LC/MS analysis of stratum corneum lipids: ceramide profiling and discovery
Open accessAbstract
Ceramides (CERs) in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), play a key role in the skin barrier function. In human SC, the literature currently reports 11 CER subclasses that have been identified. In this paper, a novel quick and robust LC/MS method is presented that allows the separation and analysis of all known human SC CER subclasses using only limited sample preparation. Besides all 11 known and identified subclasses, a 3D multi-mass chromatogram shows the presence of other lipid subclasses. Using LC/MS/MS with an ion trap (IT) system, a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance system, and a triple quadrupole system, we were able to identify one of these lipid subclasses as a new CER subclass: the ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acid with a dihydrosphingosine base (CER [EOdS]). Besides the identification of a new CER subclass, this paper also describes the applicability and robustness of the developed LC/MS method by analyzing three (biological) SC samples: SC from human dermatomed skin, human SC obtained by tape stripping, and SC from full-thickness skin explants. All three biological samples showed all known CER subclasses and slight differences were observed in CER profile.
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In the human stratum corneum, 16 ceramide classes other than SD and β-hydroxy ceramides have been identified.
“In the human SC, 16 ceramide classes other than SD and -hydroxy ceramides have been identified (5)(6)(7).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract reports 11 previously identified ceramide subclasses in human stratum corneum and identifies one additional subclass, CER [EOdS]. The Results and Discussion likewise describe 12 subclasses as the theoretical total, contrary to the attributed count of 16 even before the stated exclusions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMore than several hundred ceramide species exist in the human stratum corneum.
“Therefore, more than several hundred ceramide species exist in the human SC (5)(6)(7).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
The Abstract reports 11 identified ceramide subclasses in human stratum corneum, and the Results and Discussion describe variation in their chain lengths. These passages support the existence of many distinct ceramides, but our copy does not establish that the number of species exceeds several hundred. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe composition of ceramide classes/species in the human stratum corneum has previously been analyzed using LC/MS.
“The composition of ceramide classes/species in the human SC has previously been analyzed using LC/MS (5-7, 16, 17, 29, 30).”
From Comparative profiling and comprehensive quantification of stratum corneum ceramides in humans and mice by LC/MS/MS (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- van Smeden, J., Hoppel, L., van der Heijden, R., Hankemeier, T., Vreeken, R. J., & Bouwstra, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bouwstra, Joke A.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1211-1221
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3090242
- OpenAlex
- W2013685381
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-02-01)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- ceramide, stratum corneum, skin barrier function, dihydrosphingosine, lipidomics, LC-MS method development, tape stripping, skin explants
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ceramides, Chromatography, Liquid, Humans, Male, Skin, Specimen Handling, Mass Spectrometry, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Tissue Culture Techniques, Lipid Metabolism
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