The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains
Abstract
We detected large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia (macrophages), along with Lewy bodies and free melanin, in the substantia nigra of all cases studied with Parkinson's disease (5) and parkinsonism with dementia (PD) (5). We found similar, but less extensive, pathology in the substantia nigra of six of nine cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) but in only one of 11 age-matched nonneurologic cases. All dementia cases with a premortem diagnosis of DAT or PD showed large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia and significant plaque and tangle counts in the hippocampus, as well as reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. One of 11 nondemented controls showed mild evidence of similar cortical pathology. These data indicate that HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia are a sensitive index of neuropathologic activity. They suggest a frequent coexistence of DAT- and Parkinson-type pathology in elderly patients.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Early evidence revealed the presence of reactive microglia expressing Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen DR-Isotype (HLA-DR) in the SNpc of human post mortem brain tissue [6].”
From Intrastriatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils alters central and peripheral immune cell profiles in non-transgenic mice (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Reactive microglia expressing HLA-DR are abundant in the substantia nigra of PD patients60.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“In 1988, reactive microglia were first observed in the substantia nigra (SN) of postmortem brain tissue from PD patients.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [210]
In the citing paper
“Intense microgliosis around extraneuronal neuromelanin (released by dying neurons) has been identified in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease.125,126”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,040
Role of reactive oxygen species in LPS‐induced production of prostaglandin E2in microglia
Wang, T., Qin, L., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Wilson, B. C., Eling, T. E., Langenbach, R. I., Taniura, S., & Hong, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02242.x · Cited by 220
Sugama, S., Fujita, M., Hashimoto, M., & Conti, B. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.043 · Cited by 216
Ahmed, S., Kwatra, M., Panda, S. R., Murty, U. S. N., & Naidu, V. G. M. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.017 · Cited by 217
Apigenin and luteolin modulate microglial activation via inhibition of STAT1-induced CD40 expression
Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Ehrhart, J. C., Bai, Y., Sanberg, P. R., Bickford, P. C., Tan, J. R., & Shytle, R. D. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-41 · Cited by 217
microRNAs in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches
Leggio, L., Vivarelli, S., L’Episcopo, F., Tirolo, C., Caniglia, S., Testa, N., Marchetti, B., & Iraci, N. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122698 · Cited by 218
Microglia Response During Parkinson’s Disease: Alpha-Synuclein Intervention
Ferreira, S. A., & Romero‐Ramos, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00247 · Cited by 227
Villarán, R. F., Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., Soto, M. S., de Pablos, R. M., Argüelles, S., Delgado‐Cortés, M. J., Sobrino, V., van Rooijen, N., Venero, J. L., Herrera, A. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06879.x · Cited by 217
(1990) · PubMed Central · Cited by 214
Wang, M., Lin, W., Chen, H.-L., Chang, Y., Ou, H., Kuo, J., Hong, J., & Jeng, K.-C. G. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02290.x · Cited by 213
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against Parkinson disease
Wahner, A. D., Bronstein, J. M., Bordelon, Y. M., & Ritz, B. R. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000279519.99344.ad · Cited by 210
The role of free radicals in the aging brain and Parkinson’s Disease: Convergence and parallelism
Kumar, H., Lim, H.-W., More, S. V., Kim, B.-W., Koppula, S., Kim, I. S., & Choi, D.-K. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms130810478 · Cited by 212
Fan, Z., Aman, Y., Ahmed, I., Chetelat, G., Landeau, B., Ray Chaudhuri, K., Brooks, D. J., & Edison, P. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.016 · Cited by 212
Endocannabinoid system in neurodegenerative disorders
Basavarajappa, B. S., Shivakumar, M., Joshi, V., & Subbanna, S. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14098 · Cited by 222
Iravani, M. M., Kashefi, K., Mander, P., Rose, S., & Jenner, P. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00562-0 · Cited by 247
Ishizawa, K., & Dickson, D. W. (2001) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/60.6.647 · Cited by 209
Female sex steroids: effects upon microglial cell activation
Drew, P. D., & Chavis, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00386-6 · Cited by 209
Neuroinflammation in the living brain of Parkinson's disease
Ouchi, Y., Yagi, S., Yokokura, M., & Sakamoto, M. (2009) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(09)70814-4 · Cited by 210
A Macrophage−Nanozyme Delivery System for Parkinson's Disease
Batrakova, E. V., Li, S., Reynolds, A. D., Mosley, R. L., Bronich, T. K., Kabanov, A. V., & Gendelman, H. E. (2007) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc700184b · Cited by 208
The neuroinflammatory response in humans after traumatic brain injury
Smith, C., Gentleman, S. M., Leclercq, P. D., Murray, L. S., Griffin, W. S. T., Graham, D. I., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2012) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12008 · Cited by 213
Biological role of Toll-like receptor-4 in the brain
Trotta, T., Porro, C., Calvello, R., & Panaro, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.014 · Cited by 209
Du, X., & Pang, T. Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00032 · Cited by 221
Wu, S.-Y., Wang, T.-F., Yu, L., Jen, C. J., Chuang, J.-I., Wu, F.-S., Wu, C.-W., & Kuo, Y.-M. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.006 · Cited by 206
Barcia, C., Sánchez-Bahíllo, A., Fernández‐Villalba, E., Bautista‐Hernández, V., Poza, M., Fernández-Barreiro, A., Hirsch, É. C., & Herrero, M. T. (2004) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20015 · Cited by 206
Xia, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Lu, H., & Zheng, J. C. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101694 · Cited by 202
Functional roles of microglia in the brain
Nakajima, K., & Kohsaka, S. (1993) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(93)90047-t · Cited by 205
Brkic, M., Balusu, S., Libert, C., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/620581 · Cited by 205
Zecca, L., Wilms, H., Geick, S., Claasen, J.-H., Brandenburg, L.-O., Holzknecht, C., Panizza, M. L., Zucca, F. A., Deuschl, G., Sievers, J., et al. (2008) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0361-7 · Cited by 205
Li, R., Huang, Y., Du, F., & Le, W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20315 · Cited by 206
Sánchez‐Pernaute, R., Ferree, A. W., Cooper, O., Yu, M., Brownell, A., & Ole Isacson, A. (2004) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-1-6 · Cited by 205
Liu, Y., Qin, L., Li, G., Zhang, W., An, L., Liu, B., & Hong, J. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.043166 · Cited by 205
Tomimoto, H., Akiguchi, I., Suenaga, T., Nishimura, M., Wakita, H., Nakamura, S., & Kimura, J. (1996) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.27.11.2069 · Cited by 204
Tweedie, D., Ferguson, R. A., Fishman, K., Frankola, K. A., van Praag, H., Holloway, H. W., Luo, W., Li, Y., Caracciolo, L., Russo, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-106 · Cited by 208
Impaired Inflammatory Responses in Murine Lrrk2-Knockdown Brain Microglia
Kim, B., Yang, M.-S., Choi, D., Kim, J.-H., Kim, H.-S., Seol, W., Choi, S., Jou, I., Kim, E.-Y., & Joe, E.-H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034693 · Cited by 215
de Pablos, R. M., Herrera, A. J., Espinosa-Oliva, A. M., Sarmiento, M., Muñoz, M. F., Machado, A., & Venero, J. L. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-34 · Cited by 201
Mechanisms of islet amyloidosis toxicity in type 2 diabetes
Abedini, A., & Schmidt, A. M. (2013) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.017 · Cited by 206
M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson’s Disease: Foe and ally?
Moehle, M. S., & West, A. B. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.018 · Cited by 209
Yu, H., Chang, Q., Sun, T., He, X., Wen, L., An, J., Feng, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102032 · Cited by 216
Rocha, N. P., de Miranda, A. S., & Teixeira, A. L. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/628192 · Cited by 207
PPAR‐gamma‐mediated neuroprotection in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Schintu, N., Frau, L., Ibba, M., Caboni, P., Garau, A., Carboni, E., & Carta, A. R. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06657.x · Cited by 202
The Role of Microglia and Matrix Metalloproteinases Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Gliomas
Könnecke, H., & Bechmann, I. (2013) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2013/914104 · Cited by 206
Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular behaviour.
Zecca, L., Tampellini, D., Gerlach, M., Riederer, P. F., Fariello, R. G., & Sulzer, D. L. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1136/mp.54.6.414 · Cited by 200
Kim, Y. S., Choi, D. H., Block, M. L., Lorenzl, S., Yang, L., Kim, Y., Sugama, S., Cho, B. P., Hwang, O., Browne, S. E., et al. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-5865com · Cited by 199
Lee, I., Lim, J., Gal, J., Kang, J. C., Kim, H. J., Kang, B. Y., & Choi, H. J. (2010) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.008 · Cited by 198
Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease
Tüfekçi, K. U., Meuwissen, R. L. J., Genç, Ş., & Genç, K. (2012) · Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398314-5.00004-0 · Cited by 205
Nitrated α-Synuclein-Induced Alterations in Microglial Immunity Are Regulated by CD4+ T Cell Subsets
Reynolds, A. D., Stone, D. K., Mosley, R. L., & Gendelman, H. E. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803982 · Cited by 199
Lewy body-like alpha-synuclein inclusions trigger reactive microgliosis prior to nigral degeneration
Duffy, M. F., Collier, T. J., Patterson, J. R., Kemp, C. J., Luk, K. C., Tansey, M. G., Paumier, K. L., Kanaan, N. M., Fischer, D. L., Polinski, N. K., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1171-z · Cited by 197
Neurodegenerative Disease and the NLRP3 Inflammasome
Holbrook, J. A., Jarosz-Griffiths, H., Caseley, E. A., Reyna, S. J. L., Poulter, J. A., Williams‐Gray, C. H., Peckham, D. G., & McDermott, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.643254 · Cited by 201
Microglia: Proliferation and activation driven by the P2X7 receptor
Monif, M., Burnstock, G., & Williams, D. A. (2010) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.021 · Cited by 202
Amanollahi, M., Jameie, M., Heidari, A., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z · Cited by 207
Cassano, T., Calcagnini, S., Pace, L., Marco, F. D., Romano, A., & Gaetani, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00030 · Cited by 200
Ten Unsolved Questions About Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease
Hirsch, É. C., & Standaert, D. G. (2020) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28075 · Cited by 196
Alpha-synuclein release by neurons activates the inflammatory response in a microglial cell line
Alvarez‐Erviti, L., Couch, Y., Richardson, J. C., Cooper, J. A. D., & Wood, M. J. A. (2011) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.12.020 · Cited by 199
Lipopolysaccharide Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease
Liu, M., & Bing, G. (2011) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/327089 · Cited by 199
Past, present and future of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists in the therapy of Parkinson's disease
Armentero, M., Pinna, A., Ferré, S., Lanciego, J. L., Müller, C. E., & Franco, R. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.07.004 · Cited by 197
Moss, D. W., & Bates, T. E. (2001) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01418.x · Cited by 192
Bourdenx, M., Koulakiotis, N. S., Sanoudou, D., Bézard, E., Dehay, B., & Tsarbopoulos, A. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.003 · Cited by 202
Alzheimer's Disease: Redox Dysregulation As a Common Denominator for Diverse Pathogenic Mechanisms
Rommy von Bernhardi, M., & Eugenín, J. L. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4082 · Cited by 193
Macrophage Delivery of Therapeutic Nanozymes in A Murine Model of Parkinson‘S Disease
Brynskikh, A. M., Zhao, Y., Mosley, R. L., Li, S., Boska, M. D., Klyachko, N. L., Kabanov, A. V., Gendelman, H. E., & Batrakova, E. V. (2010) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.10.7 · Cited by 190
Propagation of pathological α-synuclein in marmoset brain
Shimozawa, A., Ono, M., Takahara, D., Tarutani, A., Imura, S., Masuda‐Suzukake, M., Higuchi, M., Yanai, K., Hisanaga, S., & Hasegawa, M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0413-0 · Cited by 204
Cytotoxic Effect of Brain Macrophages on Developing Neurons
Théry, C., Chamak, B., & Mallat, M. (1991) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00050.x · Cited by 190
Caffeine protects against MPTP‐induced blood‐brain barrier dysfunction in mouse striatum
Chen, X., Lan, X., Roche, I., Liu, R., & Geiger, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05697.x · Cited by 189
Picca, A., Guerra, F., Calvani, R., Romano, R., Coelho-Júnior, H. J., Bucci, C., & Marzetti, E. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11101508 · Cited by 189
Reduced T helper and B lymphocytes in Parkinson's disease
Stevens, C. H., Rowe, D. B., Morel‐Kopp, M., Orr, C., Russell, T., Ranola, M., Wård, C., & Halliday, G. M. (2012) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.07.015 · Cited by 200
Regulation of LRRK2 Expression Points to a Functional Role in Human Monocyte Maturation
Thévenet, J., Gobert, R. P., van Huijsduijnen, R. H., Wießner, C., & Sagot, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021519 · Cited by 191
Targets for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
Yacoubian, T. A., & Standaert, D. G. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.09.009 · Cited by 193
Ghosh, A., Tyson, T., George, S., Hildebrandt, E. N., Steiner, J. A., Madaj, Z., Schulz, E., Machiela, E., McDonald, W. G., Galvis, M. L. E., et al. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2210 · Cited by 193
Neuroinflammation and protein pathology in Parkinson’s disease dementia
Kouli, A., Camacho, M., Allinson, K. S. J., & Williams‐Gray, C. H. (2020) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-020-01083-5 · Cited by 196
A review of the mechanisms of cone degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa
Narayan, D. S., Wood, J. P. M., Chidlow, G., & Casson, R. J. (2016) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.13141 · Cited by 196
Krashia, P., Cordella, A., Nobili, A., La Barbera, L., Federici, M., Leuti, A., Campanelli, F., Natale, G., Marino, G., Calabrese, V., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11928-w · Cited by 188
Antioxidant peptides, the guardian of life from oxidative stress
Zhu, Y., Wang, K., Jia, X., Fu, C., Yu, H., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21986 · Cited by 198
Immunological aspects of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease
Benveniste, E. N., Nguyen, V. T., & O'Keefe, G. M. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00045-6 · Cited by 189
Recent developments on PET radiotracers for TSPO and their applications in neuroimaging
Zhang, L., Hu, K., Shao, T., Hou, L., Zhang, S., Ye, W., Josephson, L., Meyer, J. H., Zhang, M., Vasdev, N., et al. (2020) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.006 · Cited by 195
Ferger, B., Leng, A., Mura, A., Hengerer, B., & Feldon, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02399.x · Cited by 187
Kure, K., Lyman, W. D., Weidenheim, K. M., & Dickson, D. W. (1990) · PubMed Central · Cited by 186
Neuron-Astrocyte Interactions in Parkinson’s Disease
Miyazaki, I., & Asanuma, M. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9122623 · Cited by 186
Therapeutic approaches to inflammation in neurodegenerative disease
Klegeris, A., McGeer, E. G., & McGeer, P. L. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3280adc943 · Cited by 189
Self-citationEffects of Physical Exercise on Neuroinflammation, Neuroplasticity, Neurodegeneration, and Behavior
Svensson, M., Lexell, J. E., & Deierborg, T. (2014) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968314562108 · Cited by 202
Jeohn, G., Kong, L., Wilson, B. C., Hudson, P. M., & Hong, J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00204-x · Cited by 183
Glia-dependent neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in mesencephalic cultures
Bronstein, D. M., Pérez‐Otaño, I., Sun, V., Sawin, S. B. M., Chan, J., Wu, G.-C., Hudson, P. M., Kong, L., Hong, J., & McMillian, M. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01189-7 · Cited by 186
Exogenous α-synuclein induces toll-like receptor 4 dependent inflammatory responses in astrocytes
Rannikko, E. H., Weber, S. S., & Kahle, P. J. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0192-0 · Cited by 185
von Herrmann, K. M., Salas, L. A., Martinez, E. M., Young, A. L., Howard, J. M., Feldman, M. S., Christensen, B. C., Wilkins, O. M., Lee, S., Hickey, W. F., et al. (2018) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0061-5 · Cited by 190
Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact
Moretti, R., Morelli, M. E., & Caruso, P. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19082245 · Cited by 192
CaM I mRNA is localized to apical dendrites during postnatal development of neurons in the rat brain
Berry, F., & Brown, I. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19960301)43:5 · Cited by 41
Amyloid fibrils are the molecular trigger of inflammation in Parkinson's disease
Gustot, A., Gallea, J. I., Sarroukh, R., Celej, M. S., Ruysschaert, J., & Raussens, V. (2015) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20150617 · Cited by 190
Biochemistry of postmortem brains in Parkinson’s disease: historical overview and future prospects
Nagatsu, T., & Sawada, M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_14 · Cited by 187
Dupont, A.-C., Largeau, B., Santiago Ribeiro, M., Guilloteau, D., Tronel, C., & Arlicot, N. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18040785 · Cited by 182
“Since the discovery of activated microglia in a post mortem study of PD brains, objectified by a large amount of HLA-DR-positive microglial cells in the locus niger, “neuroinflammation” became one of the main culprits in the pathogenesis and in the progression of PD [48].”
BackgroundThe spatiotemporal changes in dopamine, neuromelanin and iron characterizing Parkinson’s disease
Biondetti, E., Santin, M. D., Valabrègue, R., Mangone, G., Gaurav, R., Pyatigorskaya, N., Hutchison, M., Yahia‐Cherif, L., Villain, N., Habert, M., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab191 · Cited by 186
The endocannabinoid system in targeting inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases
Centonze, D., Finazzi‐Agrò, A., Bernardi, G., & Maccarrone, M. (2007) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.02.004 · Cited by 182
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) removal by neuroglial cells in culture
Shaffer, L. M., Dority, M. D., Gupta‐Bansal, R., Frederickson, R. C. A., Younkin, S. G., & Brunden, K. R. (1995) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(95)00055-j · Cited by 180
Inhibition of glial inflammatory activation and neurotoxicity by tricyclic antidepressants
Hwang, J., Zheng, L. T., Ock, J., Lee, M. G., Kim, S.-H., Lee, H.-W., Lee, W.-H., Park, H.-C., & Suk, K. (2008) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.045 · Cited by 181
Bartels, A. L., Willemsen, A. T. M., Doorduin, J., de Vries, E. F. J., Dierckx, R. A., & Leenders, K. L. (2009) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.05.005 · Cited by 181
Genome-wide association study confirms extant PD risk loci among the Dutch
Simón‐Sánchez, J., van Hilten, J. J., van de Warrenburg, B. P. C., Post, B., Berendse, H. W., Arepalli, S., Hernandez, D. G., de Bie, R. M. A., Velseboer, D. C., Scheffer, H., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.254 · Cited by 178
Age-dependent defects of alpha-synuclein oligomer uptake in microglia and monocytes
Bliederhaeuser, C., Grozdanov, V., Speidel, A., Zondler, L., Ruf, W. P., Bayer, H., Kiechle, M., Feiler, M. S., Freischmidt, A., Brenner, D., et al. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1504-2 · Cited by 181
α-Synuclein fibrils recruit peripheral immune cells in the rat brain prior to neurodegeneration
Harms, A. S., Delic, V., Thome, A. D., Bryant, N., Liu, Z., Chandra, S., Jurkuvenaite, A., & West, A. B. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-017-0494-9 · Cited by 181
Sorrentino, Z. A., Giasson, B. I., & Chakrabarty, P. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-019-01977-2 · Cited by 179
The concept of microglia in relation to central nervous system disease and regeneration
MOORE, S., & Thanos, S. (1996) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)00051-8 · Cited by 180
Tooyama, I., Kimura, H., Akiyama, H., & McGeer, P. L. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91496-4 · Cited by 180
Self-citationResveratrol differentially modulates inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes
Lu, X., Ma, L., Ruan, L., Kong, Y., Mou, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, J., & Le, Y. (2010) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-46 · Cited by 189
LRRK2 and neuroinflammation: partners in crime in Parkinson’s disease?
Russo, I., Bubacco, L., & Greggio, E. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-52 · Cited by 192
Immune system responses in Parkinson's disease: Early and dynamic
Tansey, M. G., & Romero‐Ramos, M. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14290 · Cited by 193
Metadata
- Authors
- McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1988-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1285-1285
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W1974924674
- Cited by
- 2,990
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- reactive microglia, HLA-DR, substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies, melanin, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, choline acetyltransferase, hippocampus
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Chemistry, Dementia, Female, HLA-D Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Male, Melanins, Middle Aged, Neuroglia, Parkinson Disease, Substantia Nigra
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review