Cited by 1,152Social and Intergroup PsychologySocial Power and Status DynamicsDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

Blair, Irene V.·2002·Personality and Social Psychology Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The present article reviews evidence for the malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. In contrast to assumptions that such responses are fixed and inescapable, it is shown that automatic stereotypes and prejudice are influenced by, (a) self- and social motives, (b) specific strategies, (c) the perceiver's focus of attention, and (d) the configuration of stimulus cues. In addition, group members' individual characteristics are shown to influence the extent to which (global) stereotypes and prejudice are automatically activated. This evidence has significant implications for conceptions of automaticity, models of stereotyping and prejudice, and attitude representation. The review concludes with the description of an initial model of early social information processing.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8

Cites

102 of 102 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Journal of personality and social psychology
Armstrong, J. (1988) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(88)90126-4 · Cited by 10,544
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Untitled work
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Social psychology: handbook of basic principles
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3595 · Cited by 4,970
Handbook of social psychology
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3182 · Cited by 4,740
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
Handbook of personality theory and research
Wilson, G. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90043-b · Cited by 3,562
Toward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466

Show all 96 references

Research works printed but not linked: 19

Abelson, R. P., 1989, Attitude strength and function, 361
Allport, G. W., 1954, The nature of prejudice
Bargh, J. A., 1989, Unintended thought, 3
Bargh, J. A., 1997, Advances in social cognition, 1
Bodenhausen, G. V., 1998, Advances in social cognition, 1
Brewer, M. B., 1988, Advances in Social Cognition, 1, 1
Carpenter, S., annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology
Devine, P. G., 1999, Dual process theories in social psychology, 339
Fazio, R. H., 1989, Attitude strength and function, 153
Fiske, S. T., 1999, Dual-process theories in social psychology, 231
Fiske, S. T., 1984, Social cognition
Kinder, D. R., 1996, Divided by color
Krosnick, J. A., 1995, Attitude strength. Antecedents and consequences, 1
10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.5 · DOI
Logan, G. D., 1989, Unintended thought, 52
Mitchell, J. P., annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association
Smith, E. R., 1998, The handbook of social psychology, 391
Wasel, W., 1997, Sprache and Kognition, 3, 198
Webb, E. J. N. U., 1966, Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 998

Implicit Association Test
Jordan, C. H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1133 · Cited by 3
The fragility of implicit evaluation updating: The role of cognitive and ecological constraintsPreprint
Kurdi, B., Mann, T. C., Axt, J. R., & Ferguson, M. J. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mwfah · Cited by 5
Testing the interrelationship between area deprivation and ethnic disparities in sentencing
Pina-Sánchez, J., Morales, A., Guilfoyle, E., Veiga, A., & Geneletti, S. (2025) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12446 · Cited by 4
Students’ Gender and Social Background: Intersectional and Dominance Effects in Preservice Teachers’ Stereotypical Judgments
Glock, S., Dickert, J., & Kleen, H. (2025) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2025.2527110 · Cited by 2
“The phenomenon that different social contexts activate different categories is called context sensitivity and has long been discussed as a relevant factor in the field of attitude research (Blair, 2002).”
Diffusing Social Boundaries through Virtual Bodies: How Mixed Reality Embodied Experiences Can Foster Social Connection.
Stepanova, E. R., Desnoyers-Stewart, J., & Riecke, B. E. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791023 · Cited by 2
“Notably, these boundaries are flexible and can be shifted with minimal re-contextualization [11], focusing participants on their commonalities rather than their differences [43].”
Implications of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Stereotyping for Hate Crime Perpetration and Litigation Margaret Bull Kovera
Kovera, M. B. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46218-9_12 · Cited by 2
Implicit Bias and Hate Crimes: A Psychological Framework and Critical Race Theory Analysis
Hunt, J. S. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46218-9_13 · Cited by 2
Why Does Empathy Matter for Morality?
Isern‐Mas, C., & Gomila, A. (2019) · Análisis Filosófico · doi:10.36446/af.2019.310 · Cited by 2
Prejudice: Intra- and Interpersonal Aspects
McLean, A. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37745-8_2 · Cited by 2
Stereotypes, Ingroup Emotions and the Inner Predictive Machinery of Testimony
Araya, J. M., & Palacios, S. (2022) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-022-09798-x · Cited by 3
The Impact of a Short and Explicit Labeling Bias Video on Preservice Educator Behavioral Expectations
Fisher, A. E., Allday, R. A., Jones, M. E., & Samudre, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2022.2123324 · Cited by 2
“Possibly, the video did not serve as an effective “cue” in moving participants from automatic to deliberate thinking about labeling bias specifically, the message may have needed follow-up and reflection (Blair, 2002; Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001).”
