Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study

Tjønna, Arnt Erik; Lee, Sang Jun; Rognmo, Øivind; Stølen, Tomas O.; Bye, Anja; Haram, Per Magnus; Loennechen, Jan Pål; Al-Share, Qusai Y.; Skogvoll, Eirik; Slørdahl, Stig A.; Kemi, Ole J.; Najjar, Sonia M.; Wisløff, Ulrik

doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822

Cited by 1,145Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study

Open access

Tjønna, Arnt Erik, Lee, Sang Jun, Rognmo, Øivind, Stølen, Tomas O., Bye, Anja, Haram, Per Magnus, Loennechen, Jan Pål, Al-Share, Qusai Y. +5 more·2008·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822PMC PMC2777731

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are 3 times more likely to die of heart disease than healthy counterparts. Exercise training reduces several of the symptoms of the syndrome, but the exercise intensity that yields the maximal beneficial adaptations is in dispute. We compared moderate and high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with the metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two metabolic syndrome patients (age, 52.3+/-3.7 years; maximal oxygen uptake [o(2)max], 34 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were randomized to equal volumes of either moderate continuous moderate exercise (CME; 70% of highest measured heart rate [Hfmax]) or aerobic interval training (AIT; 90% of Hfmax) 3 times a week for 16 weeks or to a control group. o(2)max increased more after AIT than CME (35% versus 16%; P<0.01) and was associated with removal of more risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome (number of factors: AIT, 5.9 before versus 4.0 after; P<0.01; CME, 5.7 before versus 5.0 after; group difference, P<0.05). AIT was superior to CME in enhancing endothelial function (9% versus 5%; P<0.001), insulin signaling in fat and skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle biogenesis, and excitation-contraction coupling and in reducing blood glucose and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. The 2 exercise programs were equally effective at lowering mean arterial blood pressure and reducing body weight (-2.3 and -3.6 kg in AIT and CME, respectively) and fat. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise intensity was an important factor for improving aerobic capacity and reversing the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. These findings may have important implications for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822

Cites

32 of 32 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Exercise intensity is generally regarded as the more critical factor in the trainability of VO2peak, with higher intensity exercise conferring larger improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness when exercise is matched for total energy expenditure.
“Exercise intensity is generally regarded to be the more critical factor in the trainability of VO2peak, with higher intensity exercise conferring larger improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness when exercise is matched for total energy expenditure [31–34].”
From Twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of cardiometabolic health similar to traditional endurance training despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
Short term randomised controlled trials have shown that exercise training improves traditional risk factors for lifestyle related diseases and premature death.
“short term randomised controlled trials have shown that exercise training improves traditional risk factors for lifestyle related diseases and premature death.3 4”
From Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults—the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
In subjects with diabetes or obesity, exercise increases insulin sensitivity independently of changes in body fat with nutritional interventions.
“In subjects with diabetes or obesity, exercise is the cornerstone of therapeutic interventions. It increases insulin sensitivity independently of changes in body fat with nutritional interventions”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [234]
HIT has superior physiological benefits.
“Given its superior physiological benefits [12], [13], HIT should be recommended for the improvement of physical fitness.”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [13]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine
Furchgott, R. F., & Zawadzki, J. V. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/288373a0 · Cited by 12,064 · see citing works
Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies
(2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8 · Cited by 10,266 · see citing works
Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition
Grundy, S. M., Brewer, H. B., Cleeman, J. I., Smith, S. C., & Lenfant, C. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000111245.75752.c6 · Cited by 5,982 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
Lakka, H.-M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2709 · Cited by 5,033 · see citing works
Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery
Corretti, M. C., Anderson, T. J., Benjamin, E. J., Celermajer, D. S., Charbonneau, F., Creager, M. A., Deanfield, J. E., Drexler, H., Gerhard‐Herman, M. D., Herrington, D. M., et al. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6 · Cited by 4,606 · see citing works
Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing
Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., & Atwood, J. E. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011858 · Cited by 4,114 · see citing works
Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis
Davignon, J., & Ganz, P. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000131515.03336.f8 · Cited by 2,513 · see citing works
Analysing controlled trials with baseline and follow up measurements
Vickers, A. J., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1123 · Cited by 2,116 · see citing works
Superior Cardiovascular Effect of Aerobic Interval Training Versus Moderate Continuous Training in Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Study
Wisløff, U., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, Ø., Haram, P. M., Tjønna, A. E., Helgerud, J., Slørdahl, S. A., Lee, S. J., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.675041 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
Self-citation
Prognostic Value of Coronary Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction
Halcox, J. P. J., Schenke, W. H., Zalos, G., Mincemoyer, R., Prasad, A., Waclawiw, M. A., Nour, K. R. A., & Quyyumi, A. A. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000025404.78001.d8 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
Sample Size Tables for Clinical Studies
Machin, D., Campbell, M. J., Tan, S. B., & Tan, S. H. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444300710 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Aerobic High-Intensity Intervals Improve V˙O2max More Than Moderate Training
HELGERUD, J., HØYDAL, K., WANG, E., KARLSEN, T., BERG, P., BJERKAAS, M., SIMONSEN, T., HELGESEN, C., HJORTH, N., BACH, R., et al. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Hambrecht, R., Adams, V., Erbs, S., Linke, A. H.-P., Kränkel, N., Shu, Y., Baither, Y., Gielen, S., Thiele, H., Gummert, J. F., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000074229.93804.5c · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in Children
Steinberger, J., & Daniels, S. R. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000060923.07573.f2 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
High intensity aerobic interval exercise is superior to moderate intensity exercise for increasing aerobic capacity in patients with coronary artery disease
Rognmo, Ø., Hetland, E. V., Helgerud, J., Hoff, J., & Slørdahl, S. A. (2004) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000131677.96762.0c · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality: current evidence and research issues
BLAIR, S. N., & BRODNEY, S. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199911001-00025 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk factors emerge after artificial selection for low aerobic capacity.
Wisløff, U., Najjar, S. M., Ellingsen, Ø., Haram, P. M., Swoap, S., Al-Share, Q., Fernström, M., Rezaei, K., Lee, S. J., Koch, L. G., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108177 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Self-citation
The relationship between shear stress and flow‐mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function
Pyke, K. E., & Tschakovsky, M. E. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089755 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies
James, P. T., Rigby, N., Leach, R., & International Obesity Task Force (2004) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000114707.27531.48 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women
Talanian, J. L., Galloway, S. D. R., Heigenhauser, G. J. F., Bonen, A., & Spriet, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01098.2006 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Insulin receptor kinase in human skeletal muscle from obese subjects with and without noninsulin dependent diabetes.
Caro, J. F., Sinha, M. K., Raju, S. M., Ittoop, O., Pories, W. J., Flickinger, E. G., Meelheim, D., & Dohm, G. L. (1987) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112958 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults
Schjerve, I. E., Tyldum, G. A., Tjønna, A. E., Stølen, T., Loennechen, J. P., Hansen, H. E. M., Haram, P. M., Heinrich, G., Bye, A., Najjar, S. M., et al. (2008) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20070332 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire with Weighed Records, Fatty Acids, and Alpha-Tocopherol in Adipose Tissue and Serum
Andersen, L. F., Solvoll, K., Johansson, L., Salminen, I., Aro, A., & Drevon, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009921 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Changes in bone mineral content with decreased training in competitive young adult tennis players and controls: a prospective 4-yr follow-up
Kontulainen, S. A., Kannus, P., Haapasalo, H. H., Heinonen, A. O., SIEV??NEN, H., Oja, P., & VUORI, I. M. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199905000-00004 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity
Nolan, J. J. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.78.2.471 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Effective training for patients with intermittent claudication
Slørdahl, S. A., Wang, E., Hoff, J., Kemi, O. J., Amundsen, B. H., & Helgerud, J. (2005) · Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal · doi:10.1080/14017430510035844 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lipid metabolism, exercise and insulin action
Bonen, A., Dohm, G. L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2006) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0420047 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase function is increased by aerobic interval training
Kemi, O. J., Ceci, M., Condorelli, G., Smith, G. L., & Wisløff, U. (2008) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282efd4e0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Adiposity and physical activity as predictors of cardiovascular mortality
VATTEN, L. J., Nilsen, T. I. L., Romundstad, P., Drøyvold, W. B., & Holmen, J. (2006) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000239463.80390.52 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
New thoughts on managing obesity
Kopelman, P. G., & Grace, C. (2004) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2003.021816 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Effects of exercise and insulin on insulin signaling proteins in human skeletal muscle
Koval, J., Maezono, K., Patti, M., Pendergrass, M., DeFronzo, R. A., & Mandarino, L. J. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199907000-00012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clinical treatment of obesity: are drugs and surgery the answer?
