Leptin Prevents Fasting-Induced Suppression of Prothyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neurons of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus*

Légrádi, Gábor; Emerson, Charles H.; Ahima, Rexford S.; Flier, Jeffrey S.; Lechan, Ronald M.

doi:10.1210/en.138.6.2569

Cited by 505Regulation of Appetite and ObesityThyroid Disorders and TreatmentsHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Leptin Prevents Fasting-Induced Suppression of Prothyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neurons of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus*

Légrádi, Gábor, Emerson, Charles H., Ahima, Rexford S., Flier, Jeffrey S., Lechan, Ronald M.·1997·Endocrinology

DOI 10.1210/en.138.6.2569

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Abstract

Prolonged fasting is associated with a number of changes in the thyroid axis manifested by low serum T3 and T4 levels and, paradoxically, low or normal TSH. This response is, at least partly, caused by suppression of proTRH gene expression in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and reduced hypothalamic TRH release. Because the fall in thyroid hormone levels can be blunted in mice by the systemic administration of leptin, we raised the possibility that leptin may have an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of the thyroid axis, through effects on hypophysiotropic neurons producing proTRH. Adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats were either fed normally, fasted for 3 days, or fasted and administered leptin at a dose of 0.5 μg/gm BW ip every 6 h. Fasted animals showed significant reduction in plasma total and free T4 and T3 levels compared with controls, that were restored toward normal by the administration of leptin. Percent free T4, but not percent free T3, increased during fasting, further suggesting a reduction in plasma transthyretin levels that did not return to fed levels after leptin administration. By semiquantitative analysis of in situ hybridization autoradiograms, proTRH messenger RNA in medial parvocellular PVN neurons was markedly suppressed in the fasting animals but was restored to normal by leptin administration [fed vs. fast vs. fast/leptin (density units × 108): 8.5 ± 0.4, 3.2 ± 0.2, 8.1 ± 0.8]. In contrast, proTRH messenger RNA in adjacent neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that do not have a hypophysiotropic function remained unchanged by any of the experimental manipulations. These findings indicate that leptin has a selective, central action to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by regulating proTRH gene expression in the PVN but does not have peripheral effects on thyroid-binding proteins. We propose that the fall in circulating leptin levels during fasting resets the set point for feedback inhibition by thyroid hormones on the biosynthesis of hypophysiotropic proTRH, thereby allowing adaptation to starvation.

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Leptin administration prevents the suppression of pro-TRH mRNA in paraventricular nucleus neurons that occurs with fasting.
“and prevents the suppression of pro-TRH mRNA in paraventricular nucleus neurons that occurs with fasting (41).”
From The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men (2003) · cites this paper as [41]
The mechanism by which hypophysiotropic TRH neurons sense changes in peripheral energy stores is orchestrated by leptin.
“The mechanism by which hypophysiotropic TRH neurons sense alterations in peripheral energy stores is orchestrated by leptin, a white adipose tissue-derived circulating hormone (148 -150), because fasting-induced central hypothyroidism can be completely prevented by the exogenous administration of leptin (Figure 11C) (148).”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [148]
Fasting-induced central hypothyroidism can be completely prevented by exogenous leptin administration.
“fasting-induced central hypothyroidism can be completely prevented by the exogenous administration of leptin (Figure 11C) (148)”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [148]
During fasting, circulating thyroid hormone levels decline, with low or normal TSH levels and inhibition of TRH gene expression in the PVN, characteristic of central hypothyroidism.
“During fasting, for example, circulating thyroid hormone levels decline, associated with low or normal TSH levels and inhibition of TRH gene expression in the PVN characteristic of central hypothyroidism (Figure 11, A and B) (148 -150)”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [148]
During fasting, the arcuato-paraventricular pathway is the most important pathway mediating leptin's effect on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
“During fasting, it seems clear that the arcuato-paraventricular pathway is the most important pathway that mediates the effect of leptin on hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.”
From Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (2014) · cites this paper as [148]

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone neuronal systems in the central nervous system
Lechan (1992)
Unresolved
Untitled work
Boden (n.d.) · J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Unresolved
Untitled work
Braverman (1996)
Unresolved
Feedback regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by thyroid hormone in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Lechan (1992)
Unresolved
Update on thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Lechan (1993) · Thyroid Today XVI, No. 1
Unresolved
Effects of hypothyroidism on hypothalamic release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in rats.
Rondeel (1992) · Endocrinology
Unresolved
Central hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
Emerson (1985)
Unresolved
Blood supply of the rat hypothalamus. II. Nucleus paraventricularis.
Ambach (1978) · Acta Morphol Hung
Unresolved
Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice.
Schwartz (1996) · Diabetes
Unresolved

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Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases
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Leptin
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Cellular and Molecular Basis of Deiodinase-Regulated Thyroid Hormone Signaling1
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Human Leptin Deficiency Caused by a Missense Mutation: Multiple Endocrine Defects, Decreased Sympathetic Tone, and Immune System Dysfunction Indicate New Targets for Leptin Action, Greater Central than Peripheral Resistance to the Effects of Leptin, and Spontaneous Correction of Leptin-Mediated Defects
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Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
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Leptin Signaling in the Central Nervous System and the Periphery
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Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin
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Synaptic Interaction between Hypocretin (Orexin) and Neuropeptide Y Cells in the Rodent and Primate Hypothalamus: A Novel Circuit Implicated in Metabolic and Endocrine Regulations
Horváth, T. L., Diano, S., & van den Pol, A. N. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-03-01072.1999 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Obesity and thyroid function
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The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system
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Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Physiological Roles of the Iodothyronine Selenodeiodinases
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Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: Two potential diets for successful brain aging
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Leptin: Structure, Function and Biology
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Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions
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The TRH neuron: a hypothalamic integrator of energy metabolism
Lechan, R. M., & Fekete, C. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)53012-2 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
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α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone is contained in nerve terminals innervating thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and prevents fasting-induced suppression of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression
Fekete, C., Légrádi, G., Mihály, E., Huang, Q.-H., Tatro, J. B., Rand, W. M., Emerson, C. H., & Lechan, R. M. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-04-01550.2000 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
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Leptin and hyperleptinemia - from friend to foe for cardiovascular function
Ren, J. (2004) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1810001 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Congenital Leptin Deficiency Due to Homozygosity for the Δ133G Mutation: Report of Another Case and Evaluation of Response to Four Years of Leptin Therapy
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The central melanocortin system affects the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis and may mediate the effect of leptin
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MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease
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Increased Leptin Expression in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) after Food Intake But Not after Fasting or Feeding to Satiation
Huising, M. O., Geven, E. J., Kruiswijk, C. P., Nabuurs, S. B., Stolte, E. H., Spanings, F. A. T., Kemenade, B. M. L. V.-V., & Flik, G. (2006) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2006-0824 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Leptin and its receptors: regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis
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Central Administration of Leptin to Ovariectomized Ewes Inhibits Food Intake without Affecting the Secretion of Hormones from the Pituitary Gland: Evidence for a Dissociation of Effects on Appetite and Neuroendocrine Function
Henry, B. A., Goding, J. W., Alexander, W. S., Tilbrook, A. J., Canny, B. J., Dunshea, F. R., Rao, A., Mansell, A. S., & Clarke, I. J. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.140.3.1175 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Leptin—Much More Than a Satiety Signal
Harris, R. B. S. (2000) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.45 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase in human physiology and disease
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Synchronicity of Frequently Sampled Thyrotropin (TSH) and Leptin Concentrations in Healthy Adults and Leptin-Deficient Subjects: Evidence for Possible Partial TSH Regulation by Leptin in Humans
Mantzoros, C. S., Ozata, M., Negrao, A. B., Suchard, M. A., Ziotopoulou, M., Caglayan, S., Elashoff, R. M., Cogswell, R. J., Negro, P., Liberty, V., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.3284 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
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Activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone by deiodinases: Local action with general consequences
