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The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

Blair, Irene V.·2002·Personality and Social Psychology Review

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Abstract

The present article reviews evidence for the malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. In contrast to assumptions that such responses are fixed and inescapable, it is shown that automatic stereotypes and prejudice are influenced by, (a) self- and social motives, (b) specific strategies, (c) the perceiver's focus of attention, and (d) the configuration of stimulus cues. In addition, group members' individual characteristics are shown to influence the extent to which (global) stereotypes and prejudice are automatically activated. This evidence has significant implications for conceptions of automaticity, models of stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude representation. The review concludes with the description of an initial model of early social information processing.

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“Over a decade of research now suggests that implicit attitudes are more malleable than initially thought and are highly susceptible to context (Blair, 2002).”
Background
Behind the blue shadow: a theoretical perspective for detecting police suicide.
Violanti, J. M., Mnatsakanova, A., & Andrew, M. E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 7
The density of social networks moderates effects of intergroup contact
Stark, T. (2016) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.004 · Cited by 7
“…network are ubtyped out of their racial group because they are not considered representative of their group (Hewstone, 1994) or that igher density leads to more individuating information about the outgroup friend, which might reduce the salience of the utgroup membership (Blair, 2002; Fiske, 1993).”
Why Representation Matters: The Meaning of Ethnic Quotas in Rural India
Chauchard, S. (2017) · Cited by 7
Development of implicit personality
Rauthmann, J. F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00032-6 · Cited by 8
Evidentiality in Nambikwara Languages
Eberhard, D. M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.17 · Cited by 7
Evidentiality in Korean
Sohn, H. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.33 · Cited by 7
Direct versus Indirect Well-Being Measures: Using Partially Structured Stimuli to Evaluate Well-Being
Bajo, M., Stavraki, M., Blanco, A., & Díaz, D. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00332-7 · Cited by 7
“In addition, some researchers have questioned the inability of participants to deliberately modify their scores (e.g., Blair 2002; Fiedler et al.”
Background
Implicit Social Cognition
Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197501573.003.0017 · Cited by 8
Multimodal Mental Imagery
Nánay, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198809500.003.0013 · Cited by 7
Can singular examples change implicit attitudes in the real-world?
Roos, L. E., Lebrecht, S., Tanaka, J. W., & Tarr, M. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00594 · Cited by 7
“A comprehensive review by Blair and colleagues includes a meta-analysis of such studies and concludes there is a strong case for the short-term malleability of attitudes in response to the perceiver’s motives and strategies (Blair, 2002).”
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Evidentiality and Information Source in Signed Languages
Wilcox, S. E., & Shaffer, B. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.36 · Cited by 7
Non-Propositional Evidentiality
Jacques, G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.5 · Cited by 8
Changing implicit attitudes by repeated approach or avoidance
Ozaki, Y. (2006) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.45.98 · Cited by 7
The Value of Indirect Measures for Assessing Food Preferences in Abnormal Eating
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“As Blair (2002) reviews, very subtle context manipulations can infl uence the outcome of indirect measures.”
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Women in Politics: The Effect on Board DiversityPreprint
Kedia, S., & Pareek, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3744512 · Cited by 7
“We, therefore, draw on the literature that examines the malleability of stereotypes and prejudices and how they respond to social and contextual influences (see Blair (2002) for a review).”
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Hunt, C. V., Borgida, E., & Lavine, H. G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375000-6.00331-1 · Cited by 7
Ideology and the Microfoundations of Conflict
Müller, V., & Gries, T. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197670187.001.0001 · Cited by 6
Selective stereotype activation: The joint impact of interpersonal goals and task context
Bukowski, M., Moya, M., de Lemus, S., & Szmajke, A. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.585 · Cited by 6
Implicit Environmental Attitudes: Critique and Technique to Promote Awareness
Wilson, T. L., & Smith, T. H. (2017) · IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.22492/ijpbs.3.1.02 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, it appears IAT measurements can be deliberately reduced and reversed (Blair, 2002; Blair, Ma, & Lenton, 2001).”
Background
Evidentiality in Formosan Languages
Pan, C.-J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.31 · Cited by 6
As Clear as Black and White: Racially Disparate Concerns Over Career Progression for Remote Workers Across Racial Faultlines
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“Furthermore, substantial research shows that while negative stereotypes are easily triggered by cues about Blacks (Kawakami et al., 2000), implicit prejudice and stereotyping can be reduced through high exposure to Black faces (Blair, 2002).”
Background
El Amigo y El Esé: Stereotyping of the “Criminal Immigrant”
Caraballo, K., & Topalli, V. (2023) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548231180631 · Cited by 6
“Stereotyping—the perception of individuals based on their group membership (Blair, 2002) and prejudice—the behavioral outcome of such perceptions (Fiske, 1998) has been implicated in an array of discriminatory attitudes and behaviors across social contexts.”
Background
Increasing the Validity of Implicit Measures: New Solutions for Assessment, Conceptualization, and Action Explanation
Meißner, F., & Rothermund, K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.028 · Cited by 6

Authors: Blair, I. V.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author: Blair, Irene V.
ORCID: Blair, Irene V.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 242-261
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8
OpenAlex: W2109792558
Cited by: 1,152
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 82.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: prejudice, automaticity, social motives, attentional focus, stimulus cues, individual differences, attitude representation

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The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

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