Background
Soziale Kognition
Deutsch, R., & Roth, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65297-8_4 · Cited by 2
Facial first impressions are not mandatory: A priming investigation
Sharma, Y., Persson, L. M., Golubickis, M., Jalalian, P., Falbén, J. K., & Macrae, C. N. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105620 · Cited by 3
“Elsewhere, aspects of person perception — notably stereotype activation — have been shown to be highly sensitive to people ’ s processing goals (Blair, 2002; Bodenhausen & Macrae, 1998: Macrae & Bod-enhausen, 2000; Quadflieg & Macrae, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Effect of Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Stereotype Threat on Inhibitory Control in Individuals with Different Household Incomes
Wang, S., & Yang, D. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13121016 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, it is worth nothing that the psychological activities associated with stereotypes are not entirely automatic, instead being controlled or inhibited consciously [28].”
Background
Partisan bias and evaluations of women in Congress
Wolak, J. (2023) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2023.2291374 · Cited by 2
“While some stereotypes are brought to mind so quickly that they are applied to our judgments outside of conscious awareness, in many cases we retain enough cognitive control to make choices to rely on some stereotypes and not rely on others (Blair 2002).”
Weight stigma: Do we believe that everyone can enjoy healthy behaviors?
Liu, P. J., & Haws, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104630 · Cited by 2
Acting for Reasons
Borg, E. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780198929031.001.0001 · Cited by 2
Les croyances à propos de la violence conjugale : des stéréotypes sexistes à l’utopie lesbienne
Eyraud, F., Casini, A., & Klein, O. (2024) · The Tocqueville Review/La revue Tocqueville · doi:10.3138/ttr.45.2.125 · Cited by 2
“Et si cela ne suffisait pas, de nombreux travaux (voir Blair, 2002, pour une revue) suggèrent que l’activation cognitive des stéréotypes sociaux est souvent un processus automatique, échappant largement à la conscience, de telle sorte que nous sommes souvent démunis face à leur influence sur le…”
Revisiting the Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
Axt, J. R., Posada, V. P., Roy, E., & To, J. (2025) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.70003 · Cited by 2
Towards a Mechanistic Account of Embodied Implicit Bias: Heterarchical Control Network and Its Implications for Intervention
Sechman, M. S., & Huang, L. T.-L. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10176-6 · Cited by 2
“For example, research has shown how visual cues can directly drive stereotype representations independently of the social category representations (Blair et al. 2002 ; Blair 2002), and we will review literature below on the subcortical and neuromodulatory influences on social perception.”
Direct Social Perception
Gallagher, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198846345.003.0007 · Cited by 2
How do urban people in China form stigmatization on rural-to-urban migrant children?
Gan, X. (2014) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 2
Fine-Tuning Advertising Designed to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness
Gelb, B. D. (2008) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2008.10505249 · Cited by 2
“Blair (2002) summarizes research in this area, including an approach characterized by Plant and Devine (1998) as communication that provides external motivation to respond without prejudice.”
Background
When Interdependence Shapes Social Perception: Cooperation and Competition Moderate Implicit Gender Stereotyping
de Lemus, S., & Bukowski, M. (2013) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.96 · Cited by 2
“More recent research has shown that this traditional pattern of stereotypes is malleable and contingent on different contextual factors even at the implicit level (i.e., Blair, 2002; de Lemus, Spears, Bukowski, Moya, & Lupiáñez, 2013; Lenton, Sedikides, & Bruder, 2009).”
