Cited by 421Hormonal and reproductive studiesSmoking Behavior and CessationAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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The relation of smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum adrenal steroids, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men.

Field, A E, Colditz, G A, Willett, W C, Longcope, C, McKinlay, J B·1994·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962322

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Abstract

The relationships of cigarette smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, cortisol, 3-alpha-androstanediol, 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide, testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were examined cross-sectionally in 1241 randomly sampled middle-aged U.S. men. Compared with nonsmokers and independent of relative weight (body mass index) and age, cigarette smokers had increased serum levels of DHEA (18% higher, P = 0.0002), DHEAS (13% higher, P = 0.0007), cortisol (5% higher, P = 0.01), androstenedione (33% higher, P = 0.0001), testosterone (9% higher, P = 0.009), DHT (14% higher, P = 0.004), and SHBG (8% higher, P = 0.004). Androstenedione, total plasma testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, DHT, and SHBG decreased with increasing relative weight. Age was positively associated with serum SHBG and negatively associated with albumin-bound testosterone, DHEA, and DHEAS. An association was found between alcohol intake and DHEA (r = 0.15; P = 0.0001), cortisol (r = 0.10; P = 0.0007), and 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide (r = 0.08; P = 0.0004). Cortisol was the only hormone that was associated with carbohydrate intake (r = -0.09; P = 0.002). The only hormones associated with dietary lipids were DHT (for vegetable fat, r = 0.07; P = 0.02), cortisol (for total fat, r = 0.08; P = 0.007), and SHBG (for animal fat, r = -0.06; P = 0.05). In addition, SHBG was positively associated with dietary (r = 0.07; P = 0.008) and crude (r = 0.08; P = 0.007) fiber. These data suggest that serum adrenal steroid and sex hormone concentrations in middle-aged men are more influenced by cigarette smoking, age, and obesity than by dietary intake; however, serum adrenal steroids were influenced by alcohol intake.

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Authors: Field, A. E., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Longcope, C., & McKinlay, J. B.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Field, A E
Colditz, G A
Willett, W C
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1994-11
Volume: 79
Issue: 5
Pages: 1310-1316
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jcem.79.5.7962322
OpenAlex: W2162133772
Cited by: 421
References: 44
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 7.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: cigarette smoking, sex hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, middle-aged men, body mass index, dietary intake, alcohol consumption, cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, age, dietary fat, carbohydrate intake, sex differences in hormone levels
MeSH terms: Adrenal Glands, Adult, Aged, Aging, Body Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Diet, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

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The relation of smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum adrenal steroids, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men.

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