Cited by 399Social Robot Interaction and HRIInnovative Human-Technology InteractionAI in Service Interactions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

When the Interface Is a Face

Sproull, Lee, Subramani, Mani, Kiesler, Sara, Walker, Janet, Waters, Keith·1996·Human-Computer Interaction

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

People behave differently in the presence of other people than they do when they are alone. People also may behave differently when designers introduce more human-like qualities into computer interfaces. In an experimental study we demonstrate that people's responses to a talking-face interface differ from their responses to a text-display interface. They attribute some personality traits to it; they are more aroused by it; they present themselves in a more positive light. We use theories of person perception, social facilitation, and self-presentation to predict and interpret these results. We suggest that as computer interfaces become more "human-like," people who use those interfaces may change their own personas in response to them.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Designing the user interface strategies for effective human-computer interaction
Shneiderman, B. (1998) · SIGB · doi:10.1145/25065.950626 · Cited by 4,680
Measurement and Control of Response Bias
Paulhus, D. L. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50006-x · Cited by 3,867
The Journal of social psychology
Online, T. F. (1930) · Cited by 2,316
Computers are social actors
Nass, C., Steuer, J., & Tauber, E. R. (1994) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/191666.191703 · Cited by 2,148
Measures of Self-Esteem
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991) · Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50008-3 · Cited by 1,833
Questions and answers in attitude surveys: Experiments on question form, wording, and context
(1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90054-w · Cited by 1,718
Analysis, synthesis, and perception of voice quality variations among female and male talkers
Klatt, D. H., & Klatt, L. C. (1990) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.398894 · Cited by 1,680
Tcl and the Tk Toolkit
Ousterhout, J. K. (1994) · Cited by 1,627
Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review
Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457 · Cited by 1,621
CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face recognition.
Morton, J., & Johnson, M. H. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.164 · Cited by 1,115

Show all 49 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

Backstrom, C. H. & Hursh-Cesar, G. (1981). Survey research (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Deiner, E., Fraser, S. C., Beaman, A. L. & Kelem, R. T. (1976). Effects of deindividusting variables on stealing by Halloween Mck-or-treaters. Journal of PGrsomZily and SoGfal ~ d r o l o ~ , 33,178-183.
Hall, A. (1979). Gender, gender roles, and nonverbal communication skills. In R. d osenthal (Ed.), Skid in ~nwrbal cmmunicatidn (pp. 32-67). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
Holroyd K. A., 1978, Cognitive TlCrrapr and Research, 3, 165
Kiesler S., 1986, Arblic Opinion Quarterly, 50, 243
10.1037//0033-295X.98.2.164 · DOI
Oren, T., Salomon, G. & Kreitman, K. (1990). Guides: Characterizing the interface. In B. Laurel (Ed.), Tlu art of human-computcr interface d u e (pp. 367-381). New York: Addison-Wesley.
O'Sullivan M., 1985, Journal of Personality and Social Psyhlogy, 48, 5442
Snell W. E., Jr., 1989, Scx Rolcs, 27, 467
Zajonc R., 1965, Scicnte, 149, 269

