Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep and Arousal
Abstract
Normal waking is associated with neuronal activity in several chemically defined ascending arousal systems. These include monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem and posterior hypothalamus, cholinergic neurons in the brainstem and basal forebrain, and hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Collectively, these systems impart tonic activation to their neuronal targets in the diencephalon and neocortex that is reflected in the low‐voltage fast‐frequency electroencephalogram patterns of wakefulness. Neuronal discharge in these arousal systems declines rapidly at sleep onset. Transitions from waking to sleep, therefore, involve coordinated inhibition of multiple arousal systems. An important source of sleep‐related inhibition of arousal arises from neurons located in the preoptic hypothalamus. These preoptic neurons are strongly activated during sleep, exhibiting sleep/waking state‐dependent discharge patterns that are the reciprocal of that observed in the arousal systems. The majority of preoptic sleep regulatory neurons synthesize the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Anatomical and functional evidence supports the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPN) and ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) exert inhibitory control over the monoaminergic systems and the hypocretin system during sleep. Recent findings indicate that MnPN and VLPO neurons integrate homeostatic aspects of sleep regulation and are important targets for endogenous sleep factors, such as adenosine and growth hormone releasing hormone.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Hypothalamic preoptic area neurons are important for generating and regulating sleep.
“Hypothalamic neurons in the preoptic area are thought to be important for both the generation and regulation of sleep [95].”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [95]
Cites
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472 · see citing works
Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG
Moruzzi, G., & Magoun, H. W. (1949) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9 · Cited by 4,307 · see citing works
The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T. S., Peyron, C., Gao, X.-B., Foye, P. E., Danielson, P. E., Fukuhara, C., Battenberg, E. L. F., Gautvik, V. T., Bartlett, F. S., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 · Cited by 3,878 · see citing works
Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems
Peyron, C., Tighe, D. K., van den Pol, A. N., de Lecea, L., Heller, H. C., Sutcliffe, J. G., & Kilduff, T. S. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-23-09996.1998 · Cited by 3,466 · see citing works
Narcolepsy in orexin Knockout Mice
Chemelli, R. M., Willie, J. T., Sinton, C. M., Elmquist, J. K., Scammell, T., Lee, C., Richardson, J. A., Williams, S. C., Xiong, Y., Kisanuki, Y., et al. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81973-x · Cited by 3,095 · see citing works
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
Saper, C. B., Scammell, T. E., & Lu, J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04284 · Cited by 2,804 · see citing works
Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R., Kadotani, H., Rogers, W., Lin, X., Qiu, X., de Jong, P. J., Nishino, S., & Mignot, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81965-0 · Cited by 2,613 · see citing works
Peyron, C., Faraco, J., Rogers, W., Ripley, B., Overeem, S., Charnay, Y., Nevsimalova, S., Aldrich, M., Reynolds, D., Albin, R., et al. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/79690 · Cited by 2,118 · see citing works
Reduced Number of Hypocretin Neurons in Human Narcolepsy
Thannickal, T. C., Moore, R. Y., Nienhuis, R., Ramanathan, L., Gulyani, S., Aldrich, M., Cornford, M., & Siegel, J. M. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00058-1 · Cited by 2,089 · see citing works
Aston-Jones, G., & Bloom, F. (1981) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-08-00876.1981 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness
Saper, C. B., Chou, T. C., & Scammell, T. E. (2001) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02002-6 · Cited by 1,656 · see citing works
Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms
McCormick, D. A., & Bal, T. (1997) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.185 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Adenosine: A Mediator of the Sleep-Inducing Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness
Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Strecker, R. E., Thakkar, M., Bjørkum, A. A., Greene, R. W., & McCarley, R. W. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1265 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
Mignot, E., Lammers, G. J., Ripley, B., Okun, M., Nevsimalova, S., Overeem, S., Vankova, J., Black, J., Harsh, J., Bassetti, C., et al. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.10.1553 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep
Sherin, J. E., Shiromani, P. J., McCarley, R. W., & Saper, C. B. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5246.216 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
Date, Y., Ueta, Y., Yamashita, H., Yamaguchi, H., Matsukura, S., Kangawa, K., Sakurai, T., Yanagisawa, M., & Nakazato, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.748 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Dorsal raphe neurons: depression of firing during sleep in cats
McGinty, D., & Harper, R. M. (1976) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90480-7 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Self-citationDischarge of Identified Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons across the Sleep-Waking Cycle
Lee, M., Hassani, O. K., & Jones, B. E. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1887-05.2005 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Behavioral Correlates of Activity in Identified Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons
Mileykovskiy, B. Y., Kiyashchenko, L. I., & Siegel, J. M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.04.035 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep
Benington, J. H., & Heller, H. C. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-o · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Sherin, J. E., Elmquist, J. K., Torrealba, F., & Saper, C. B. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-12-04705.1998 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF SLEEP IN RATS. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Nauta, W. J. H. (1946) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1946.9.4.285 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and REM Sleep
Lu, J., Greco, M. A., Shiromani, P. J., & Saper, C. B. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-10-03830.2000 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Adenosine and sleep–wake regulation
Basheer, R., Strecker, R. E., Thakkar, M. M., & McCarley, R. W. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.06.004 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Promotion of sleep by targeting the orexin system in rats, dogs and humans