Exploring the Brain Dynamics of Racial Stereotyping and Prejudice
Kubota, J. T., & Phelps, E. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00187-1 · Cited by 2
The Implicit Association Test for Conscientiousness: An indirect method of measuring personality
Anderson, R. D. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 2
Shopping While Black: Perceptions of Discrimination in Retail Settings
Davidson, E. F. (2007) · Cited by 2
Compensatory self-enhancement as a strategy for the multiple audience problem
Kasagi, Y., & Daibo, I. (2010) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.81.26 · Cited by 2
“…2人以上の観衆が同じ場面に存在するとき，人はどの観衆に合わせた自己呈示を行えばよいのかというジレンマに陥る，という問題である。例えば，ある男性教師が，自分の勤務している学校の生徒と，大学時代の友人に対して，異なる自己呈示を行っているとしよう。多くの場合，異なる印象を呈示している観衆同士は異なる場面に存在しており，生徒と友人とがお互いに出会う可能性は非常に低い。しかし，男性教師が友人と飲み騒いでいるところに生徒が偶然遭遇したとしたら，男性教師は深刻な自己呈示上のジレンマ，すなわち複数観衆問題に直面するであろう。また，上司が職場の部下と個人的に親しい友人になったとき，他の部下の反応を気にするあまり，職場以外…”
Marked: A Policy Capturing Investigation of Job Applicant Tattoos as Stigmatizing Marks in Blue and White Collar Employment
Whorton, R. P. (2015) · ScholarWorks@BGSU (Bowling Green State University) · Cited by 2
Women don't ask: But why aren't they willing to learn how? Validating a four-factor model
Simmer, J. D. (2013) · Cited by 2
Twenty-First Century Color Lines
Grant-Thomas, A., & Orfield, G. (2009) · Cited by 2
Health Law
Goodwin, M. B., & Duke, N. N. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511820595.007 · Cited by 2
Evidentiality in Algonquian
Junker, M.-O., Quinn, C. M., & Valentine, J. R. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.21 · Cited by 2
The asymmetry of causal and diagnostic inferences : A challenge for the study of implicit attitudes
Fidler, K. (2010) · Cited by 2
Gender Word Semantic Satiation Inhibits Facial Gender Information Processing
Zhao, L., Zhu, P., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000274 · Cited by 2
In My Feelings: Exploring Implicit Skin Tone Bias among Preservice Teachers
Crutchfield, J., Sparks, D. M., Williams, M., & Findley, E. (2021) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2021.1979456 · Cited by 3
“Pre-exposure to certain conditions or experiences can influence a participant’s score on the IAT (Blair 2002).”
Background
Consensus on an implicit bias and health disparities curriculum in neonatal medicine: a Delphi study
Mavis, S. C., Caruso, C. G., Carr, C. B., Dyess, N. F., French, H. M., Dadiz, R., Vasquez, M. M., Johnston, L., Gillam-Krakauer, M., Chess, P. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/s41372-022-01530-2 · Cited by 2
“IBs have been linked to health disparities [15, 16] but are potentially modifiable [17, 18], leading to a longstanding call for effective IB education of health professionals and HPE learners [9, 19–21], including within pediatrics [8] and its subspecialties such as neonatology [22].”
Background
Cognitive processing differences between stereotype activation and semantic activation
Chen, L., Li, W., Shi, X., & Han, M. (2022) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2022.2145199 · Cited by 2
“A growing number of studies have shown that stereotype activation depends on situational and social expectations and has great variability and plasticity (Blair, 2002; Stangor, 2009).”
Mental Imagery in Art
Nánay, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198809500.003.0031 · Cited by 2
Chinese Negative Reactions to Positive Gender Stereotypes: A Perspective of Psychological Reactance Theory
Wang, Z., Zhao, L., Zuo, G., & Guan, J. (2024) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843241242711 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, although stereotypes are different from prejudice in de ﬁ nition (see Blair, 2002), both positive gender stereotypes and the subtle form of gender prejudice (e.g., benevolent sexism) may have high similarities, such as appearing subjectively positive but harmful.”
Views on Ageing
Rothermund, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57507-5_3 · Cited by 2
Triadic family conversations about gender: Children as driving forces and messiness in messages they receive.
Groeneveld, M. G., van der Pol, L. D., de Vries, E. E., & Mesman, J. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000931 · Cited by 2
“Indeed, various experimental studies have refuted the notion that social attitudes about concepts such as gender and ethnicity are stable and invariant (e.g., Blair, 2002; Mitchell et al., 2003; Schwarz et al., 1998).”
Unconscious Mental Imagery
Nánay, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198809500.003.0004 · Cited by 2
An analysis of public relations discourse and its representations in popular culture
Dennison, M. (2012) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 2
Policy Implications of Implicit Social CognitionPreprint
Nosek, B. A., & Riskind, R. G. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1884665 · Cited by 2
Grounding Social EmbodimentPreprint
Lakens, D. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/46z3b · Cited by 2
English Canadian stereotyping of ethnic groups: The implications of warmth and competence stereotypes for intergroup affect, behaviour and attitudes
Kil, H. (2014) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3fq9qc24 · Cited by 2
What cognitive mechanisms do people reflect on when they predict IAT scores?Preprint
Rivers, A. M., & Hahn, A. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qhzrb · Cited by 2
Assessment of implicit bias and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies among counseling trainees
Boysen, G. A. (2006) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-15422 · Cited by 2
“Implicit bias is generally malleable depending on the assessment situation (Blair, 2002), and one study has specifically found that implicit bias was reduced by a course related to multicultural issues (Rudman et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Reducing implicit cognitive biases through the performing artsPreprint
García‐Arch, J., Ventura-Gabarró, C., Adamuz, P. L., Calvo, P. G., & Fuentemilla, L. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5swpu · Cited by 2
The Complex Ring of Jingle Bells: The Effects of Christmas on Implicit Bias Towards Racial, Religious, and Sexual MinoritiesPreprint
Primbs, M. A., Holland, R. W., Dudda, L. A., Peetz, H. K., Faure, R., & Bijlstra, G. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vc8sh · Cited by 2
Social Hierarchies, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Snellman, A. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2
The effect of repeated acute stress on aggressive behavior and its regulation mechanisms
Wu, L., CHENG, G., & Zhang, D. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.01358 · Cited by 1
A Model of Moderated Convergence between Explicit Dispositions, Implicit Dispositions, and Behavior
Schmitt, M., Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Gerstenberg, F. X. R., & Zinkernagel, A. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108885492.029 · Cited by 1
Muslim employees’ religious and intersectional identities as sources of discrimination: how deeper understanding can improve managerial practice
Gottardello, D., Cascón‐Pereira, R., & Anderson, D. (2025) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-05-2024-0349 · Cited by 3
I am, I am not: Strategies to cope with negative group labels
Cheng, G. D., Whitson, J., & Wang, C. S. (2025) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2025.104790 · Cited by 1
Women in Politics: The Effect on Board Diversity
Kedia, S., & Pareek, A. (2020) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109025102469 · Cited by 7
Threat and cognitive control in anti-Asian bias
Elahi, R. I., Benson, J. M., & Loebach, J. L. (2025) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2025.2601847 · Cited by 1
“…shown to be susceptible to participant-related factors, with results varying based on individuals’ familiarity and experience with the paradigm (Blair, 2002; Fiedler et al., 2006; Fiedler & Bluemke, 2005), or deliberate attempts to alter results (Fiedler et al., 2005, 2006; Röhner & Ewers,…”
Don’t mind her: firm anticipatory impression management strategies when announcing women CEOs
Arthur, M. M., Marchiondo, L. A., & Cook, A. (2026) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115945 · Cited by 1
Epistemic Injustice and Indigenous Epistemology
Narayanan, V. H. (2026) · Anthropology of Consciousness · doi:10.1111/anoc.70033 · Cited by 1
Stereotyping When It Fits: How Perceived Face—Label Match Shapes Mental Illness Judgments
Silva, D. D. C., & Garcia‐Marques, T. (2026) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2026.2641105 · Cited by 1
“This results conceptually replicate research documenting that the use of stereotypes may be constrain by the nature of the stimuli itself, in such that it does not fit expectations (Blair, 2002; .”
Crowd Evaluations of Entrepreneurs with Physical Disabilities: Stereotype Subtyping through the Lens of Benevolent Ableism
Stroe, S., Sirén, C. A., & Vanacker, T. R. (2026) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587261444756 · Cited by 2
“Stereotypes are not fixed, stable responses (Blair, 2002; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990).”
FAP with Sexual Minorities
Plummer, M. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5830-3_9 · Cited by 2
La evaluación del bienestar organizacional. Instrumentos de medición explícitos e implícitos y su relación con el rendimiento, absentismo laboral y permanencia en la organización
Díaz, D., & Abarca, A. B. (2009) · Revista de Trabajo y Seguridad Social CEF · doi:10.51302/rtss.2009.5391 · Cited by 1
Exploring the impact of Asian stereotype endorsement, multicultural counseling competence, and motivation to respond without prejudice on White therapists' clinical judgment
Lee, Y.-J. (2012) · doi:10.7916/d8ms40v8 · Cited by 1
“groups, and prejudice is referred to their evaluations of the groups (Blair, 2002).”
Background
The Foundations Of Discourse: The Case Of British Stereotypes Of The French
Larrivée, P., & Longhi, J. (2012) · Cognition représentation langages · doi:10.4000/corela.2676 · Cited by 1
“By what processes are different dimensions of matrixes highlighted? That the British are hypocritical is not likely to be evoked by the French in every context, and indeed the type of context that might bring about this predicate is questionable (Blair 2002).”
Background
Projection, stereotyping, and the perception of chronic medical conditions
Veazie, P. J. (2006) · Chronic Illness · doi:10.1177/17423953060020041001 · Cited by 1
“Hypothesis 1 — social projection If individuals with chronic medical conditions are more likely to project their characteristics in judgements of prevalence than those without chronic medical conditions, then we should expect that: (1) persons with chronic medical conditions will judge that a higher proportion of the…”
Background
The Neural Basis of Implicit
Stanley, A., Phelps, E. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2008) · Cited by 1
ESTEREOTIPOS Y PREJUICIO DE GÉNERO: AUTOMATISMO Y MODULACIÓN CONTEXTUAL GENDER STEREOTYPES AND PREJUDICE: AUTOMATISM AND
Martín, S. D. L., Moya, M., & Castillo, J. L. (2007) · Cited by 1
Assessing stereotype incongruities using the N400 ERP component
White, K. R. G., Crites, S. L., Taylor, J. H., & Corral, G. (2009) · scholarworks - UTEP (The University of Texas at El Paso) · Cited by 1
Self-Control Over Automatic Associations
Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Allen, T. J. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0013 · Cited by 1
Backlash: The Reaction to Mind Sciences in Legal Academia
Benforado, A., & Hanson, J. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0020 · Cited by 1
AVANCES EN LA VALIDACIÓN DE UN PROGRAMA DE REDUCCIÓN DE ESTEREOTIPOS Y PREJUICIOS EN PERSONAS MAYORES
Cámara, C. P., Rico, I. L., Cruz, T. D. L. T., Adánez, Á. G., Martínez, V. B., Llamazares, C. E., Santamaría, M. C., & Eguizábal, A. J. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v7.822 · Cited by 1
HIV and African Americans: Relationship to Cultural Competence, Implicit Bias, Social Determinants, and US Jails and Prisons
McDougle, L., Davies, S. L., & Clinchot, D. M. (2017) · Spectrum A Journal on Black Men · doi:10.2979/spectrum.5.2.06 · Cited by 1
“These biases, which include both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without a person’s awareness or intentional control (Blair, 2002; Rudman, 2004).”
Background
Attributional Errors and Gender Stereotypes: Perceptions of Male and Female Experts on Sex-Typed Material.
Peturson, E. D., Cramer, K. M., & Pomerleau, C. M. (2011) · Cited by 1
¿Which Automatic Associations Prevail? Congruency andReverse Priming Effects on Implicit Gender Stereotyping
Castillo‐Mayén, R., & Berges, B. M. (2017) · Pensamiento Psicológico · doi:10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi15-1.aacr · Cited by 1
Combatiendo el prejuicio en personas mayores desde la formación.
Cámara, C. P., Castillo, J. L., Rico, I. L., Cruz, T. D. L. T., Llamazares, C. E., González, J. G., Iglesias, A. I. S., & Eguizábal, A. J. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología · doi:10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n2.v1.1107 · Cited by 1
The Reportative in the Languagesc of the Philippines
Daguman, J. S. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.013.32 · Cited by 1
The Anatomy of Vice
Cassam, Q. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826903.003.0001 · Cited by 1
A Question of Character
Cassam, Q. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198826903.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Different Parties, Different Standards
Bauer, N. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108864503.006 · Cited by 1
The role of right insula and its functional connectivity in the regulation of negative implicit stereotypes against rural migrant workers
Jia, L., Sung, B., & Wang, J. (2022) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-00988-z · Cited by 1
“Based on such models, many well-controlled experimental paradigms, such as the implicit association test (IAT), priming tasks, and go/no-go tasks, have been developed to test implicit stereotyping processes (Blair, 2002; Blair & Banaji, 1996; Hilton & von Hippel, 1996).”
Method
Introduction
Gallagher, S. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198846345.003.0001 · Cited by 1
Person-First Treatment Strategies
Crowley, N. M. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.10.002 · Cited by 1
What students value in their teachers – an analysis of nominations to a teaching award
Wennerberg, J., Laksov, K. B., & West, T. (2023) · Högre utbildning · doi:10.23865/hu.v13.4096 · Cited by 1
Mental Imagery versus Imagination
Nánay, B. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198809500.003.0022 · Cited by 1
Diversidade e inclusão nas Big Four: a abordagem dos vieses inconscientes
da Silveira, M. L., Alberton, A., & Ghedine, T. (2023) · Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa · doi:10.21529/recadm.2023017 · Cited by 1
“…Mcghee, & Schwartz, 1998) que todos possuem vieses inconscientes, mesmo aqueles que assumem compromissos com a imparcialidade, somados às contribuições de Kang e Lane (2010) e Blair (2002) sobre a sua maleabilidade, ou seja, podendo ser moderados e substituídos por novas associações mentais.”
Background
Belief Systems and Ideologies as Psychological Need Reconciliation
Müller, V., & Gries, T. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197670187.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Beliefs influence argumentative essay writing
Hart, L. W., Wolfe, M. B. W., Williams, T. J., & Russell, G. M. (2024) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-024-09663-x · Cited by 1
“Beliefs are viewed as being constructed in context based on salient information at the time of belief generation, in a manner similar to attitude construction (Blair, 2002; Schwarz, 2007; Vuletich & Payne, 2019).”
Toxicity in the trans debate: what are the psychological phenomena that turn an issue of mental health and social inclusion into a forum for vitriolically vicious social exclusion?
MacLennan, N. (2024) · Mental Health and Social Inclusion · doi:10.1108/mhsi-05-2024-0072 · Cited by 1
Femininity Is Favorable: Sexually Dimorphic Facial Features Affect Assessments of White Women's Leadership Abilities
Liebenow, H. A., Boucher, K. L., & Cassidy, B. S. (2024) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2024.42.5.376 · Cited by 1
The Policy IAT
Hanson, J., & Yeboah, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0011 · Cited by 1
ENDS
Chaney, K. E. (2016) · doi:10.7282/t37h1mwx · Cited by 1
“Blair, I. V. (2002).”
Effect of the content of a news item on Spaniards’ attitudes towards Palestinians and Israelis / Efecto del contenido de una noticia sobre la actitud de los españoles hacia palestinos e israelíes
Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., & Trujillo, H. M. (2018) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2018.1435106 · Cited by 1
“Dado que la recepción de nueva información puede desencadenar diversos estados emocionales y variar las actitudes iniciales (Blair, 2002; Brader, Valentino, & Suhay, 2008; Gross & Brewer, 2007; Gross & D’Ambrosio, 2004; Igartua, Moral-Toranzo, & Fernández, 2011), con este estudio se pretende…”
Background
Older adults show less interference from task-irrelevant social categories: evidence from the garner paradigm
Wang, P., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, K.-L. (2018) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-017-0843-4 · Cited by 1
Effect of metabolic state on implicit and explicit responses to food in young healthy females
Juvonen, K. R., Lapveteläinen, A. T., Närväinen, J., Absetz, P., Kantanen, T. T., Kolehmainen, M., Sinikallio, S., Pihlajamäki, J., & Karhunen, L. J. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104593 · Cited by 1
Ethnoconvenience: A Cousin of Colorism and Colorblindness and a Behavior of Tolerance and Exclusion
Shufutinsky, A. (2019) · Annals of Social Sciences & Management studies · doi:10.19080/asm.2019.02.555596 · Cited by 1
“Individual characteristics of members of groups have shown to influence the extent to which stereotypes and prejudice are activated, and the extent to which they are automatic [19].”
Background
Counteracting subliminal cues that threaten national identity
van Breen, J. A., de Lemus, S., Spears, R., & Kuppens, T. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12474 · Cited by 1
“In fact, processes that contribute to social devaluation, such as stereotyping, can occur subliminally (Blair, 2002; Ca~ nadas, Rodr ıguez-Bail on, Milliken, & Lupi a~ nez, 2013; Devine, 1989).”
Background
Incivilities and Dehumanization: The Role of the Physical Environment
Rodríguez-Gómez, L., Delgado, N., Betancor, V., & Pérez, A. R. (2021) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2021.1969219 · Cited by 1
Vorurteile
Werth, L., Seibt, B., & Mayer, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53899-9_4 · Cited by 1

Authors: Blair, I. V.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author: Blair, Irene V.
ORCID: Blair, Irene V.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 242-261
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8
OpenAlex: W2109792558
Cited by: 1,152
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 64
FWCI: 82.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: prejudice, automaticity, social motives, attentional focus, stimulus cues, individual differences, attitude representation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks