The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

“To exert control on the effects of implicit attitudes, cognitive and time resources are important, as described earlier, but motivation is also a crucial factor in exerting control over the effects of implicit processes for an extended period of time (Blair, 2002).”

“A self-esteem IAT was applied as a measure of implicit selfesteem (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) as it has been shown to be context-sensitive (Blair, 2002; Franck, De Raedt, & De Houwer, 2008) and to have good psychometric properties (Bosson et al., 2000).”

“The good news is that the neural mechanisms of social identity are malleable (Blair, 2002).”

“In the context of counterstereotype training paradigms used to reduce racial or gender bias (Blair, 2002; Forscher et al., 2019; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Lai et al., 2016; Paluck & Green, 2009), it is noteworthy that our training paired exem-plars with behaviors rather than traits (as is…”

“Implicit biases are malleable; however, individuals must be aware of their biases, motivated to control them, and concerned about the consequences of their bias (Blair, 2002).”

“Such findings appear to lend support to researchers who believe individuals can either control category activation (Bargh 1994; Blair 2002; van Ryn and Fu 2003; Wegner and Bargh 1998), or once a category is activated can engage in category inhibition to suppress the application of their expectancy (e.”

“089892999563373 Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice.”

“In line with research showing that implicit associations are not fixed or rigid (Blair 2002; Gawronski and Bodenhausen 2006), these findings emphasize the malleability of the implicit self-concept (see also McCall and Dasgupta 2007).”

“When working with students, it is key to view them as individuals and with empathy towards their unique backgrounds [28-31].”

“Beyond these chronic sources, other factors may produce relatively short-term shifts in response tendencies (see Blair, 2002, for a review). In particular, situational constraints and salient social norms have been found to influence various automatic responses to out-group cues. For example, Lowery, Hardin, and Sincl…”

“Strategies such as open communication, pro-diversity valuation, and the contact hypothesis reduce barriers to communication, inducing members to get to know each other as individuals rather than relying on generalized stereotypes (Blair 2002).”

“It is possible that physical features of the photographed models (eg, facial expression, hairstyle, hand gestures), rather than skin color alone, influenced urologists’ recommendations.(31) Even if this were the case, however, it is nonetheless important that a patient’s superficial characteristics would have had such…”

“But subsequent research suggests that implicit attitudes are malleable, to various extents (Blair 2002; Chapman et al. 2018; Dasgupta and Greenwald 2001; Forscher et al. 2018; Frankish 2016; Lai et al. 2013; Lenton et al. 2009; Olson and Fazio 2006).”

“Furthermore, the role of situational moderators and the influence of cognitive capacity have been discussed scientifically (51).”

“negative stereotype cues, threats could be reduced and cognitive performance improved [34], [35], and [36].”

“However, even though non-gendering might be the desirable approach in robot design, gender associations might still come as unintended side effects [17].”

“For examples, they are subject to priming effects (Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001) as well as variations in focus of attention (Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 2001; for a review, see Blair, 2002).”

“As in Blair and Banaji (1996), attributes were balanced with regard to valence, with an additional set of attribute stimuli of neutral valence.”

“Indeed, responses on implicit measures have long been known to be highly context-sensitive (Blair, 2002; Gawronski & Sritharan, 2010) and research using latent-state–trait modeling suggests that the total amount of systematic construct variance on implicit measures comprises a mix of…”

“…associative system has been challenged in several lines of early and contemporary empirical work focusing on (a) debiasing interventions (e.g., Blair, 2002); (b) the goaldependent nature of implicit evaluation (e.g., Ferguson & Bargh, 2008; Moskowitz, 2014); and (c) the rapid revision of…”

“Inference making is sensitive to contextual cues (Blair 2002).”

“1177/1368430208095402 In recent years, a lot of effort has been devoted to the investigation of contextual moderation of automatic intergroup bias (Amodio & Devine, 2006; Blair, 2002).”

“Although stereotypes and prejudice have been shown to rely on automatic processes, individuals can control stereotyping and prejudice at least to some extent (for an overview, see Blair, 2002).”

“There is strong evidence that implicit bias may be malleable in response to a variety of manipulations (Blair, 2002).”

“Research has demonstrated that implicit/automatic evaluations and attitudes can be influenced by a number of situational factors such as context (for reviews, see Blair, 2002; Gawronski & Sritharan, 2010).”

“…unintentionally despite conscious non - prejudiced attitudes ( see for example Gaertner and Dovidio 1986; Devine and Monteith 1993; Bargh 1999; Blair 2002 ) , many of these projects fall under the category unconscious bias training and address the issue of raising self - awareness of such…”

“Implicit biases are attitudes or stereotypes that unconsciously affect actions and decisions, leading to both favorable and unfavorable evaluations of people (Blair 2002).”

“Dissonance interventions targeting race have found only modest associations between implicit and explicit attitudes (18,22), supporting the idea that the automatic and consciously held attitudes and beliefs arise from different processes (23).”

“Over the past decade, a number of studies have shown that stereotypical knowledge can be dynamically updated on the basis of new information about a target group (Blair, 2002; Diekman & Eagly, 2000; Hugenberg, Blusiewicz, & Sacco, 2010).”

“Collectively, these studies demonstrate that category activation can best be characterized as a conditionally automatic mental process (Blair, 2002).”

“Behavioral studies of social role theory, however, suggest that diverse experiences promote stereotype malleability (e.g., Blair, 2002; Koenig & Eagly, 2014).”

“Increasing the positive visibility of members of a stigmatized group and providing counter-stereotypical examples have been shown to reduce implicit biases (e.g., Blair, 2002; Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001).”

“There is now a robust body of evidence on implicit bias documenting the automatic operation of stereotypes and prejudices (Blair, 2002; Gawronski et al., 2006).”

“Recent research contradicts this by revealing that stereotypes as assessed with implicit measures (more immune to intentional response bias) are also context sensitive (Blair, 2002).”

“…model, research studies have demonstrated that low-prejudiced individuals who are highly internally motivated to control their prejudices can learn to reduce their automatic stereotyping and behaviors with repeated practice over time Ramsey, Latting / INTERGROUP COMPETENCIES 269 (Blair, 2002).”

“One possibility is that our faking instructions led to a real change of the (implicit) attitude as measured by the evaluativepriming task (cf. Blair, 2002; Stewart & Payne, 2008) rather than to strategic control over the measurement outcome.”

“Likewise, IAT responses are modified when people are motivated to enhance their self-image or to emphasize their positive relationship with other individuals (e.g., Blair, 2002).”

“On the other hand, there are data suggesting that cognitive performance is more mutable and could in principle be aVected by completing an explicit scale Wrst (Blair, 2002; Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001).”

“Stereotypes are often reflective of peoples’ general attitudes (Blair 2002; Devine 1989; Greenwald and Banaji 1995) and research suggests that confidence in government is closely tied to stereotypes (Lerman 2019).”

“) factors can change individual’s perception and evaluation of outgroup members (Blair 2002; Fiske 2003; Kunda and Spencer 2003).”

“Indeed, although implicit evaluations were originally assumed to be largely fixed due to their slow accretion over long periods of time, evidence quickly mounted showing a number of ways in which they are malleable (Blair, 2002).”

“For Tomlin et al. 545 issues of prejudice (one heuristic/bias), it seems that small, but frequent, interventions may be most promising (e.g., Blair, 2002; Dasgupta & Asgari, 2004; Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001).”

“As with other instruments, interpretations must acknowledge that the IAT can also tap stereotypical beliefs that people have been exposed to in their environment (Blair, 2002).”

“However, even at this early stage of research, it was understood that implicit attitudes can be temporarily modulated by environmental cues, such as the presence of an experimenter with a stigmatized social identity or the prospect of interacting with someone from a stigmatized group [19].”

“This lack of effect of an anxiety induction on an anxiety-related IAT is at odds with evidence for strong effects of situational manipulations on the IAT in social psychological research on attitudes and stereotypes (e.g. Blair, 2002).”

“How then does this observation speak to broader theoretical accounts of the person perception process (Bargh, 1999; Blair, 2002; Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Macrae & Bodenhausen, 2000)?”

“Third, Blair (2002) showed that implicit measures are sensitive to contextual manipulations.”

“Recent research in social psychology has shown automatic stereotypes to be malleable (for a review, see Blair [16]).”

“Majority residents’ contact with ethnic minority neighbors is expected to reinforce positive implicit associations (Blair, 2002; Dasgupta, 2013; Greenwald & Krieger, 2006) and could therefore counteract stereotypes that link ethnic minorities to disorder and crime.”

“These measures typically suffer from low reliability, which may be due to the fact that they do not take into account the context dependency of evaluations (Blair, 2002; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 2001).”

“As mentioned above, a number of studies have demonstrated stereotype activation using semantic priming techniques (see Bargh, 1999; Blair, 2002; Macrae & Bodenhausen, 2000).”

“This lacuna seems surprising given recent research showing that exposure to counterstereotypic individuals can create substantial malleability in automatic stereotypes, at least temporarily changing patterns of stereotypic associations (Blair, 2002; Fazio & Olson, 2003; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006). For example, Bla…”

“An impressive number of studies indicate that features present in a specific context can influence the associative meaning of a concept in a task (e.g., Blair, 2002; Elliot & Maier, 2014; Frühholz, Trautmann-Lengsfeld, & Herrmann, 2011; Lakens, Fockenberg, Lemmens, Ham, & Midden, 2013).”