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Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled "normal perfectionism" and a negative form labeled "neurotic perfectionism." Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perfectionists show higher levels of positive characteristics compared to unhealthy perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Although questions on core facets, positive effects, and developmental antecedents of positive forms of perfectionism remain, our findings suggest that self-oriented perfectionistic strivings are positive, if perfectionists are not overly concerned about mistakes and negative evaluations by others.
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“We include tests using semi-partial correlations as well as raw correlations in light of recent evidence indicating that the associations between different dimensions of perfectionism and various outcomes differ depending on whether the raw or the semi-partial correlation is used (A. P. Hill & Curran, 2015; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
In the citing paper
“This is a particularly salient issue when examining correlates and outcomes of perfectionistic strivings in which raw correlations often illustrate mixed findings whereas semi-partial correlations often reveal relatively more positive aspects of perfectionistic strivings (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
In the citing paper
“These differing findings are likely due to the often considerable amount of overlapping variance between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns that is accounted for when using semi-partial correlations, but is left unattended when using raw correlations (Enns & Cox, 2002; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
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“This is a critical period for the development of perfectionism, due to the considerable influence of parents – one of the key antecedents of children’s quest for perfection (Stoeber & Otto, 2006) – and the increasing demands from school (Damian et al., 2013; Flett et al., 2002).”
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“…Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989), both excessive role transitions (Ashforth et al., 2000) and rigid self-demands (Dunkley et al., 2006; Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt & Flett, 1991; Stoeber & Otto, 2006) accelerate resource depletion, increasing work-to-life conflict and burnout.”
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“In the existing literature, two major types of perfection-ism have been differentiated (Stoeber & Otto, 2006): Adaptive perfectionism, which refers to the setting of high personal standards, and maladaptive perfectionism, which refers to high levels of self-criticism and doubt about actions.”
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“Coined terms for classifying types of perfectionism may not be unanimous among researchers, but the most collective understanding is that there are two distinct sides: a positive/adaptive side and a negative/maladaptive side (Frost et al., 1993; Stoeber & Otto, 2006; Terry-Short et al., 1995).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stoeber, J., & Otto, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-319
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2144974643
- Semantic Scholar
- 785b3aa20a9b918778d9507b067697b21b6ae6a4
- Cited by
- 1,779
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 25.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- positive perfectionism, neurotic perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, self-oriented perfectionism
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Attitude, Humans, Personality, Social Perception
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