Roch, C., Dingemanse, J., Koberstein, R., Hoever, P., Aissaoui, H., Flores, S., Mueller, C., Nayler, O., van Gerven, J., de Haas, S. L., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1544 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Afferents to the orexin neurons of the rat brain
Yoshida-Court, K., McCormack, S. L., España, R. A., Crocker, A. J., & Scammell, T. E. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20859 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep
McCarley, R. W. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.005 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro
Gallopin, T., Fort, P., Eggermann, E., Cauli, B., Luppi, P.-H., Rossier, J., Audinat, E., Mühlethaler, M., & Serafin, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35010109 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Afferents to the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus
Chou, T. C., Bjørkum, A. A., Gaus, S. E., Lu, J., Scammell, T. E., & Saper, C. B. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-03-00977.2002 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Sleep–waking discharge patterns of ventrolateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats
Szymusiak, R. S., Alam, N., Steininger, T. L., & McGinty, D. (1998) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00631-3 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Suppression after Basal Forebrain Lesions in the Cat
McGinty, D., & Sterman, M. B. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.160.3833.1253 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, R.-J., van den Pol, A. N., & Aghajanian, G. K. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-21-09453.2002 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Sterman, M. B., & Clemente, C. (1962) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(62)90081-x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Basic Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake States
Jones, B. E. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50018-5 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The novel brain neuropeptide, orexin‐A, modulates the sleep–wake cycle of rats
Piper, D. C., Upton, N., Smith, M. I., & Hunter, A. J. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00919.x · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Taylor, F. B., Martin, P., Thompson, C., Williams, J., Mellman, T. A., Gross, C., Peskind, E. R., & Raskind, M. A. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.001 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep
Krueger, J. M. (2003) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/1033 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Activity of Serotonergic Neurons in Behaving Animals
Jacobs, B. L. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00012-3 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Antidepressants and their effect on sleep
Mayers, A., & Baldwin, D. S. (2005) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.726 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Wake-promoting and sleep-suppressing actions of hypocretin (orexin): basal forebrain sites of action
España, R. A., Baldo, B. A., Kelley, A. E., & Berridge, C. W. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00319-0 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Gaus, S. E., Strecker, R. E., Tate, B. A., Parker, R. A., & Saper, C. B. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00308-1 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Temperature Receptors in the Central Nervous System
Boulant, J. A., & Dean, J. B. (1986) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.003231 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
An adenosine A2a agonist increases sleep and induces Fos in ventrolateral preoptic neurons
Scammell, T. E., Gerashchenko, D., Mochizuki, T., McCarthy, M. T., Estabrooke, I. V., Sears, C., Saper, C. B., Urade, Y., & Hayaishi, O. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00383-9 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Sleep-related neuronal discharge in the basal forebrain of cats
Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91107-8 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep–waking discharge of neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus of the albino rat
Steininger, T. L., Alam, M. N., Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01648-0 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationMillan, M. J. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.038 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Steininger, T. L., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20010122)429:4 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationThe electrophysiology of adenosine in the mammalian central nervous system
Greene, R. W., & Haas, H. L. (1991) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90005-l · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Prostaglandins and adenosine in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness
Huang, Z., Urade, Y., & Hayaishi, O. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2006.09.004 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Gong, H., McGinty, D., Guzmán-Marı́n, R., Chew, K., Stewart, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.056622 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationGallopin, T., Luppi, P., Cauli, B., Urade, Y., Rossier, J., Hayaishi, O., Lambolez, B., & Fort, P. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.045 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sleep‐waking discharge patterns of median preoptic nucleus neurons in rats
Suntsova, N., Szymusiak, R. S., Alam, N., Guzmán-Marı́n, R., & McGinty, D. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023085 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationSzymusiak, R. S., Gvilia, I., & McGinty, D. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.013 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, Z.-W., & Gao, X. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00873.2006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Alam, M. N., Gong, H., Alam, T., Jaganath, R., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012888 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of adenosine in sleep and temperature regulation in the preoptic area of rats
Ticho, S. R., & Radulovacki, M. G. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90317-u · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Staying awake for dinner: hypothalamic integration of sleep, feeding, and circadian rhythms
Saper, C. B. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53014-6 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., Gong, H., King, J., & McGinty, D. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00679.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationBRAIN MECHANISMS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
(1955) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1955.tb38005.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Hypothalamic mechanisms in thermoregulation.
