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The relation of smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum adrenal steroids, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men.
Abstract
The relationships of cigarette smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, cortisol, 3-alpha-androstanediol, 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide, testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were examined cross-sectionally in 1241 randomly sampled middle-aged U.S. men. Compared with nonsmokers and independent of relative weight (body mass index) and age, cigarette smokers had increased serum levels of DHEA (18% higher, P = 0.0002), DHEAS (13% higher, P = 0.0007), cortisol (5% higher, P = 0.01), androstenedione (33% higher, P = 0.0001), testosterone (9% higher, P = 0.009), DHT (14% higher, P = 0.004), and SHBG (8% higher, P = 0.004). Androstenedione, total plasma testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, DHT, and SHBG decreased with increasing relative weight. Age was positively associated with serum SHBG and negatively associated with albumin-bound testosterone, DHEA, and DHEAS. An association was found between alcohol intake and DHEA (r = 0.15; P = 0.0001), cortisol (r = 0.10; P = 0.0007), and 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide (r = 0.08; P = 0.0004). Cortisol was the only hormone that was associated with carbohydrate intake (r = -0.09; P = 0.002). The only hormones associated with dietary lipids were DHT (for vegetable fat, r = 0.07; P = 0.02), cortisol (for total fat, r = 0.08; P = 0.007), and SHBG (for animal fat, r = -0.06; P = 0.05). In addition, SHBG was positively associated with dietary (r = 0.07; P = 0.008) and crude (r = 0.08; P = 0.007) fiber. These data suggest that serum adrenal steroid and sex hormone concentrations in middle-aged men are more influenced by cigarette smoking, age, and obesity than by dietary intake; however, serum adrenal steroids were influenced by alcohol intake.
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“In men, there are contradictory findings; some studies found levels of testosterone were similar in both smokers and nonsmokers, while other studies found levels of testosterone were higher in smokers [35, 60–62].”
From The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Smoking has been shown to increase cortisol level, leading to hypercortisolism [33] in chronic smokers [34, 35], though this finding has not been reported in all studies [36].”
From The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Bone Mass: An Overview of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“the majority of studies which also included SHBG levels confirmed that SHGB levels in smokers are higher, and both free and total testosterone are increased in smokers”
From Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men (2013) · cites this paper as Field et al. 1994
In the citing paper
“The results are supported by two large cross-sectional studies, our own previous smaller study (Svartberg et al., 2003) and the study by Field et al. (1994).”
From Endogenous testosterone levels and smoking in men. The fifth Tromsø study (2007) · cites this paper as Field et al. (1994)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Field, A. E., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Longcope, C., & McKinlay, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1994-11
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1310-1316
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2162133772
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, sex hormones, sex hormone-binding globulin, middle-aged men, body mass index, dietary intake, alcohol consumption, cortisol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, age, dietary fat, carbohydrate intake, sex differences in hormone levels
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Adult, Aged, Aging, Body Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Diet, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Smoking, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
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