Kopelman, P. G. (2005) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004410 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., Fang, M. C., Fisher, M., Furie, K. L., Heck, D. V., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000024 · Cited by 5,170 · see citing works
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514 · see citing works
Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Ross, R., Blair, S. N., Arena, R., Church, T. S., Després, J.-P., Franklin, B. A., Haskell, W. L., Kaminsky, L. A., Levine, B. D., Lavie, C. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000461 · Cited by 2,486 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Fletcher, G. F., Ades, P. A., Kligfield, P., Arena, R., Balady, G. J., Bittner, V. A., Coke, L. A., Fleg, J. L., Forman, D. E., Gerber, T. C., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31829b5b44 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease
Pelliccia, A., Sharma, S., Gati, S., Bäck, M., Börjesson, M., Caselli, S., Collet, J.-P., Corrado, D., Drezner, J. A., Halle, M., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605 · Cited by 1,958 · see citing works
Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease
Gibala, M. J., Little, J. P., MacDonald, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2012) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725 · Cited by 1,744 · see citing works
High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Weston, K. S., Wisløff, U., & Coombes, J. S. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092576 · Cited by 1,274 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies
Batacan, R. B., Duncan, M. J., Dalbo, V. J., Tucker, P. S., & Fenning, A. S. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095841 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Lin, X., Zhang, X., Guo, J., Roberts, C. K., McKenzie, S., Wu, W., Liu, S., & Song, Y. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.115.002014 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Vascular Function: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ramos, J. S., Dalleck, L. C., Tjonna, A. E., Beetham, K. S., & Coombes, J. S. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0321-z · Cited by 715 · see citing works
The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: A meta-analysis
Jelleyman, C., Yates, T., O'Donovan, G., Gray, L. J., King, J. A., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12317 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: Implications for exercise adherence
Bartlett, J. D., Close, G. L., MacLaren, D. P. M., Gregson, W., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.545427 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients
Rognmo, Ø., Moholdt, T., Bakken, H., Hole, T., Mølstad, P., Myhr, N. E., Grimsmo, J., & Wisløff, U. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.123117 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research
Pescatello, L. S., MacDonald, H. V., Lamberti, L., & Johnson, B. T. (2015) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0600-y · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men
Whyte, L. J., Gill, J. M. R., & Cathcart, A. J. (2010) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.002 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health
NYBO, L., SUNDSTRUP, E., JAKOBSEN, M. D., MOHR, M., HORNSTRUP, T., SIMONSEN, L., BÜLOW, J., RANDERS, M. B., NIELSEN, J. J., AAGAARD, P., et al. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d99203 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of cardiometabolic health similar to traditional endurance training despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment
Gillen, J. B., Martin, B. J., MacInnis, M. J., Skelly, L. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154075 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“Several recent reports, however, suggest that when exercise is matched for total volume or energy expenditure, higher-intensity exercise training confers larger improvements in insulin sensitivity in individuals with obesity [43], metabolic syndrome [33] and type 2 diabetes [31,34].”
Background
Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents
Tjønna, A. E., Stølen, T. O., Bye, A., Volden, M., Slørdahl, S. A., Ødegård, R., Skogvoll, E., & Wisløff, U. (2009) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20080249 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effects of Free-Living Interval-Walking Training on Glycemic Control, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Karstoft, K., Winding, K., Knudsen, S. H., Nielsen, J. S., Thomsen, C., Pedersen, B. K., & Solomon, T. P. J. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0658 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Training to Maximize Cardiac Benefits of Exercise Training?