Boulant, J. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Noradrenergic Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
O'Donnell, T., Hegadoren, K., & Coupland, N. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000080952 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons by the somnogen prostaglandin D 2
Scammell, T. E., Gerashchenko, D., Urade, Y., Onoe, H., Saper, C. B., & Hayaishi, O. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7754 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Growth hormone-releasing factor enhances sleep in rats and rabbits
Obál, F., Alföldi, P., Cady, A. B., Johannsen, L., Sáry, G., & Krueger, J. M. (1988) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.2.r310 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Sleep suppression following kainic acid-induced lesions of the basal forebrain
Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1986) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(86)90240-2 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Neurobiology for the Clinician
(2004) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/27.4.811 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
España, R. A., Reis, K. M., Valentino, R. J., & Berridge, C. W. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20369 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
GABA release in posterior hypothalamus across sleep-wake cycle
Nitz, D. A., & Siegel, J. M. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.6.r1707 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Sleep-promoting effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone in normal men
Kerkhofs, M., Cauter, E. V., Onderbergen, A. V., Caufriez, A., Thorner, M. O., & Copinschi, G. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.4.e594 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep: A Role for Preoptic Area Neurons
Gvilia, I., Xu, F., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2012-06.2006 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep-waking discharge of basal forebrain projection neurons in cats
Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1989) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90069-5 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationHypocretin/Orexin Innervation and Excitation of Identified Septohippocampal Cholinergic Neurons
Wu, M., Záborszky, L., Hajszán, T., van den Pol, A. N., & Alreja, M. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5364-03.2004 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Sleep-related c-Fos protein expression in the preoptic hypothalamus: effects of ambient warming
Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., King, J., Steininger, T. L., & McGinty, D. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.r2079 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuronal discharge of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons: relation to NREM sleep
Alam, M. N., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.5.r1240 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationUschakov, A., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.05.055 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationScammell, T. E., Griffin, J. D., Elmquist, J. K., & Saper, C. B. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r783 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Effects of lateral preoptic area application of orexin-A on sleep–wakefulness
Methippara, M. M., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (2000) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200011090-00004 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of adenosine on gabaergic synaptic inputs to identified ventrolateral preoptic neurons
Chamberlin, N. L., Arrigoni, E., Chou, T. C., Scammell, T. E., Greene, R. W., & Saper, C. B. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00246-x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Spontaneous activity of single neurones in the hypothalamus of rabbits during sleep and waking
Findlay, A. L. R., & Hayward, J. N. (1969) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008753 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Alam, M. N., Kumar, S., Bashir, T., Suntsova, N., Methippara, M. M., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.076927 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationPreoptic Area Neurons and the Homeostatic Regulation of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Gvilia, I., Turner, A., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4827-05.2006 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Q. Z., & Hatton, G. I. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00932-3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Intrapreoptic Microinjection of GHRH or Its Antagonist Alters Sleep in Rats
Zhang, J., Obál, F., Zheng, T., Fang, J., Taishi, P., & Krueger, J. M. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-06-02187.1999 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Preoptic area unit activity during sleep and wakefulness in the cat
Kaitin, K. I. (1984) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(84)90103-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Kohlmeier, K. A., Inoue, T., & Leonard, C. S. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00076.2004 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Effect of NMDA Lesion of the Medial Preoptic Neurons on Sleep and Other Functions
John, J., & Kumar, V. M. (1998) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/21.6.587 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Suntsova, N., Guzmán-Marı́n, R., Kumar, S., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3498-06.2007 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationObál, F., Payne, L., Opp, M. R., Alföldi, P., Kapás, L., & Krueger, J. M. (1992) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.5.r1078 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Narcolepsy: Diagnosis and Management