Gereben, B., Zeöld, A., Dentice, M., Salvatore, D., & Bianco, A. C. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7396-0 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Adipokines as novel modulators of lipid metabolism
Lago, F., Gómez, R., Gómez-Reino, J. J., Diéguez, C., & Gualillo, O. (2009) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2009.06.008 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Leptin Receptor Long-form Splice-variant Protein Expression in Neuron Cell Bodies of the Brain and Co-localization with Neuropeptide Y mRNA in the Arcuate Nucleus
Baskin, D. G., Schwartz, M. W., Seeley, R. J., Woods, S. C., Porte, D., Breininger, J. F., Jonak, Z., Schaefer, J., Krouse, M., Burghardt, C., et al. (1999) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/002215549904700309 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Fasting-Induced Changes in the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
Boelen, A., Wiersinga, W. M., & Fliers, E. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0253 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor β2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons
Abel, E. D., Ahima, R. S., Boers, M.-E., Elmquist, J. K., & Wondisford, F. E. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10858 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies
De Groot, L. J. (2006) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.10.001 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Lipopolysaccharide Induces Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in the Mediobasal Hypothalamus: Implications for the Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
Fekete, C., Gereben, B., Doleschall, M., Harney, J. W., Dora, J. M., Bianco, A. C., Sarkar, S., Liposits, Z., Rand, W., Emerson, C., et al. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1439 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
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The Interconnections Between Obesity, Thyroid Function, and Autoimmunity: The Multifold Role of Leptin
Duntas, L. H., & Biondi, B. (2012) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2011.0499 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Neuropeptide Y has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Fekete, C., Kelly, J., Mihály, E., Sarkar, S., Rand, W. M., Légrádi, G., Emerson, C. H., & Lechan, R. M. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.6.8207 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive elements with thyrotropin-releasing hormone-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and its role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during fasting
Fekete, C., Mihály, E., Luo, L.-G., Kelly, J., Clausen, J. T., Mao, Q., Rand, W. M., Moss, L. G., Kuhar, M., Emerson, C. H., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-24-09224.2000 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
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Intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin elevates the secretion of luteinising hormone without affecting food intake in long-term food-restricted sheep, but increases growth hormone irrespective of bodyweight
Henry, B. A., Goding, J. W., Tilbrook, A. J., Dunshea, F. R., & Clarke, I. J. (2001) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1680067 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Leptin: an essential regulator of lipid metabolism
Reidy, S. P., & Weber, J. (2000) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00159-8 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
TSH stimulates leptin secretion by a direct effect on adipocytes
Menendez, C. E. E. A., Baldelli, R., Camiña, J. P., Escudero, B., Peino, R., Diéguez, C., & Casanueva, F. F. (2003) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1760007 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The role of leptin in the regulation of TSH secretion in the fed state: in vivo and in vitro studies
Ortiga-Carvalho, T. M., Oliveira, K. J., Soares, B., & Pazos-Moura, C. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1740121 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Pathways for Thyroid Hormone Feedback in the Human Hypothalamus
Alkemade, A., Friesema, E. C., Unmehopa, U. A., Fabriek, B. O., Kuiper, G. G., Leonard, J. L., Wiersinga, W. M., Swaab, D. F., Visser, T. J., & Fliers, E. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2567 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity
Krotkiewski, M. (2002) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01420-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Arcuate Nucleus Is the Major Source for Neuropeptide Y-Innervation of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus 1
Légrádi, G., & Lechan, R. M. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.7.6113 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Negative feedback regulation of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesizing neurons: role of neuronal afferents and type 2 deiodinase
Fekete, C., & Lechan, R. M. (2007) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.04.002 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Leptin Signaling Targets the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Promoterin Vivo
Guo, F., Bakal, K., Minokoshi, Y., & Hollenberg, A. N. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1312 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Fasting-Induced Increase in Type II Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity and Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels Is Not Reversed by Thyroxine in the Rat Hypothalamus1
Diano, S., Naftolin, F., Goglia, F., & Horvath, T. L. (1998) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.139.6.6062 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Arcuate nucleus ablation prevents fasting-induced suppression of ProTRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
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Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has a central inhibitory action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; comparisons between the effect of AGRP and neuropeptide Y on energy homeostasis and the HPT axis
Fekete, C., Sarkar, S., Rand, W. M., Harney, J. W., Emerson, C. H., Bianco, A. C., & Lechan, R. M. (2002) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2002-220338 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The emerging science of body weight regulation and its impact on obesity treatment
