Neuroanatomical Pathways for Thyroid Hormone Feedback in the Human Hypothalamus

Alkemade, Anneke; Friesema, Edith C.; Unmehopa, Unga A.; Fabriek, Babs O.; Kuiper, George G.; Leonard, Jack L.; Wiersinga, Wilmar M.; Swaab, Dick F.; Visser, Theo J.; Fliers, Eric

doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2567

Cited by 146Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesGrowth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors

Neuroanatomical Pathways for Thyroid Hormone Feedback in the Human Hypothalamus

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Alkemade, Anneke, Friesema, Edith C., Unmehopa, Unga A., Fabriek, Babs O., Kuiper, George G., Leonard, Jack L., Wiersinga, Wilmar M., Swaab, Dick F. +2 more·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-2567

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Recent findings point to an increasing number of hypothalamic proteins involved in the central regulation of thyroid hormone feedback. The functional neuroanatomy of these proteins in the human hypothalamus is largely unknown at present. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the distribution of type II and type III deiodinase (D2 and D3) as well as the recently identified T(3) transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), in the human hypothalamus. DESIGN: The study included enzyme activity assays, immunocytochemical studies, and mRNA in situ hybridizations in postmortem human hypothalamus (n = 9). RESULTS: D2 immunoreactivity is prominent in glial cells of the infundibular nucleus/median eminence, blood vessels, and cells lining the third ventricle. By contrast, both D3 and MCT8 are expressed by neurons of the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, and infundibular nucleus (IFN). In support of these immunocytochemical data, D2 and D3 enzyme activities are detectable in the mediobasal human hypothalamus. Combined D2, D3, MCT8, and thyroid hormone receptor immunohistochemistry and TRH mRNA in situ hybridization clearly showed that D3, MCT8, and thyroid hormone receptor isoforms are all expressed in TRH neurons of the PVN, whereas D2 is not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Based on these findings, we propose three possible routes for thyroid hormone feedback on TRH neurons in the human PVN: 1) local thyroid hormone uptake from the vascular compartment within the PVN, 2) thyroid hormone uptake from the cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle followed by transport to TRH neurons in the PVN or IFN neurons projecting to TRH neurons in the PVN, and 3) thyroid hormone sensing in the IFN of the mediobasal hypothalamus by neurons projecting to TRH neurons in the PVN.

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In the hypothalamus, DIO2 is expressed in glial cells and tanycytes and DIO3 is expressed in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON) and IFN.
“In the hypothalamus, DIO2 is expressed in glial cells and tanycytes and DIO3 is expressed in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON) and IFN [14].”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
High glucocorticoid levels suppress the pituitary response to TRH in man, and glucocorticoid treatment is associated with downregulation of TR neurons in the human PVN.
“Hypothalamic TRH is also modulated by glucocorticoids, as high glucocorticoid levels suppress the pituitary response to TRH in man [69], while a postmortem study in human hypothalamus showed that glucocorticoid treatment is associated with downregulation of TR neurons in the human PVN [14].”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Citation [14] is attached to the claim about glucocorticoid treatment and neurons in the human PVN, not the preceding claim about pituitary response. The Discussion reports low TRH mRNA expression in the PVN of a patient with hyperthyroidism, but our copy does not link that finding to glucocorticoid treatment. Searches for glucocorticoids, cortisol, corticosteroids, and treatment-related downregulation found no passage addressing the attributed association; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Tanycytes express the thyroid hormone transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1.
“In addition, tanycytes are richly replete in the thyroid hormone transporters, MCT8 and OATP1C1 (Figure 7, C and D) (51,101,102), that facilitate the entry of T 4 from the circulation or CSF and the release of the generated T 3 into the neuropil or CSF.”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [101]
Tanycytes are strategically positioned to extract T4 from the bloodstream or CSF because of their location at blood-brain and CSF-brain barriers and their high expression of thyroid hormone transporters.
“The location of tanycytes at the blood-brain and CSFbrain barriers and their high expression of thyroid hormone transporters place them in a strategic position to extract T 4 from the bloodstream or CSF.”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [101]

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Chronic local inflammation in mice results in decreased TRH and type 3 deiodinase mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus independently of diminished food intake
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Function of thyroid hormone transporters in the central nervous system
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Thyroid Physiology and Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients With Thyroid Disorders
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The effects of sex-steroid administration on the pituitary-thyroid axis in transsexuals
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Tissue thyroid hormone metabolism is differentially regulated during illness in mice
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Further Insights into the Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome: Clinical and Functional Characterization of a Novel MCT8 Mutation
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Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Mediates Acute Illness‐Induced Alterations in Central Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
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NFκB Signaling Is Essential for the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Increase of Type 2 Deiodinase in Tanycytes
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Histidines in Potential Substrate Recognition Sites Affect Thyroid Hormone Transport by Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8)
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Spatial and temporal expression of immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 in the rat
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The Thyroid Hormone Inactivating Enzyme Type 3 Deiodinase is Present in Bactericidal Granules and the Cytoplasm of Human Neutrophils
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Deletion of the Thyroid Hormone–Activating Type 2 Deiodinase Rescues Cone Photoreceptor Degeneration but Not Deafness in Mice Lacking Type 3 Deiodinase
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Thyroid hormone and the developing hypothalamus
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Type 3 Deiodinase Expression in Inflammatory Spinal Cord Lesions in Rat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Effects of thyroid hormone transporters MCT8 and MCT10 on nuclear activity of T3
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Transcriptional profiling of fibroblasts from patients with mutations in MCT8 and comparative analysis with the human brain transcriptome
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The Role of Hypothalamic NF-κB Signaling in the Response of the HPT-Axis to Acute Inflammation in Female Mice
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The chemical chaperone phenylbutyrate rescues MCT8 mutations associated with milder phenotypes in patients with AHDS
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Distribution of Monocarboxylate Transporters in Brain and Choroid Plexus Epithelium
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Thyroid function test in diabetic ketoacidosis
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Functional neuroanatomy of thyroid hormone feedback in the human hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Novel neuroanatomical pathways for thyroid hormone action in the human anterior pituitary
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Self-citation

Authors: Alkemade, A., Friesema, E. C., Unmehopa, U. A., Fabriek, B. O., Kuiper, G. G., Leonard, J. L., Wiersinga, W. M., Swaab, D. F., Visser, T. J., & Fliers, E.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
Erasmus MC (NL)
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Corresponding author: Fliers, Eric
ORCID: Alkemade, Anneke
Friesema, Edith C.
Fabriek, Babs O.
Leonard, Jack L.
Swaab, Dick F.
Fliers, Eric
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 4322-4334
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2567
OpenAlex: W2126000321
Cited by: 146
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 7.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Keywords: thyroid hormone feedback, hypothalamus, type 2 deiodinase, type III deiodinase, MCT8, thyroid hormone transporters, paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, thyroid hormone receptor, mediobasal hypothalamus, postmortem brain
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Feedback, Female, Humans, Hypothalamus, Immunohistochemistry, Iodide Peroxidase, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary Gland, Anterior, Receptors, Thyroid Hormone, Thyroid Hormones, In Situ Hybridization, Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters, Symporters

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Neuroanatomical Pathways for Thyroid Hormone Feedback in the Human Hypothalamus

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