stability of abnormal preparatory states and inhibitory processing in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Electrophysiological evidence from an adult sample.

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Authors: KUNTSI, J., WOOD, A. C., VAN DER MEERE, J., & ASHERSON, P.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: KUNTSI, JONNA
ORCID: KUNTSI, JONNA
WOOD, ALEXIS C.
ASHERSON, PHILIP
Venue: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2009-07
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 570-579
ISSN: 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
1469-7661
DOI: 10.1017/s135561770909081x
PMC: PMC2844935
OpenAlex: W2137113814
Cited by: 80
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 5.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (070345)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD symptoms, reaction time, response inhibition, event rate, incentives, children, motivational factors, cognitive impairment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Intelligence, Internal-External Control, Male, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Retrospective Studies, Task Performance and Analysis, Twin Studies as Topic, Community Health Planning

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Why cognitive performance in ADHD may not reveal true potential: Findings from a large population-based sample

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