Cited by 1,779Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesPersonality Traits and PsychologyObsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders

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Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges

Stoeber, Joachim, Otto, Kathleen·2006·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2

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Abstract

Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled "normal perfectionism" and a negative form labeled "neurotic perfectionism." Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perfectionists show higher levels of positive characteristics compared to unhealthy perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Although questions on core facets, positive effects, and developmental antecedents of positive forms of perfectionism remain, our findings suggest that self-oriented perfectionistic strivings are positive, if perfectionists are not overly concerned about mistakes and negative evaluations by others.

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The role of perfectionism, agreeableness, and neuroticism in predicting dyadic adjustment
Egan, S. J., Vinciguerra, T., & Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2013) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12038 · Cited by 15
The relationship between parental perfectionism and child perfectionism in a sample of Iranian families
Azizi, K., & Beshārat, M. A. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.279 · Cited by 11
A Latent Class Analysis of Dyadic Perfectionism in a College Sample
Lopez, F. G., Fons-Scheyd, A. L., Bush-King, I., & McDermott, R. C. (2010) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175610391610 · Cited by 11
SMEs Context of Turkey from the Relational Perspective of Members' Perfectionism, Work Family Conflict and Burnout
Çalışkan, S. C., Arıkan, S., & Saatçi, E. Y. (2014) · Cited by 11
Emotional Control Mediates the Association Between Dimensions of Perfectionism and Worry in Children
Affrunti, N. W., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0654-3 · Cited by 11
“that others require him/her to be perfect [10, 11].”
Background
Are Perfectionistic Standards Associated with Burnout? Multidimensional Perfectionism and Compassion Experiences Among Professional MFTs
Holden, C. L., & Jeanfreau, M. M. (2021) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-021-09605-6 · Cited by 16
Conceptualization of self-oriented parenting perfectionism and its Associations with parents’ wellbeing among Chinese parents
Leung, J. T. Y. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10077-5 · Cited by 13
Crafting happiness from everyday life: Personality, personal projects, basic psychological need satisfaction, and well-being
Hill, T. G., Coughlan, E. C., & Mackinnon, S. P. (2023) · International Journal of Personality Psychology · doi:10.21827/ijpp.9.39811 · Cited by 12
Perfectionism and performance in a trail running competition: a prospective study of the interactive effects of perfectionism
Waleriańczyk, W. (2023) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2273090 · Cited by 10
“Two higher-order dimensions of perfectionism are used frequently to integrate different models and measures (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
Method
Personality traits, mindfulness, and perceived stress in Chinese adults: a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach
Zhao, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1498458 · Cited by 13
Parents’ Behavioural Control Affects Chinese College Students’ School Burnout and Perceived Employment Stress: Different Effects via Self-Oriented, Other-Oriented, and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism
Zhang, L., Liu, L., Wang, P., Wu, X., & Wang, W. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241312263 · Cited by 15
“However, the previous study demonstrated that SOP did not represent positive perfectionism (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
Multidimensional perfectionism and cortisol stress response in non-clinical populations: A systematic review and evaluation
Page, M. J., Hill, A. P., Kavanagh, O. V., & Jones, S. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.037 · Cited by 10
Toward a More Perfect Conceptualization of Perfectionism: An Exploratory Factor Analysis in Undergraduate College Students
Robinson, A. D., Stasik-O’Brien, S. M., & Calamia, M. R. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120976859 · Cited by 10
A cognitive dissonance perspective on threats to self-concept in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Wright, E. C., & Riskind, J. H. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100619 · Cited by 10
Perfectionism and rumination in depression
Rosa, L. D., Miracco, M., Galarregui, M. S., & Keegan, E. G. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01834-0 · Cited by 10
The differential associations between self-critical perfectionism, personal standards perfectionism, and facets of restrictive eating
Solomon‐Krakus, S., Uliaszek, A. A., & Sabiston, C. M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111178 · Cited by 13
Moderating role of perceived work addiction of managers in the relationship between employees' perfectionism and work addiction: a trait activation theory perspective
Morkevičiūtė, M., & Endriulaitienė, A. (2022) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-03-2022-0112 · Cited by 11
The Role of Perfectionism in Music Performance Anxiety Within University Piano Majors in China
Yang, Y., Schroeder, F., & Rodger, M. W. M. (2022) · Springer series in design and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09659-4_48 · Cited by 10
Psychological skills training and perfectionism: A single-subject multiple baseline study
Watson, D. R., Hill, A. P., & Madigan, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2022.2137597 · Cited by 9
“In keeping with this definition, one of the most popular frameworks to study perfectionism is the two-factor model of perfectionism (Stoeber & Otto, 2006).”
Background
A motivational approach to perfectionism and striving for excellence: Development of a new continuum-based scale for post-secondary students
Lasalle, M., & Heß, U. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022462 · Cited by 20
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Yin, Y., Parpala, A., & Toom, A. (2023) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2023.14.03.04 · Cited by 10
A conditional process model of perfectionism, goal-realization, and post-competition mood
Waleriańczyk, W., Hill, A. P., & Stolarski, M. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102511 · Cited by 10
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Authors: Stoeber, J., & Otto, K.
Affiliations: University of Kent (GB)
Leipzig University (DE)
ORCID: Stoeber, Joachim
Otto, Kathleen
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 295-319
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
OpenAlex: W2144974643
Semantic Scholar: 785b3aa20a9b918778d9507b067697b21b6ae6a4
Cited by: 1,779
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 125 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 70
FWCI: 25.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Keywords: positive perfectionism, neurotic perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, self-oriented perfectionism
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Personality, Social Perception

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Positive Conceptions of Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges

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