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Cited by 85Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyDiabetes Management and Research

The Acute Effects of Interval- Vs Continuous-Walking Exercise on Glycemic Control in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover, Controlled Study

Karstoft, Kristian, Christensen, Camilla S., Pedersen, Bente K., Solomon, Thomas P. J.·2014·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
DOI 10.1210/jc.2014-1837
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Glycemic control improves with physical activity, but the optimal exercise mode is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether interval-based exercise improves postprandial glucose tolerance and free-living glycemia more than oxygen consumption- and time duration-matched continuous exercise. DESIGN: This was a crossover, controlled study with trials performed in randomized order. SETTING: The study was conducted in hospitalized and ambulatory care. PATIENTS: PATIENTS diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=10, no withdrawals) participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects performed three 1-hour interventions: 1) interval walking (IW; repeated cycles of 3 min of slow and fast walking); 2) continuous walking (CW); and 3) control (CON). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured continuously to match mean VO2 between exercise sessions (∼75% VO2peak). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT; 450 kcal, 55% carbohydrate) with stable glucose isotopic tracers was provided after each intervention, and glucose kinetics were measured during the following 4 hours. Free-living glycemic control was assessed for approximately 32 hours after the MMTT using continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS: VO2 was well matched between the exercise interventions. IW decreased the mean and maximal incremental plasma glucose during the MMTT when compared with the CON (mean 1.2 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P < .001; maximal 3.7 ± 0.6 vs 4.6 ± 0.7 mmol/L, P = .005) and mean when compared with CW (1.7 ± 0.4 mmol/L, P = .02). No differences in the mean or maximal incremental plasma glucose values were seen between the CW and CON. The metabolic clearance rate of glucose during the MMTT was increased in the IW compared with CW (P = .049) and CON (P < .001). Continuous glucose monitoring mean glucose was reduced in IW compared with CW for the rest of the intervention day (8.2 ± 0.4 vs 9.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L, P = .03), whereas no differences were found between IW and CW the following day. CONCLUSIONS: One interval-based exercise session improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects when compared with an oxygen consumption- and time duration-matched continuous exercise session.

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  • Oral glucose tolerance testing after walking showed lower blood sugar spikes in the interval group (1.2 mmol/L) than in the continuous walking group (1.7 mmol/L).

    “Oral glucose tolerance testing post walking showed lower spikes in blood sugar in the interval group (1.2 mmol/L) compared to the continuous walking group (1.7 mmol/L)”

    From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [60]

  • Small randomized controlled studies suggest interval walking may be more effective than continuous walking in patients with type 2 diabetes.

    “Small, randomized control studies suggest that interval walking may be more effective than continuous walking in patients with T2DM.”

    From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [60]

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Authors
Karstoft, K., Christensen, C. S., Pedersen, B. K., & Solomon, T. P. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Nordic Bioscience (Denmark) (DK)
Corresponding author
Solomon, Thomas P. J.
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2014-09-01
Volume
99
Issue
9
Pages
3334-3342
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2014-1837
OpenAlex
W2149778174
Cited by
85
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI
5.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Research Foundation
  • Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (DNRF55)
  • Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond
  • China Scholarship Council
  • Rigshospitalet
  • Region Hovedstaden (DNRF55)
  • Copenhagen Graduate School for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
  • TrygFonden
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords
type 2 diabetes, interval walking, continuous walking, glycemic control, glucose kinetics, glucose metabolic clearance rate, exercise mode, continuous glucose monitoring, mixed meal tolerance test, physical activity interventions, hospitalized patients, outpatient care
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Glucagon, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Walking, Cross-Over Studies

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