Sex hormones and age: A cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men
Abstract
The role of endogenous sex hormones in many diseases makes understanding factors that influence levels of these hormones increasingly important. This study examined age-associated variations in total and bioavailable testosterone and estradiol levels among community-dwelling Caucasian men in Rancho Bernardo, California. Plasma samples obtained from 810 men aged 24-90 years in 1984-1987 were analyzed in 1993 using radioimmunoassay. Analyses of age-hormone associations, adjusting for weight, body mass index, alcohol ingestion, smoking, physical activity, caffeine intake, specimen storage time, and disease status, were undertaken. Bioavailable testosterone and bioavailable estradiol levels decreased significantly with age independently of covariates. Total testosterone and estradiol levels decreased with age only when analyses were controlled for confounders. The importance of the age-associated decline in endogenous sex hormone levels, particularly levels of bioavailable testosterone and bioavailable estradiol, and their relation to disease and function in men deserve further research.
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Numerous studies have consistently found age-dependent decreases in testosterone.
“Numerous studies have consistently identified age-dependent decreases in T.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
A larger study of 1588 men over age 35 followed for 5 years found age was not an independent predictor of decreasing testosterone on multivariate analysis, while obesity, smoking, chronic medical conditions, lifestyle factors, depression, and marital status likely contributed to the decline.
“A larger study evaluating 1588 men >age 35 years over a 5-year period found that age was not an independent predictor of decreasing T on multivariate analysis, while obesity, smoking status, chronic medical conditions, lifestyle factors, depression, and marital status all likely contributed to the observed decline.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Two additional longitudinal studies reported a 3.6-3.8 ng/dl/year decrease in total testosterone, with progressive increases in biochemically hypogonadal men: 20% over 60 years, 30% over 70 years, and 50% over 80 years.
“Two additional longitudinal studies reported a 3.6–3.8 ng/dl/year (0.12–0.13 nmol/L/year) decrease in TT, with progressive increases in the number of men characterized as biochemically hypogonadal (defined as TT<325 ng/dl [11.3 nmol/l] or fT<2.5th percentile): 20% (>60 years), 30% (>70 years), and 50% (>80 years).”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, depression, and other comorbid conditions have marked effects on testosterone levels and on the impact of supplementation.
“Obesity, DM, MetS, depression and other comorbid conditions have marked effects on T levels and impact of supplementation.40”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
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- Authors
- Ferrini, R. L., & Barrett-Connor, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Barrett-Connor, E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1998-04-15
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 750-754
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2016492979
- Cited by
- 473
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 10.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- World Health Organization
- National Institute on Aging (AG07181)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK031801, DK-31801)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Keywords
- testosterone, estradiol, bioavailable testosterone, bioavailable estradiol, aging, sex hormones, community-dwelling men, men's health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Biological Availability, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estradiol, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Regression Analysis, Testosterone, Health Behavior, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Body Mass Index
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