Wisløff, U., Ellingsen, Ø., & Kemi, O. J. (2009) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e3181aa65fc · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training On Blood Pressure in Adults with Pre- to Established Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Costa, E. C., Hay, J. L., Kehler, D. S., Boreskie, K. F., Arora, R. C., Umpierre, D., Szwajcer, A., & Duhamel, T. A. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0944-y · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Exercise prescription for patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: a position statement from Exercise and Sport Science Australia
Hordern, M. D., Dunstan, D. W., Prins, J. B., Baker, M. K., Singh, M. A. F., & Coombes, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.04.005 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Peak Oxygen Uptake and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in 4631 Healthy Women and Men
ASPENES, S. T., NILSEN, T. I. L., SKAUG, E.-A., BERTHEUSSEN, G. F., ELLINGSEN, Ø., VATTEN, L., & WISLØFF, U. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820ca81c · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Effect of Exercise on the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Constituting the Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials
Pattyn, N., Cornelissen, V. A., Eshghi, S. R. T., & Vanhees, L. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0003-z · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Exercise and type 2 diabetes: focus on metabolism and inflammation
Karstoft, K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2016) · Immunology & Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2015.101 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Aerobic Interval Training Reduces the Burden of Atrial Fibrillation in the Short Term: A Randomized Trial
Malmo, V., Nes, B. M., Amundsen, B. H., Tjonna, A.-E., Stoylen, A., Rossvoll, O., Wisloff, U., & Loennechen, J. P. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018220 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
Strength training versus aerobic interval training to modify risk factors of metabolic syndrome
Stensvold, D., Tjønna, A. E., Skaug, E.-A., Aspenes, S., Stølen, T., Wisløff, U., & Slørdahl, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00996.2009 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of HIIT and MICT on cardiovascular risk factors in adults with overweight and/or obesity: A meta-analysis
Su, L., Fu, J., Sun, S., Zhao, G., Cheng, W., Dou, C., & Quan, M. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210644 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Aerobic, resistance or combined training: a systematic review and meta-analysis of exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults with metabolic syndrome
Wewege, M. A., Thom, J. M., Rye, K.-A., & Parmenter, B. J. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.002 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
High-intensity interval training versus continuous training on physiological and metabolic variables in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
De Nardi, A. T., Tolves, T., Lenzi, T. L., Signori, L. U., & Silva, A. M. V. D. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.12.017 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
‘Exercise snacks’ before meals: a novel strategy to improve glycaemic control in individuals with insulin resistance
Francois, M. E., Baldi, J. C., Manning, P. J., Lucas, S. J. E., Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. J. A., & Cotter, J. D. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3244-6 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Exercise prescription in patients with different combinations of cardiovascular disease risk factors: a consensus statement from the EXPERT Working Group
Hansen, D., Niebauer, J., Cornelissen, V., Barna, O., Neunhäuserer, D., Stettler, C., Tonoli, C., Greco, E., Fagard, R., Coninx, K., et al. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0930-4 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance
Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040823 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
What exercise prescription is optimal to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults living with obesity? A network meta‐analysis
O'Donoghue, G., Blake, C., Cunningham, C., Lennon, O., & Perrotta, C. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13137 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health
Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Skelly, L. E., Martin, B. J., Tan, R. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111489 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Maximal Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Metabolic Syndrome in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study
Earnest, C. P., Artero, E. G., Sui, X., Lee, D.-C., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.11.006 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Is exercise training an effective therapy targeting endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall inflammation?
Ribeiro, F., Alves, A. J., Duarte, J. A., & Oliveira, J. (2010) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.548 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Low- and high-volume of intensive endurance training significantly improves maximal oxygen uptake after 10-weeks of training in healthy men
Tjønna, A. E., Leinan, I. M., Bartnes, A. T., Jenssen, B. M., Gibala, M. J., Winett, R. A., & Wisløff, U. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065382 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citation
Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure?
Oliveira, B. R. R., Slama, F. A., Deslandes, A. C., Furtado, E. S., & Santos, T. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079965 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18–65 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis
Clark, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40200-015-0154-1 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Effects of High Intensity Interval Training and Strength Training on Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Hormonal Outcomes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Almenning, I., Rieber-Mohn, A., Lundgren, K. M., Shetelig Løvvik, T., Garnæs, K. K., & Moholdt, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138793 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults—the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial
Stensvold, D., Viken, H., Steinshamn, S. L., Dalen, H., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Reitlo, L. S., Zisko, N., Bækkerud, F. H., Tari, A. R., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3485 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reduced carbohydrate availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for mitochondrial biogenesis
Bartlett, J. D., Louhelainen, J., Iqbal, Z., Cochran, A. J., Gibala, M. J., Gregson, W., Close, G. L., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00498.2012 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Effect of exercise training on liver function in adults who are overweight or exhibit fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Smart, N. A., King, N., McFarlane, J. R., Graham, P. L., & Dieberg, G. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096197 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
High intensity training in obesity: a Meta-analysis
Türk, Y., Theel, W., Kasteleyn, M. J., Franssen, F. M. E., Hiemstra, P. S., Rudolphus, A., Taube, C., & Braunstahl, G. J. (2017) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.109 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
More efficient, perhaps, but at what price? Pleasure and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in low-active women with obesity
Decker, E. S., & Ekkekakis, P. (2017) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The influence of high‐intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Andreato, L. V., Esteves, J. V., Coimbra, D. R., Moraes, A. J. P., & de Carvalho, T. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12766 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effect of Aerobic Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Metabolic Risk Factors in People With Cardiometabolic Disorders: A META-ANALYSIS
Hwang, C.-L., Wu, Y.-T., & Chou, C.-H. (2011) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention · doi:10.1097/hcr.0b013e31822f16cb · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Hypertensive Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Leal, J. M., Galliano, L. M., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2020) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-020-1030-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Dissimilar Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Sprint Interval Training and High-Intensity Interval Training
Wood, K. M., Olive, B., LaValle, K., Thompson, H., Greer, K., & Astorino, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001042 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Repeated high-intensity interval exercise shortens the positive effect on executive function during post-exercise recovery in healthy young males.
Tsukamoto, H., Suga, T., Takenaka, S., Tanaka, D., Takeuchi, T., Hamaoka, T., Isaka, T., Ogoh, S., & Hashimoto, T. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.029 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Concurrent exercise incorporating high-intensity interval or continuous training modulates mTORC1 signaling and microRNA expression in human skeletal muscle
Fyfe, J. J., Bishop, D. J., Zacharewicz, E., Russell, A. P., & Stepto, N. K. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2015 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Acute Effects of Interval- Vs Continuous-Walking Exercise on Glycemic Control in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: A Crossover, Controlled Study
Karstoft, K., Christensen, C. S., Pedersen, B. K., & Solomon, T. P. J. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1837 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Time-course effects of aerobic interval training and detraining in patients with metabolic syndrome
Mora-Rodriguez, R., Ortega, J. F., Hamouti, N., Fernandez-Elias, V. E., Cañete Garcia-Prieto, J., Guadalupe-Grau, A., Saborido, A., Martin-Garcia, M., Guio de Prada, V., Ara, I., et al. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Exercise Guidelines to Promote Cardiometabolic Health in Spinal Cord Injured Humans: Time to Raise the Intensity?
Nightingale, T. E., Metcalfe, R. S., Vollaard, N. B., & Bilzon, J. L. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.12.008 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sprint interval running increases insulin sensitivity in young healthy subjects.
Sandvei, M., Jeppesen, P. B., Støen, L., Litleskare, S., Johansen, E., Stensrud, T., Enoksen, E., Hautala, A., Martinmäki, K., Kinnunen, H., et al. (2012) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.3109/13813455.2012.677454 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Interval versus continuous aerobic exercise training in breast cancer survivors—a pilot RCT
Dolan, L. B., Campbell, K., Gelmon, K., Neil-Sztramko, S., Holmes, D., & McKenzie, D. C. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2749-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A randomised controlled study of the long-term effects of exercise training on mortality in elderly people: study protocol for the Generation 100 study
Stensvold, D., Viken, H., Rognmo, Ø., Skogvoll, E., Steinshamn, S., Vatten, L. J., Coombes, J. S., Anderssen, S. A., Magnussen, J., Ingebrigtsen, J. E., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007519 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Physiological responses to high-intensity interval exercise differing in interval duration
Tucker, W. J., Sawyer, B. J., Jarrett, C. L., Bhammar, D. M., & Gaesser, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001000 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rates of compliance and adherence to high-intensity interval training: a systematic review and Meta-analyses
Santos, A., Braaten, K., MacPherson, M., Vasconcellos, D., Vis-Dunbar, M., Lonsdale, C., Lubans, D., & Jung, M. E. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01535-w · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The impact of duration on effectiveness of exercise, the implication for periodization of training and goal setting for individuals who are overfat, a meta-analysis
Clark, J. (2016) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5604/20831862.1212974 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease: Hemodynamic and Functional Adaptation
Fernandes, B., Barbieri, F. A., Arthuso, F. Z., Silva, F. A., Moretto, G. F., Imaizumi, L. F. I., Ngomane, A. Y., Guimarães, G. V., & Ciolac, E. G. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2018-0588 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Exercise intensity and insulin sensitivity: how low can you go?