Sorted by citations

Sensitive questions in surveys.
Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 · Cited by 3,057
Who Sees Human?: The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism
Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369336 · Cited by 1,228
Manipulating perceived social presence through the web interface and its impact on attitude towards online shopping.
Hassanein, K., & Head, M. (2007) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.11.018 · Cited by 986
Selective self-presentation in computer-mediated communication: Hyperpersonal dimensions of technology, language, and cognition
Walther, J. B. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.05.002 · Cited by 915
A meta-analytic study of social desirability distortion in computer-administered questionnaires, traditional questionnaires, and interviews.
Richman, W. L., Kiesler, S. B., Weisband, S. P., & Drasgow, F. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.754 · Cited by 821
Self-citation
Evaluating Anthropomorphic Product Recommendation Agents: A Social Relationship Perspective to Designing Information Systems
Qiu, L., & Benbasat, I. (2009) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222250405 · Cited by 737
Can a Retail Web Site Be Social?
Wang, L. C., Baker, J., Wagner, J. A., & Wakefield, K. (2007) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.71.3.143 · Cited by 672
The effect of police body-worn cameras on use of force and citizens’ complaints against the police: A randomized controlled trial
Ariel, B., Farrar, W. A., & Sutherland, A. (2015) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3 · Cited by 621
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
Dehn, D. M., & van Mulken, S. (2000) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0325 · Cited by 567
Institution-based trust in interorganizational exchange relationships: the role of online B2B marketplaces on trust formation
Pavlou, P. A. (2002) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(02)00017-3 · Cited by 510
Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: Developing and validating an alternative to the Godspeed indices
Ho, C.-C., & MacDorman, K. F. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.015 · Cited by 532
All robots are not created equal
DiSalvo, C. F., Gemperle, F., Forlizzi, J., & Kiesler, S. B. (2002) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/778712.778756 · Cited by 498
Self-citation
Alexa, she's not human but… Unveiling the drivers of consumers' trust in voice‐based artificial intelligence
Pitardi, V., & Marriott, H. R. (2021) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21457 · Cited by 455
Being with virtual others: Neural correlates of social interaction
Schilbach, L., Wohlschlaeger, A. M., Kraemer, N., Newen, A., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. T. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.017 · Cited by 459
Humanizing brands: When brands seem to be like me, part of me, and in a relationship with me
MacInnis, D. J., & Folkes, V. S. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2016.12.003 · Cited by 512
Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words?
Walther, J. B., SLOVACEK, C. L., & Tidwell, L. C. (2001) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365001028001004 · Cited by 433
Faces engage us
Bakhshi, S., Shamma, D. A., & Gilbert, É. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557403 · Cited by 408
The Effect of Behavioral Realism and Form Realism of Real-Time Avatar Faces on Verbal Disclosure, Nonverbal Disclosure, Emotion Recognition, and Copresence in Dyadic Interaction
Bailenson, J. N., Yee, N., Merget, D., & Schroeder, R. (2006) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.15.4.359 · Cited by 399
“It doesn’t matter what you are!” Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., Gratch, J., & Kang, S.-H. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.012 · Cited by 389
Interactivity in human–computer interaction: a study of credibility, understanding, and influence
Burgoon, J. K., Bonito, J. A., Bengtsson, B., Cederberg, C., Lundeberg, M., & Allspach, L. E. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00029-7 · Cited by 385
Social cognition unbound: insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization
Waytz, A., Epley, N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721409359302 · Cited by 273
Internet interventions: In review, in use, and into the future.
Ritterband, L. M., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Cox, D. J., Clifton, A. D., West, R. W., & Borowitz, S. M. (2003) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.34.5.527 · Cited by 352
How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations
Gong, L. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.007 · Cited by 338
Social Dialongue with Embodied Conversational Agents
Bickmore, T., & Cassell, J. (2005) · Text, Speech and Language Technology · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3933-6_2 · Cited by 324
Steps to take before intelligent user interfaces become real
Höök, K. (2000) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/s0953-5438(99)00006-5 · Cited by 322
Source Orientation in Human-Computer Interaction
Sundar, S. S., & Nass, C. (2000) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365000027006001 · Cited by 311
Understanding adoption of intelligent personal assistants
Han, S.-Y., & Yang, H. (2018) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-05-2017-0214 · Cited by 317
Effectiveness of an Empathic Chatbot in Combating Adverse Effects of Social Exclusion on Mood
de Gennaro, M., Krumhuber, E. G., & Lucas, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03061 · Cited by 265
Like a camera in the sky? Thinking about God increases public self-awareness and socially desirable responding
Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.006 · Cited by 278
Self-disclosure, Privacy and the Internet
Joinson, A., & Paine, C. B. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0016 · Cited by 264
Relational agents : effecting change through human-computer relationships
Bickmore, T. (2003) · Cited by 252
Uncanny Valley Effects on Chatbot Trust, Purchase Intention, and Adoption Intention in the Context of E-Commerce: The Moderating Role of Avatar Familiarity
Song, S. W., & Shin, M. (2024) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2121038 · Cited by 244
A meta-analysis of the impact of the inclusion and realism of human-like faces on user experiences in interfaces
Yee, N., Bailenson, J. N., & Rickertsen, K. (2007) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1240624.1240626 · Cited by 243
The Persona Effect: How Substantial Is It?
van Mulken, S., André, E., & Müller, J. M. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3605-7_4 · Cited by 235
The Nature and Consequences of Trade-Off Transparency in the Context of Recommendation Agents1
Xu, D. J., Benbasat, I., & Cenfetelli, R. T. (2014) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2014/38.2.03 · Cited by 230
"Phantom Friend" or "Just a Box with Information": Personification and Ontological Categorization of Smart Speaker-based Voice Assistants by Older Adults
Pradhan, A., Findlater, L., & Lazar, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359316 · Cited by 223
Negotiating via Information Technology: Theory and Application
Thompson, L., & Nadler, J. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00251 · Cited by 210
Tell Me About Yourself
Xiao, Z., Zhou, M. X., Liao, Q. V., Mark, G. J., Chi, C., Chen, W., & Yang, H. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3381804 · Cited by 206
A prisoner's dilemma experiment on cooperation with people and human-like computers.
Kiesler, S. B., Sproull, L. S., & Waters, K. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.47 · Cited by 202
Self-citation
Texting with Humanlike Conversational Agents: Designing for Anthropomorphism
Seeger, A.-M., University of Mannheim, G., Pfeiffer, J., Justus Liebig University Giessen, G., Heinzl, A., & University of Mannheim, G. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00685 · Cited by 200
Product intelligence: its conceptualization, measurement and impact on consumer satisfaction
Rijsdijk, S. A., Hultink, E. J., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2007) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-007-0040-6 · Cited by 201
Decision support aids with anthropomorphic characteristics influence trust and performance in younger and older adults
Pak, R., Fink, N. P., Price, M. M., Bass, B. M., & Sturre, L. (2012) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2012.691554 · Cited by 204
How to leverage anthropomorphism for chatbot service interfaces: The interplay of communication style and personification
Janson, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107954 · Cited by 187
Self disclosure on computer forms
Weisband, S. P., & Kiesler, S. B. (1996) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/238386.238387 · Cited by 178
Self-citation
Trusting Virtual Agents: The Effect of Personality
Zhou, M. X., Mark, G., Li, J., & Yang, H. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3232077 · Cited by 176
The Role of Interface in Electronic Commerce: Consumer Involvement with Print Versus On-Line Catalogs
Griffith, D. A., Krampf, R. F., & Palmer, J. W. (2001) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2001.11044219 · Cited by 172
Design of animated pedagogical agents—A look at their look
Gulz, A., & Haake, M. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.08.006 · Cited by 169
When a Talking-Face Computer Agent is Half-Human and Half-Humanoid: Human Identity and Consistency Preference
Gong, L., & Nass, C. (2007) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00295.x · Cited by 168
The Influence of Anthropomorphism and Agency on Social Judgment in Virtual Environments
Nowak, K. L. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00284.x · Cited by 174
Visualizing conversation
Donath, J., Karahalios, K. G., & Viégas, F. B. (2003) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.1999.772675 · Cited by 164
Contributing to Public Document Repositories: A Critical Mass Theory Perspective
Peddibhotla, N. B., & Subramani, M. (2007) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840607076002 · Cited by 163
Self-citation
Disinhibition and the Internet
Joinson, A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369425-6/50023-0 · Cited by 174
Interface agents as social models for female students: The effects of agent visual presence and appearance on female students’ attitudes and beliefs
Rosenberg‐Kima, R. B., Baylor, A. L., Plant, E. A., & Doerr, C. E. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.03.017 · Cited by 164
Personification of the Amazon Alexa: BFF or a Mindless Companion
Lopatovska, I., & Williams, H. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Human Information Interaction&Retrieval - CHIIR '18 · doi:10.1145/3176349.3176868 · Cited by 160
Revealing sensitive information in personal interviews: Is self-disclosure easier with humans or avatars and under what conditions?
Pickard, M. D., Roster, C. A., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.004 · Cited by 157
User involvement and user satisfaction with information-seeking activity
Santosa, P. I., Wei, K., & Chan, H. C. (2005) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000545 · Cited by 154
The influence of conversational agent embodiment and conversational relevance on socially desirable responding
Schuetzler, R. M., Giboney, J. S., Grimes, G. M., & Nunamaker, J. F. (2018) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2018.08.011 · Cited by 154
“When a CA is given a facial representation, it makes the CA appear more humanlike [57] and increases the naturalness of the communication [58].”
Method
Gender affordances of conversational agents
Brahnam, S., & Angeli, A. D. (2012) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2012.05.001 · Cited by 158
Using a computer simulation for teaching communication skills: A blinded multisite mixed methods randomized controlled trial
Kron, F. W., Fetters, M. D., Scerbo, M. W., White, C. B., Lypson, M. L., Padilla, M. A., Gliva‐McConvey, G. A., Belfore, L. A., West, T. D., Wallace, A. M., et al. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.024 · Cited by 163
A theoretical model of differential social attributions toward computing technology: when the metaphor becomes the model
Marakas, G. M., Johnson, R. D., & Palmer, J. W. (2000) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0348 · Cited by 151
Evaluating the persona effect of an interface agent in a tutoring system
Moundridou, M., & Virvou, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1046/j.0266-4909.2001.00237.x · Cited by 141
I hate you! Disinhibition with virtual partners
Angeli, A. D., & Brahnam, S. (2008) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2008.02.004 · Cited by 140
Have We Crossed the Uncanny Valley? Understanding Affinity, Trustworthiness, and Preference for Realistic Digital Humans in Immersive Environments
Seymour, M., Yuan, L., Dennis, A. R., & Riemer, K. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00674 · Cited by 155
Generative AI and human–robot interaction: implications and future agenda for business, society and ethics
Obrenovic, B., Gu, X., Wang, G., Godinić, D., & Jakhongirov, I. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01889-0 · Cited by 171
Cooperating with life-like interface agents
Parise, S., Kiesler, S. B., Sproull, L. S., & Waters, K. (1999) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(98)00035-1 · Cited by 137
Self-citation
Human-Agent and Human-Robot Interaction Theory: Similarities to and Differences from Human-Human Interaction
Krämer, N. C., von der Pütten, A., & Eimler, S. (2012) · Studies in Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25691-2_9 · Cited by 135
Perceiving artificial social agents
Holtgraves, T. M., Ross, S. J., Weywadt, C. R., & Han, T. L. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.02.017 · Cited by 131
Five Design Principles for Experiments on the Effects of Animated Pedagogical Agents
Clark, R. E., & Choi, S. (2005) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.2190/7lrm-3br2-44gw-9qqy · Cited by 137
Does Humanity Matter? Analyzing the Importance of Social Cues and Perceived Agency of a Computer System for the Emergence of Social Reactions during Human-Computer Interaction
Appel, J., von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., & Gratch, J. S. (2012) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2012/324694 · Cited by 133
Humanizing self-administered surveys: experiments on social presence in web and IVR surveys
Tourangeau, R., Couper, M. P., & Steiger, D. M. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00032-8 · Cited by 129
Beyond the Usefulness of Branded Applications: Insights from Consumer–Brand Engagement and Self‐construal Perspectives
Fang, Y. (2016) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20972 · Cited by 128
Designing motivational agents: The role of praise, social comparison, and embodiment in computer feedback
Mumm, J., & Mutlu, B. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.002 · Cited by 125
Personalizing e-Learning. The Social Effects of Pedagogical Agents
Krämer, N. C., & Bente, G. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9123-x · Cited by 124
The use of virtual characters to assess and train non-verbal communication in high-functioning autism
Georgescu, A. L., Kuzmanovic, B., Roth, D., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00807 · Cited by 123
Personalization, authentication and self-disclosure in self-administered Internet surveys
Joinson, A., Woodley, A., & Reips, U. (2004) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.012 · Cited by 126
Perceiving Minds and Gods
Gervais, W. M. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613489836 · Cited by 127
Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters
Vugt, H. C. V., Konijn, E. A., Hoorn, J. F., Keur, I., & Eliëns, A. (2006) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.005 · Cited by 116
Social Facilitation Effects of Virtual Humans
Park, S. M., & Catrambone, R. (2007) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872007x249910 · Cited by 115
Smile and the world will smile with you—The effects of a virtual agent‘s smile on users’ evaluation and behavior
Krämer, N. C., Kopp, S., Becker-Asano, C., & Sommer, N. (2012) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.09.006 · Cited by 124
Effects of visual and linguistic anthropomorphic cues on social perception, self-awareness, and information disclosure in a health website
Sah, Y. J., & Peng, W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.055 · Cited by 113
Evaluating a realistic agent in an advice-giving task
Berry, D. C., Butler, L. T., & de Rosis, F. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.03.006 · Cited by 113
Service encounters with virtual agents: an examination of perceived humanness as a source of customer satisfaction
Söderlund, M., & Oikarinen, E.-L. (2021) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-09-2019-0748 · Cited by 120
On‐screen characters: their design and influence on consumer trust
Luo, J. T., Mcgoldrick, P. J., Beatty, S., & Keeling, K. A. (2006) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040610657048 · Cited by 111
Self-Guided Web-Based Interventions: Scoping Review on User Needs and the Potential of Embodied Conversational Agents to Address Them
Scholten, M. R., Kelders, S. M., & Van Gemert-Pijnen, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7351 · Cited by 97
“Multiple studies have supported this notion by demonstrating that users preferred to interact with a “talking face” instead of a text-only interface [64], an anthropomorphic agent together with a human voice has led to greater agent credibility [55], and visible agents have led to greater positive…”
Background
Trust in AI Agent: A Systematic Review of Facial Anthropomorphic Trustworthiness for Social Robot Design
Song, Y., & Luximon, Y. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185087 · Cited by 113
The impact of avatar realism and anonymity on effective communication via mobile devices
Kang, S.-H., & Watt, J. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.010 · Cited by 93
Giving an “e-human touch” to e-tailing: The moderating roles of static information quantity and consumption motive in the effectiveness of an anthropomorphic information agent
Sivaramakrishnan, S., Wan, F., & Tang, Z. (2007) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1002/dir.20075 · Cited by 106
How Is Believability of a Virtual Agent Related to Warmth, Competence, Personification, and Embodiment?
Demeure, V., Niewiadomski, R., & Pélachaud, C. (2011) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres_a_00065 · Cited by 108
Examining the Use of Nonverbal Communication in Virtual Agents
Wang, I., & Ruiz, J. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1898851 · Cited by 103
Keeping it between us: Managerial endorsement of public versus private voice.
Isaakyan, S., Sherf, E. N., Tangirala, S., & Guenter, H. (2021) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000816 · Cited by 100
THEORY OF COMPANIONS: WHAT CAN THEORETICAL MODELS CONTRIBUTE TO APPLICATIONS AND UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION?
Krämer, N. C., Eimler, S. C., von der Pütten, A. M., & Payr, S. (2011) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2011.587153 · Cited by 109
Modeling Multimodal Expression of User’s Affective Subjective Experience
Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Lisetti, C. (2002) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1023/a:1013365332180 · Cited by 97
Attractive Agents Are More Persuasive
Khan, R., & Sutcliffe, A. (2013) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2013.839904 · Cited by 105
Effects of brand anthropomorphism on consumer-brand relationships on social networking site fan pages: The mediating role of social presence
Kim, T., Sung, Y., & Moon, J. H. (2020) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2020.101406 · Cited by 112
The more humanlike, the better? How speech type and users’ cognitive style affect social responses to computers
Lee, E. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.003 · Cited by 94
Looking at human–computer interface design: Effects of ethnicity in computer agents
Pratt, J. A., Hauser, K., Ugray, Z., & Patterson, O. V. (2007) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2007.02.003 · Cited by 90
Automatic intention recognition in conversation processing☆
Holtgraves, T. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.001 · Cited by 93
Reflecting on Connecting: Meta-Analysis of Differences Between Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Self-Disclosure
Ruppel, E. K., Gross, C., Stoll, A., Peck, B., Allen, M. R., & Kim, S. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12179 · Cited by 92
Envisioning the Survey Interview of the Future
(2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470183373 · Cited by 95
User evaluation: Synthetic talking faces for interactive services
Pandzic, I. S., Östermann, J., & Millen, D. R. (1999) · The Visual Computer · doi:10.1007/s003710050182 · Cited by 91

Authors: Sproull, L., Subramani, M., Kiesler, S., Walker, J., & Waters, K.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Carnegie Mellon University (US)
ORCID: Subramani, Mani
Venue: Human-Computer Interaction
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1996-06-01
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 97-124
ISSN: 0737-0024 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1207/s15327051hci1102_1
OpenAlex: W2121965518
Cited by: 399
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 10.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
Keywords: person perception, social facilitation, self-presentation, arousal, personality attribution, personas

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

When the Interface Is a Face

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks