GC/MS in recent years has defined the Normal and clinically disordered steroidome: will It Soon Be surpassed by LC/Tandem MS in this role?
Open accessAbstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been used for steroid analysis since the 1960s. The advent of protective derivatization, capillary columns, and inexpensive electron ionization bench-top single quadrupole soon made it the method of choice for studying disorders of steroid synthesis and metabolism. However, the lengthy sample workup prevented GC/MS from becoming routine for steroid hormone measurement, which was dominated by radioimmunoassay. It was the emergence of liquid chromatography/tandem MS (LC/MS/MS) that sparked a renewed interest in GC/MS for the multicomponent analysis of steroids. GC/MS is excellent at providing an integrated picture of a person's steroid metabolome, or steroidome, as we term it. We review the recent work on newly described disorders and discuss the technical advances such as GC coupling to triple quadrupole and ion trap analyzers, two-dimensional GC/MS, and alternative ionization and detection systems such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and time of flight. We believe that no novel GC/MS-based technique has the power of GC(electron ionization)/MS/MS as a "discovery tool," although APCI might provide ultimate sensitivity, which might be required in tissue steroidomics. Finally, we discuss the role of LC/MS/MS in steroidomics. This remains a challenge but offers shorter analysis times and advantages in the detection and discovery of steroids with a known structure. We describe recent advances in LC/MS steroidomics of hydrolyzed and intact steroid conjugates and suggest the technique is catching up with GC/MS in this area. However, in the end, both techniques will likely remain complementary and both should be available in advanced analytical laboratories.
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There are increasing efforts to develop both ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPHSFC-MS/MS) methods for the screening of multiple urine steroids.
“However, of late, there are increasing efforts to develop both ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPHSFC-MS/MS) methods for the screening of multiple urine steroids [341,342].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [341]
POR deficiency also results in typical skeletal malformations known as Antley-Bixler syndrome.
“POR deficiency also results in typical skeletal malformations, known as Antley-Bixler syndrome ( 27 , 28 ).”
From Classic and current concepts in adrenal steroidogenesis: a reappraisal (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
POR deficiency is the sixth and last form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
“POR deficiency – the 6 th and last form of CAH –, was subsequently characterized.”
From Classic and current concepts in adrenal steroidogenesis: a reappraisal (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Novel technological developments have facilitated development of high-throughput multisteroid profiling methods soon to reach clinical practice.
“Furthermore, novel technological developments have facilitated the development of high-throughput multisteroid profiling methods soon to reach clinical practice (5–7).”
From Steroid Metabolome Analysis in Disorders of Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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Pozo, Ó. J., Marcos, J., Fabregat, A., Ventura, R., Casals, G., Aguilera, P., Segura, J., & To‐Figueras, J. (2014) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/1750-1172-9-54 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationCasals, G., Marcos, J., Pozo, Ó. J., Aguilera, P., Herrero, C., & To‐Figueras, J. (2013) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationWudy, S. A., & Choi, M. H. (2016) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mass spectrometry for steroids
Honour, J. W. (2014) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1177/0004563214529750 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Urinary Steroid Measurements in Some Endocrine and Psychiatric Diseases
Poór, V., Bufa, A., Bíró, I., et al. (2005) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867054020945 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lee, S. H., Choi, M. H., Lee, W., & Chung, B. C. (2010) · Mass Spectrometry Letters · doi:10.5478/msl.2010.1.1.029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
LC–MS/MS in Clinical Laboratories
Kushnir, M. M., Rockwood, A. L., & Bergquist, J. (2012) · Bioanalysis · doi:10.4155/bio.12.306 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schiffer, L., Barnard, L., Baranowski, E. S., Gilligan, L. C., Taylor, A. E., Arlt, W., Shackleton, C. H. L., & Storbeck, K.-H. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
“chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPHSFC-MS/MS) methods for the screening of multiple urine steroids [341,342].”
Self-citationSteroid Metabolome Analysis in Disorders of Adrenal Steroid Biosynthesis and Metabolism
Storbeck, K.-H., Schiffer, L., Baranowski, E. S., Chortis, V., Prete, A., Barnard, L., Gilligan, L. C., Taylor, A. E., Idkowiak, J., Arlt, W., et al. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00262 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationMulti-steroid profiling by UHPLC-MS/MS with post-column infusion of ammonium fluoride
Schiffer, L., Shaheen, F., Gilligan, L. C., Storbeck, K.-H., Hawley, J. M., Keevil, B. G., Arlt, W., & Taylor, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123413 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gomez-Gomez, A., Miranda, J., Feixas, G., Arranz Betegon, A., Crispi, F., Gratacós, E., & Pozo, O. J. (2020) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105520 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Classic and current concepts in adrenal steroidogenesis: a reappraisal
Kater, C. E., Giorgi, R. B., & Costa-Barbosa, F. A. (2022) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000438 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: a GC-MS study
Wang, R., Hartmann, M. F., Tiosano, D., & Wudy, S. A. (2019) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105412 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Köhrle, J., & Richards, K. H. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-1175-4610 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shackleton, C., Pozo, O. J., & Marcos, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Shackleton, Cedric
- ORCID
- Marcos, Josep
- Venue
- Journal of the Endocrine Society
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2018-07-09
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 974-996
- ISSN
- 2472-1972 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6080058
- OpenAlex
- W2881236385
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Endocrine Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of California, San Francisco
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/00147, PI14/)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Keywords
- steroidomics, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS, steroid hormone measurement, steroid metabolism, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, steroid conjugates
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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