Hawley, J. A., & Gibala, M. J. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1425-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Continuous endurance-type exercise training does not modulate satellite cell content in obese type 2 diabetes patients.
Snijders, T., Verdijk, L. B., Hansen, D., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21891 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of high-intensity interval and continuous moderate aerobic training on fitness and health markers of older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Oliveira, A., Fidalgo, A., Farinatti, P., & Monteiro, W. (2024) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2024.105451 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Satellite cell response to concurrent resistance exercise and high-intensity interval training in sedentary, overweight/obese, middle-aged individuals.
Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Turner, M. C., & Nimmo, M. A. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3721-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Effect of 12 Weeks of Different Exercise Training Modalities or Nutritional Guidance on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Vascular Parameters, and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adults: Cardiometabolic High-Intensity Interval Training-Resistance Training Randomized Controlled Study
Ramírez-Vélez, R., Castro-Astudillo, K., Correa-Bautista, J. E., González-Ruíz, K., Izquierdo, M., García-Hermoso, A., Álvarez, C., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Correa-Rodríguez, M. (2020) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003533 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The role of exercise interval training in treating cardiovascular disease risk factors
Earnest, C. (2009) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-009-0045-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Impact of Resistance Training versus Aerobic Training on the Management of FGF-21 and Related Physiological Variables in Obese Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Duan, Y., & Lu, G. (2024) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2024.495 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The impact of sprint interval training<i>versus</i>moderate intensity continuous training on blood pressure and cardiorespiratory health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Liang, W., Liu, C., Yan, X., Hou, Y., Yang, G., Dai, J., & Wang, S. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.17064 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Rationale and optimising of outcomes in high-intensity interval training for health and disease
Ito, S. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.10.151 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of different high-intensity interval training protocols on cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers in sedentary young women: A randomized controlled trial
Zhang, B., Chen, Z., Hu, M., Yuan, F., Shi, Y., Tse, A. C. Y., Lo, S. K., Wong, S. H., & Sun, F. (2024) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2363708 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects Of High-intensity Interval Training On Cardiovascular Adaption And Mitochondrial Function In Type 2 Diabetes
Sato, S., Kato, T., Kubota, M., et al. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000478798.83160.da
Moderate Intensity Interval Training (MIIT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) exercise therapy against irisin levels in obesity
Riwayadi, D., Ambardini, R. L., Sutapa, P., Hardianto, D., Ali, S. K. S., Karakauki, M., Aryanto, S. J., Pratama, K. W., Utami, D., & Kristianto, A. (2024) · doi:10.56984/8zg01a8q3s7
High intensity interval training symposium
Bishop, D. J., Coombes, J. S., Gerche, A. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.12.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Tjønna, A. E., Lee, S. J., Rognmo, Ø., Stølen, T. O., Bye, A., Haram, P. M., Loennechen, J. P., Al-Share, Q. Y., Skogvoll, E., Slørdahl, S. A., Kemi, O. J., Najjar, S. M., & Wisløff, U.
Affiliations: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
From the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.E.T., Ø.R., T.O.S., A.B., P.M.H., J.P.L., S.A.S., U.W.) and Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine (E.S.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio (S.J.L., Q.Y.A.-S., S.M.N.); Department of Cardiology (J.P.L., S.A.S., U.W.) and Anaesthesia and Emergency Medicine (E.S.), St...
ORCID: Tjønna, Arnt Erik
Lee, Sang Jun
Stølen, Tomas O.
Bye, Anja
Haram, Per Magnus
Skogvoll, Eirik
Kemi, Ole J.
Najjar, Sonia M.
Wisløff, Ulrik
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2008-07-22
Volume: 118
Issue: 4
Pages: 346-354
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.772822
PMC: PMC2777731
OpenAlex: W2137206121
Cited by: 1,145
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 99 · 2015: 112 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 94 · 2012: 73
FWCI: 121.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Agriculture
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK54254, R01DK054254)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, aerobic interval training, exercise intensity, VO2max, endothelial function, insulin signaling, excitation-contraction coupling, lipogenesis, adipose tissue, blood glucose, blood pressure, weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors
MeSH terms: Adult, Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Exercise Therapy, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Metabolism, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Pilot Projects, Metabolic Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks