Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans

Wright, Kenneth P.; Lowry, Christopher A.; LeBourgeois, Monique K.

doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050

Cited by 209Circadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans

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Wright, Kenneth P., Lowry, Christopher A., LeBourgeois, Monique K.·2012·Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050PMC PMC3328852

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Abstract

Cognitive and affective processes vary over the course of the 24 h day. Time of day dependent changes in human cognition are modulated by an internal circadian timekeeping system with a near-24 h period. The human circadian timekeeping system interacts with sleep-wakefulness regulatory processes to modulate brain arousal, neurocognitive and affective function. Brain arousal is regulated by ascending brain stem, basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamic arousal systems and inhibition or disruption of these systems reduces brain arousal, impairs cognition, and promotes sleep. The internal circadian timekeeping system modulates cognition and affective function by projections from the master circadian clock, located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), to arousal and sleep systems and via clock gene oscillations in brain tissues. Understanding the basic principles of circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology can help to recognize how the circadian system modulates human cognition and influences learning, memory and emotion. Developmental changes in sleep and circadian processes and circadian misalignment in circadian rhythm sleep disorders have important implications for learning, memory and emotion. Overall, when wakefulness occurs at appropriate internal biological times, circadian clockwork benefits human cognitive and emotion function throughout the lifespan. Yet, when wakefulness occurs at inappropriate biological times because of environmental pressures (e.g., early school start times, long work hours that include work at night, shift work, jet lag) or because of circadian rhythm sleep disorders, the resulting misalignment between circadian and wakefulness-sleep physiology leads to impaired cognitive performance, learning, emotion, and safety.

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Highly controlled in-laboratory forced-desynchrony studies demonstrate that cognitive functions undergo changes in circadian rhythm and decline as wakefulness is prolonged.
“Highly controlled in‐laboratory forced‐desynchrony studies provide further evidence for this relationship, demonstrating that these cognitive functions undergo changes in circadian rhythm and decline as wakefulness is prolonged [29, 30].”
From Ocular light exposure interventions for sleep, circadian rhythms, rest-activity cycles, mood, and cognitive function in older adults: An Overview of Cochrane and non-Cochrane Systematic Reviews (2025) · cites this paper as [30]

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“Findings from several studies have shown delayed school start times lead to more time in bed, improved mood, better grades, improved attendance rates, and reduced driving accidents (Wolfson et al., 2007; Owens et al., 2010; Wahlstrom, 2010; Vorona et al., 2011).”
Background
Non–24-Hour Sleep–Wake Syndrome in Sighted and Blind Patients
Uchiyama, M., & Lockley, S. W. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.02.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neuropeptide Signaling Differentially Affects Phase Maintenance and Rhythm Generation in SCN and Extra-SCN Circadian Oscillators
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Quantification of behavior
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Effects of Sleep Inertia on Cognition
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Stress and Arousal/Sleep
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Entrainment of the Human Circadian Clock to the Natural Light-Dark Cycle
Wright, K. P., McHill, A. W., Birks, B. R., Griffin, B. R., Rusterholz, T., & Chinoy, E. D. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.039 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
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Authors: Wright, K. P., Lowry, C. A., & LeBourgeois, M. K.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author: Wright, Kenneth P.
ORCID: Wright, Kenneth P.
Lowry, Christopher A.
LeBourgeois, Monique K.
Venue: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2012
Volume: 5
Pages: 50-50
ISSN: 1662-5099 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00050
PMC: PMC3328852
OpenAlex: W2073957337
Cited by: 209
References: 178
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 7.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL085705, R01HL109706)
National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH074643, R01MH086566, R01MH086539)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: circadian rhythm, cognitive performance, brain arousal, suprachiasmatic nucleus, clock genes, circadian misalignment, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, learning and memory, emotions, shift work, jet lag

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Circadian and wakefulness-sleep modulation of cognition in humans

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