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Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled "normal perfectionism" and a negative form labeled "neurotic perfectionism." Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perfectionists show higher levels of positive characteristics compared to unhealthy perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Although questions on core facets, positive effects, and developmental antecedents of positive forms of perfectionism remain, our findings suggest that self-oriented perfectionistic strivings are positive, if perfectionists are not overly concerned about mistakes and negative evaluations by others.
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“We include tests using semi-partial correlations as well as raw correlations in light of recent evidence indicating that the associations between different dimensions of perfectionism and various outcomes differ depending on whether the raw or the semi-partial correlation is used (A. P. Hill & Curran, 2015; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
In the citing paper
“This is a particularly salient issue when examining correlates and outcomes of perfectionistic strivings in which raw correlations often illustrate mixed findings whereas semi-partial correlations often reveal relatively more positive aspects of perfectionistic strivings (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
In the citing paper
“These differing findings are likely due to the often considerable amount of overlapping variance between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns that is accounted for when using semi-partial correlations, but is left unattended when using raw correlations (Enns & Cox, 2002; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
From A Meta–Analytic and Conceptual Update on the Associations between Procrastination and Multidimensional Perfectionism (2017) · cites this paper as Stoeber & Otto, 2006
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“This again supports the wider literature in this area which has typically highlighted the potential for perfectionistic strivings to be unproblematic, and even adaptive, when controlling for perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
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Dunkley, D. M., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2008) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.09.004 · Cited by 101
“In keeping with DAS SC [2], SC indicators have been found to have an adverse impact on employment status [18] and a wide range of relationships, including those with parents and friends [6,10,19-21].”
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Richardson, C. M. E., Rice, K. G., & Devine, D. P. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034446 · Cited by 105
Perfectionism and exam performance: The mediating effect of task-approach goals
Stoeber, J., Haskew, A. E., & Scott, C. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.016 · Cited by 103
“Factor analyses comparing various measures of multidimensional perfectionism found two superordinate factors underlying the different dimensions of perfectionism: perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citationImposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress
Wang, K. T., Sheveleva, M. S., & Permyakova, T. M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.005 · Cited by 106
Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru‐Subtirica, O., & Băban, A. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12261 · Cited by 122
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Perfectionism, Stress and Burnout in Clinical Psychologists
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“There is some support for positive achievement striving being associated with positive consequences (see Stoeber & Otto, 2006 for a review); however, the majority of research has focused on the negative consequences of perfectionism (Shafran & Mansell, 2001).”
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Ray, C. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101982 · Cited by 102
Individual Differences in Incompetence Avoidance
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“The two broad dimensions have been labeled in a number of ways by researchers in this area (e.g., perfectionistic striving and perfectionistic concerns; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundResultDunkley, D. M., Mandel, T., & Ma, D. (2014) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000036 · Cited by 117
“In order to further differentiate PS and SC dimensions (see Stoeber & Otto, 2006), PS from conscientiousness (see Flett & Hewitt, 2006), and SC from neuroticism (see Zuroff et al., 2004), T ab le 1 M ea ns (S ta nd ar d D ev ia ti on s) , V ar ia nc es , an d R el ia bi li ti es fo r M on th -6…”
InfluentialPerfectionism and Perceptions of Parenting Styles in Male Youth Soccer
Sapieja, K. M., Dunn, J. G. H., & Holt, N. L. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.1.20 · Cited by 96
“…development of perfectionist orientations in youth sport athletes, and (b) illustrate why it is important to consider profiles or patterns of scores across perfectionism dimensions simultaneously when examining the healthy vs. unhealthy nature of perfectionism in sport (see Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
InfluentialPerfectionism and narcissism: A meta-analytic review
Smith, M. M., Sherry, S., Chen, S., Saklofske, D. H., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.012 · Cited by 112
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Cokley, K., Stone, S., Krueger, N. T., Bailey, M., Garba, R., & Hurst, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.032 · Cited by 116
The Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation
Yang, H., & Stoeber, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9260-7 · Cited by 106
“Following the large body of theory and research on general perfectionism that has shown that perfectionism is best understoodwhenmultidimensionalmeasures of perfectionism are used and both positive and negative aspects are considered (e.g., Bieling et al. 2004; Blankstein and Dunkley 2002; Chang 2006; Enns and Cox 200…”
Self-citationMadigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2016) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0238 · Cited by 108
“Based on the two-factor theory of perfectionism (Frost et al., 1993; Stoeber & Otto, 2006), self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), recent cross-sectional findings (e.g., Jowett et al., 2013), and Stoeber and Damian’s (2016) mediation model, we expected controlled motivation to mediate the…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationKljajić, K., Gaudreau, P., & Franche, V. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.06.004 · Cited by 114
The structure and temporal stability of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale.
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“Adkins & Parker, 1996; Dunkley et al., 2006; Enns & Cox, 1999; O’Connor, 2007; O’Connor & O’Connor, 2003; Stoeber & Otto; 2006 ).”
BackgroundMaladaptive coping and self-esteem as mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress
Park, H.-J., Heppner, P. P., & Lee, D. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.024 · Cited by 100
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Goossens, L., Beckx, K., & Wouters, S. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.336 · Cited by 88
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“…mistakes is a core aspect of the self-critical dimension of perfectionism and personal standards a core aspect of the positive striving dimension (Stoeber & Otto, 2006), the results suggest that only self-critical perfectionism is related to athlete burnout, whereas positive striving…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGucciardi, D. F., & Jones, M. I. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.34.1.16 · Cited by 89
“…relatively early stage of mental toughness research, it is not surprising that little attention has been devoted to issue of dimensional (i.e., continuous variable) versus categorical (i.e., distinct forms) conceptualizations (see Stoeber & Otto, 2006 for a discussion in relation to perfectionism).”
BackgroundClosson, L. M., & Boutilier, R. R. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.04.010 · Cited by 89
Moroz, M., & Dunkley, D. M. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.006 · Cited by 89
Liu, C., He, J., Ding, C., Fan, X., Hwang, G., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102011 · Cited by 104
Blankstein, K. R., Dunkley, D. M., & Wilson, J. T. (2008) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-008-9022-1 · Cited by 100
“3 Researchers have used different components, and different combinations of components from either two or three of the primary conceptualizations to arrive at their version of the two higher order dimensions (see Stoeber and Otto 2006), as well as different labels for the primary dimensions. 32 Curr Psychol (2008) 27:…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Self-Criticism and Self-Oriented Perfectionism on Goal Pursuit
Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., Milyavskaya, M., & Gorin, A. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211410246 · Cited by 101
“In a relatively recent article Stoeber and Otto (2006) provide a comprehensive review of the literature to date.”
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Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress
James, K., Verplanken, B., & Rimes, K. A. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030 · Cited by 109
“Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress Kirsty James a,⇑, Bas Verplanken b, Katharine A. Rimes c a Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom b Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom c Kin…”
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Stoeber, J. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.002 · Cited by 95
Self-citationAn investigation into musicians’ thoughts and perceptions during performance
Clark, T. W., Lisboa, T., & Williamon, A. (2014) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x14523531 · Cited by 85
“Facilitative dimensions of perfectionism include setting high, yet achievable, personal standards and a selforiented striving for excellence, with these dimensions having been shown to be unrelated to performance anxiety (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundKobori, O., Yoshie, M., Kudo, K., & Ohtsuki, T. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.001 · Cited by 109
Classifying adolescent perfectionists.
Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022482 · Cited by 102
Perfectionism and Well-Being: A Positive Psychology Framework
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Boone, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Braet, C. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.015 · Cited by 84
“This multidimensional conceptualization harkens back to the distinction of Hamachek (1978) between ‘normal’ and ‘neurotic’ perfectionism.”
InfluentialGaudreau, P., Schellenberg, B. J. I., Gareau, A., Kljajic, K., & Manoni-Millar, S. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000411 · Cited by 86
Richardson, C. M. E., Trusty, W. T., & George, K. A. (2020) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2018.1509839
Research on perfectionism and achievement motivation: implications for gifted students
Fletcher, K. L., & Neumeister, K. L. S. (2012) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21623 · Cited by 86
“After this initial conceptualization, the utility of organization and the two parental subscales in defining perfectionism were questioned (Frost, Heimberg, Holt, Mattia, & Neubauer, 1993; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
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Perfectionism, Components of Stress Reactivity, and Depressive Symptoms
Flett, G. L., Nepon, T. B., Hewitt, P. L., & Fitzgerald, K. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9554-x · Cited by 100
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Gevers, J., & Peeters, M. A. G. (2008) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.544 · Cited by 86
Workload, Workaholism, and Job Performance: Uncovering Their Complex Relationship
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From perfectionism to academic adjustment: The mediating role of achievement goals
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Graham, A. R., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, D. L., McGrath, D. S., Fossum, K. M., & Allen, S. L. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020667 · Cited by 79
“The CS-H and CS-M were originally designed by Sullivan et al. (1995) to assess catastrophic cognitions associated with painful situations (e.”
BackgroundThe Relation between Perfectionism and Impostor Phenomenon
Dudău, D. P. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.226 · Cited by 95
Wang, K. T., Wong, Y. J., & Fu, C.-C. (2013) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032551 · Cited by 78
“…as being multidimensional with adaptive (e.g., high standards, perfectionistic striving) and maladaptive (e.g., discrepancy, evaluative concerns) aspects (Stoeber & Otto, 2006) as well as originating from different sources (e.g., self-oriented vs. socially prescribed; Hewitt & Flett, 1991).”
BackgroundSironic, A., & Reeve, R. A. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000137 · Cited by 78
Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Yan, G., & Sherry, S. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000223 · Cited by 84
“On the other hand, self-oriented perfectionism and personal standards are also associated with positive outcomes such as satisfaction with life (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundRozental, A., Shafran, R., Wade, T., Egan, S., Nordgren, L. B., Carlbring, P., Landström, A., Roos, S., Skoglund, M., Thelander, E., et al. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.015 · Cited by 76
The Scars of the Inner Critic: Perfectionism and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Eating Disorders
Claes, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Vandereycken, W. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1158 · Cited by 77
Elion, A. A., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & French, B. H. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026491 · Cited by 81
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Lee, M. A., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Dush, C. M. K. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.047 · Cited by 77
“Consistent with perfectionism research (Stoeber & Otto, 2006), we hypothesized that individuals with high levels of societal-oriented parenting perfectionism Pers Individ Dif.”
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“…is less abundant and less valued as the way to happiness, such regret may be less detrimental to general well-being than it is in societies that have this abundance of choice, that attach paramount value to individual choice, and that attribute unhappiness to failure to make the right choices.”
BackgroundAshby, J. S., Dickinson, W. L., Gnilka, P. B., & Noble, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00070.x · Cited by 76
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“Regarding research on perfectionism in general, the results again demonstrate the importance of differentiating between perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPerfectionism interventions targeting disordered eating: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Robinson, K., & Wade, T. D. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23483 · Cited by 86
Multidimensional Perfectionism and the Big Five Personality Traits: A Meta–Analysis
Stricker, J., Buecker, S., Schneider, M., & Preckel, F. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2186 · Cited by 88
Never good enough: The relation between the impostor phenomenon and multidimensional perfectionism
Pannhausen, S., Klug, K., & Rohrmann, S. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00613-7 · Cited by 108
Molnar, D. S., Sadava, S. W., Flett, G. L., & Colautti, J. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.630466 · Cited by 86
“While an overwhelming amount of evidence supports Hewitt and Flett's ( 1991 ) contention that SPP is maladaptive (eg, O’Connor & Sheehy, 2000 ), the findings concerning SOP tend to be mixed, with some demonstrating that it is related to desirable attributes and outcomes and others showing that it is related to undesir…”
BackgroundGotwals, J. K., Dunn, J. G. H., Dunn, J. C., & Gamache, V. E. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.04.013 · Cited by 81
Chang, H., Chou, Y.-J., Liou, J., & Tu, Y.-T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.088 · Cited by 79
Dunkley, D. M., Lewkowski, M. D., Lee, I. A., Preacher, K. J., Zuroff, D. C., Berg, J.-L., Foley, J. E., Myhr, G., & Westreich, R. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.06.001 · Cited by 89
Multidimensional Perfectionism and Test Anxiety: a Meta-analytic Review of Two Decades of Research
Burcaş, S., & Creţu, R. Z. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09531-3 · Cited by 74
Perfectionism and performance among STEM students
Rice, K. G., Lopez, F. G., & Richardson, C. M. E. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.12.002 · Cited by 84
Longitudinal study on perfectionism and sleep disturbance
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Perfectionists Do Not Play Nicely With Others: Expanding the Social Disconnection Model
Sherry, S., Mackinnon, S. P., & Gautreau, C. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_10 · Cited by 83
“Other authors argue perfectionistic strivings are negatively correlated with psychopathology after partialling out shared covariation with perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundRice, K. G., Ray, M. E., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., & Ashby, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000097 · Cited by 76
“Although conceptualizations of perfectionism vary, two core dimensions of the construct typically emerge in factor analyses when multiple multidimensional measures of perfectionism are evaluated (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Mentoring and Induction of Educators of Color: Addressing the Impostor Syndrome in Academe
Dancy, T. E., & Brown, M. C. (2011) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268461102100405 · Cited by 77
“In its pathological form, perfectionism is a belief that work or output that is anything less than perfect is unacceptable. at such levels, this is considered an unhealthy belief, and psychologists typically refer to such individuals as maladaptive perfectionists (Stoeber & otto, 2006).”
BackgroundLunn, J., Greene, D., Callaghan, T., & Egan, S. J. (2023) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2023.2211736 · Cited by 75
“perfectionistic strivings (personal standards, self-oriented and other-oriented perfection-ism) and perfectionistic concerns (concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, parental expectations and criticism and socially prescribed perfectionism) (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
BackgroundResultHill, A. P., & Appleton, P. R. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.551216 · Cited by 71
“concern over mistakes, perceived parental and coach pressure) are associated with negative consequences (see Stoeber & Otto, 2006 ).”
Jensen, S. N., Ivarsson, A., Fallby, J., Dankers, S., & Elbe, A. (2018) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.008 · Cited by 87
Perfectionism is adaptive and maladaptive, but what's the combined effect?
Stoeber, J., Madigan, D. J., & Gonidis, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109846 · Cited by 75
Self-citationDunkley, D. M., Ma, D., Lee, I. A., Preacher, K. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034673 · Cited by 84
“…of perfectionism have been consistently identified that underlie many different perfectionism constructs and measures, with one dimension having some positive functional value and the other dimension being primarily maladaptive (see Dunkley, Blankstein, Masheb, & Grilo, 2006; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
Mandel, T., Dunkley, D. M., & Moroz, M. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000101 · Cited by 84
Comparing Two Short Forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
Stoeber, J. (2016) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116659740 · Cited by 85
Self-citationAlmeida, J. G., Hartog, D. N. D., Hoogh, A. H. B. D., Franco, V. R., & Porto, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04864-7 · Cited by 96
Boone, L., Braet, C., Vandereycken, W., & Claes, L. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2175 · Cited by 70
Blankstein, K. R., & Lumley, C. H. (2008) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0068-z · Cited by 80
The Relationship between Perfectionism and Rumination in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
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An examination of emotion dysregulation in maladaptive perfectionism
Malivoire, B. L., Kuo, J. R., & Antony, M. M. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.04.006 · Cited by 82
Békés, V., Dunkley, D. M., Taylor, G., Zuroff, D. C., Lewkowski, M. D., Foley, J. E., Myhr, G., & Westreich, R. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.02.003 · Cited by 69
“Although studies have shown that both SC and PS are related to depressive symptoms in clinical samples, SChas exhibited amore consistent, stronger association with depressive symptoms (see Dunkley, Blankstein, Masheb, et al., 2006; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
It’s not a virus! Reconceptualizing and de-pathologizing music performance anxiety
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“…and Nettelbeck, 2014), low self-efficacy (Sinden, 1999; Liston et al., 2003; Kenny and Ackermann, 2015), maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism (Stoeber and Otto, 2006; Stoeber and Eismann, 2007; Kobori et al., 2011; Sarıkaya and Kurtaslan, 2018; Butković et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2022), low…”
Mackinnon, S. P., & Sherry, S. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.010 · Cited by 68
“There is growing consensus on two major dimensions of perfectionism: Perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings (Dunkley, Zuroff, & Blankstein, 2003; Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
Perfectionism and Burnout Within Intercollegiate Sport: A Person-Oriented Approach
Gotwals, J. K. (2011) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.25.4.489 · Cited by 67
Stoeber, J., Madigan, D. J., Damian, L. E., Esposito, R. M., & Lombardo, C. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-016-0297-1 · Cited by 67
Self-citationPiotrowski, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254163 · Cited by 78
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“However, due to the instability of the association between PC, PE and negative outcomes, others suggest not to include PC and PE in the same factor as CM and DA (Stöber & Otto, 2006).”
InfluentialStoeber, J., & Damian, L. E. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.003 · Cited by 81
Self-citationPerfectionism and school engagement: A three-wave longitudinal study
Damian, L. E., Stoeber, J., Negru‐Subtirica, O., & Băban, A. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.044 · Cited by 71
Self-citationVanstone, D., & Hicks, R. E. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.026 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Stoeber, J., & Otto, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-319
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2144974643
- Semantic Scholar
- 785b3aa20a9b918778d9507b067697b21b6ae6a4
- Cited by
- 1,779
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 25.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- positive perfectionism, neurotic perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, self-oriented perfectionism
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Attitude, Humans, Personality, Social Perception
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