Guilleminault, C., & Fromherz, S. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50072-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ambient temperature-dependence of sleep disturbances produced by basal forebrain damage in rats
Szymusiak, R. S., & Satinoff, E. (1984) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90057-1 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationUschakov, A., Gong, H., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04860.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationGuzmán-Marı́n, R., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., Drucker-Colı́n, R., Gong, H., & McGinty, D. (2000) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02561-0 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationMcGinty, D., Szymusiak, R. S., & Thomson, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91506-7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationAlam, M. N., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00035-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationExposure to heat restores sleep in cats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic cell loss
Szymusiak, R. S., Danowski, J., & McGinty, D. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91086-g · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationTemperature, Thermoregulation, and Sleep
Heller, H. C. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50031-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Krilowicz, B. L., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90507-x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationZardetto‐Smith, A. M., & Johnson, A. K. (1995) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)12003-m · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Baker, F. C., Shah, S., Stewart, D., Angara, C., Gong, H., Szymusiak, R. S., Opp, M. R., & McGinty, D. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00615.2004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationXia, J., Chen, X., Song, C., Ye, J.-N., Yu, Z., & Hu, Z. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20667 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Histaminergic Control of Sleep-Wake Cycles: Recent Therapeutic Advances for Sleep and Wake Disorders
Barbier, A., & Bradbury, M. (2007) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152707779940790 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alam, M. N., McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01452-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationPal, D., & Mallick, B. N. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Characterization of the hypnotic effects of triazolam microinjections into the medial preoptic area
Mendelson, W. B., & Martin, J. V. (1992) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(92)90349-t · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Thermal and chemical stimulations of the hypothalamic heat detectors: the effects of the EEG.
Benedek, G., Obál, F., Lelkes, Z., & Obál, F. (1982) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Preoptic area warming inhibits wake-active neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus
Methippara, M. M., Alam, M. N., Szymusiak, R. S., et al. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03808-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of rostral basal forebrain neurons promotes wakefulness and induces FOS in orexin neurons
Satoh, S., Matsumura, H., Nakajima, T., Nakahama, K., Kanbayashi, T., Nishino, S., Yoneda, H., & Shigeyoshi, Y. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02577.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD)
Wright, K. P., Bogan, R. K., & Wyatt, J. K. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.02.002 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Sleep, rhythms, and the endocrine brain: influence of sex and gonadal hormones
Mong, J. A., Baker, F. C., Mahoney, M. M., Paul, K. N., Schwartz, M. D., Semba, K., & Silver, R. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4175-11.2011 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Dorsal Raphe Dopamine Neurons Modulate Arousal and Promote Wakefulness by Salient Stimuli
Cho, J. R., Treweek, J. B., Robinson, J. E., Xiao, C., Bremner, L. R., Greenbaum, A., & Gradinaru, V. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.020 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans
Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., & LeBourgeois, M. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
NREM and REM Sleep: Complementary Roles in Recovery after Wakefulness
Vyazovskiy, V. V., & Delogu, A. (2014) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413518152 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate
Kelz, M. B., & Mashour, G. A. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.071 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Granger, J. I., Ratti, P.-L., Datta, S. C., Raymond, R. M., & Opp, M. R. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.010 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic neuronal circuitry
Rolls, A., Borg, J. S., & de Lecea, L. (2010) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.08.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Szymusiak, R., & McGinty, D.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Szymusiak, Ronald
- ORCID
- Szymusiak, Ronald
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 1129
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 275-286
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2038008568
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- hypothalamus, sleep regulation, arousal, preoptic area, hypocretin/orexin, GABAergic neurons, median preoptic nucleus, ventrolateral preoptic area, sleep-wake transition, adenosine, growth hormone-releasing hormone, sleep homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arousal, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamus, Neurons, Preoptic Area, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