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Conditional viral tracing reveals that steroidogenic factor 1-positive neurons of the dorsomedial subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus project to autonomic centers of the hypothalamus and hindbrain
Lindberg, D., Chen, P., & Li, C. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23338 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis
Fliers, E., Kalsbeek, A., & Boelen, A. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0285 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Agouti-related protein containing nerve terminals innervate thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Légrádi, G., & Lechan, R. M. (1999) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.140.8.6935 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Thyrotropin secretion patterns in health and disease
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Role of Thyroid Hormone Deiodination in the Hypothalamus
Lechan, R. M., & Fekete, C. (2005) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2005.15.883 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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Regulation of in vivo TSH secretion by leptin
Seoane, L. M., Carro, E., Tovar, S., Casanueva, F. F., & Dieguez, C. (2000) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00145-2 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: TRH, the first hypophysiotropic releasing hormone isolated: control of the pituitary–thyroid axis
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Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in regulation of body weight during energy deficit
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l-Tri-iodothyronine is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa and during weight gain
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NPY and MC4R signaling regulate thyroid hormone levels during fasting through both central and peripheral pathways
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Abnormalities of thyroid hormone metabolism during systemic illness: the low T3 syndrome in different clinical settings
Moura Neto, A., & Zantut-Wittmann, D. E. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/2157583 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Differential effects of central leptin, insulin, or glucose administration during fasting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and feeding-related neurons in the arcuate nucleus
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Regulation of hypothalamic prohormone convertases 1 and 2 and effects on processing of prothyrotropin-releasing hormone
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Regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone-expressing neurons in paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus by signals of adiposity
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Cardiovascular risk of adipokines: a review
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Inverse shift in circulating corticosterone and leptin levels elevates hypothalamic deiodinase type 2 in fasted rats
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The Central Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Appetite
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Impact of Early Nutrient Restriction During Critical Illness on the Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome and Its Relation With Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study
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Effect of Agouti-related protein in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in the melanocortin 4 receptor knockout mouse
Fekete, C., Marks, D. L., Sarkar, S., Emerson, C. H., Rand, W. M., Cone, R. D., & Lechan, R. M. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0476 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Leptin negatively regulates thyroid function of Wistar rats
Hecht, F., Cazarin, J., Rossetti, C. L., Rosenthal, D., Araújo, R. L., & de Carvalho, D. P. (2021) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120201551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Review for "Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis"
(2020) · doi:10.1111/jne.12895/v3/review1
Decision letter for "Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis"
(2020) · doi:10.1111/jne.12895/v3/decision1
Review for "Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis"
(2020) · doi:10.1111/jne.12895/v1/review1
Review for "Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis"
(2020) · doi:10.1111/jne.12895/v2/review2

Authors: Légrádi, G., Emerson, C. H., Ahima, R. S., Flier, J. S., & Lechan, R. M.
Affiliations: Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, New England Medical Center (G.L., R.M.L.), Boston, Massachusetts 02111
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author: Lechan, Ronald M.
ORCID: Ahima, Rexford S.
Flier, Jeffrey S.
Lechan, Ronald M.
Venue: Endocrinology
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1997-06-01
Volume: 138
Issue: 6
Pages: 2569-2576
ISSN: 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
1945-7170
DOI: 10.1210/en.138.6.2569
OpenAlex: W2024794762
Cited by: 505
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 9.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 37021, DK28082)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords: leptin, fasting, paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, thyroid hormone feedback, thyroid-binding proteins, prealbumin, starvation adaptation, thyroid hormone levels
MeSH terms: Animals, Fasting, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Neurons, Obesity, Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus, Prealbumin, Protein Precursors, Proteins, Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid, RNA, Messenger, Thyroid Gland, Thyrotropin, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, Thyroxine, Transcription, Genetic, Triiodothyronine, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Leptin, Mice, Rats

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Leptin Prevents Fasting-Induced Suppression of Prothyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neurons of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus*

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