Cited by 2,990Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., McGeer, E. G.·1988·Neurology

DOI 10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We detected large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia (macrophages), along with Lewy bodies and free melanin, in the substantia nigra of all cases studied with Parkinson's disease (5) and parkinsonism with dementia (PD) (5). We found similar, but less extensive, pathology in the substantia nigra of six of nine cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) but in only one of 11 age-matched nonneurologic cases. All dementia cases with a premortem diagnosis of DAT or PD showed large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia and significant plaque and tangle counts in the hippocampus, as well as reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. One of 11 nondemented controls showed mild evidence of similar cortical pathology. These data indicate that HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia are a sensitive index of neuropathologic activity. They suggest a frequent coexistence of DAT- and Parkinson-type pathology in elderly patients.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Still being checked.

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,040

Specific Transfection of Inflamed Brain by Macrophages: A New Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Haney, M. J., Zhao, Y., Harrison, E. B., Mahajan, V., Ahmed, S., He, Z., Suresh, P., Hingtgen, S., Klyachko, N. L., Mosley, R. L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061852 · Cited by 144
Retracted
Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Increased Risk of Parkinson Disease
Wahner, A. D., Sinsheimer, J. S., Bronstein, J. M., & Ritz, B. R. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.6.836 · Cited by 143
Awareness and current knowledge of Parkinson’s disease: a neurodegenerative disorder
Khan, A. U., Akram, M., Daniyal, M., & Zainab, R. (2018) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837 · Cited by 151
Therapeutic prospects for Parkinson disease
Olanow, C. W., & Schapira, A. H. V. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24011 · Cited by 145
Pharmacological Targeting of Microglial Activation: New Therapeutic Approach
Liu, C., Wang, X., Liu, C., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00514 · Cited by 147
α-Synuclein Expression Modulates Microglial Activation Phenotype
Austin, S. A., Floden, A. M., Murphy, E. J., & Combs, C. K. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1799-06.2006 · Cited by 150
Striatal Neuroinflammation Promotes Parkinsonism in Rats
Choi, D.-Y., Liu, M., Hunter, R. L., Cass, W. A., Pandya, J. D., Sullivan, P. G., Shin, E.-J., Kim, H.-C., Gash, D. M., & Bing, G. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005482 · Cited by 141
Histamine in Neurotransmission and Brain Diseases
Nuutinen, S., & Panula, P. (2010) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4_10 · Cited by 141
Anti-high mobility group box 1 antibody exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Sasaki, T., Liu, K., Agari, T., Yasuhara, T., Morimoto, J., Okazaki, M., Takeuchi, H., Toyoshima, A., Sasada, S., Shinko, A., et al. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.11.003 · Cited by 140
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators by activated microglia
Delgado, M., Leceta, J., & Ganea, D. (2003) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0702372 · Cited by 141
Chronic expression of low levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in the substantia nigra elicits progressive neurodegeneration, delayed motor symptoms and microglia/macrophage activation
Ezcurra, A. L. D. L., Chertoff, M., Ferrari, C. C., Graciarena, M., & Pitossi, F. J. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.018 · Cited by 140
Caspase-11 Mediates Inflammatory Dopaminergic Cell Death in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease
Furuya, T., Hayakawa, H., YAMADA, M., Yoshimi, K., Hisahara, S., Miura, M., Mizuno, Y., & Mochizuki, H. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3309-03.2004 · Cited by 140
Evidence for angiogenesis in Parkinson’s disease, incidental Lewy body disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy
Desai Bradaric, B., Patel, A., Schneider, J. A., Carvey, P. M., & Hendey, B. (2012) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0684-8 · Cited by 139
The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Zang, X., Chen, S., Zhu, J., Ma, J., & Zhai, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.872134 · Cited by 139
NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease
Anderson, F. L., Biggs, K. E., Rankin, B. E., & Havrda, M. C. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.006 · Cited by 154
Minocycline inhibits apoptotic cell death via attenuation of TNF‐α expression following iNOS/NO induction by lipopolysaccharide in neuron/glia co‐cultures
Lee, S. M., Yune, T. Y., Kim, S. J., Kim, Y. C., Oh, Y. J., Markelonis, G. J., & Oh, T. H. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02780.x · Cited by 137
Intrastriatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils alters central and peripheral immune cell profiles in non-transgenic mice
Earls, R. H., Menees, K. B., Chung, J., Barber, J., Gutekunst, C.-A., Hazim, M. G., & Lee, J.-K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1636-8 · Cited by 138
“Early evidence revealed the presence of reactive microglia expressing Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen DRIsotype (HLA-DR) in the SNpc of human post mortem brain tissue [6].”
Background
PK11195 labels activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease and in vivo in a mouse model using PET
Venneti, S., Lopresti, B. J., Wang, G., Hamilton, R. L., Mathis, C. A., Klunk, W. E., Apte, U. M., & Wiley, C. A. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.005 · Cited by 138
P2X7 Receptors Amplify CNS Damage in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Illés, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21175996 · Cited by 145
N‐acetylcysteine prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the EAAC1−/− mouse
Berman, A., Chan, W., Brennan, A. M., Reyes, R. C., Adler, B. L., Suh, S. W., Kauppinen, T. M., Edling, Y., & Swanson, R. A. (2010) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22162 · Cited by 139
Iron, the substantia nigra and related neurological disorders
Snyder, A. M., & Connor, J. R. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.08.005 · Cited by 138
Paeoniflorin attenuates neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease by activation of adenosine A1receptor
Liu, H., Zhang, W., Luo, X., Yang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2006) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706732 · Cited by 137
Inflammation in Neurological Disorders: The Thin Boundary Between Brain and Periphery
Cervellati, C., Trentini, A., Pecorelli, A., & Valacchi, G. (2020) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2020.8076 · Cited by 140
Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Dopamine Oxidation Products
Chakrabarti, S., & Bisaglia, M. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12040955 · Cited by 145
Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation attenuates blood brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation and protects dopaminergic neurons against MPTP toxicity in the substantia nigra in a model of Parkinson's disease.
Chao, Y.-X., He, B., & Tay, S. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.003 · Cited by 133
Neuroprotective effect of nerolidol against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by rotenone
Javed, H., Azimullah, S., Khair, S. B. A., Ojha, S. K., & Haque, M. E. (2016) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0293-4 · Cited by 135
Spatiotemporal changes in substantia nigra neuromelanin content in Parkinson’s disease
Biondetti, E., Gaurav, R., Yahia‐Cherif, L., Mangone, G., Pyatigorskaya, N., Valabrègue, R., Ewenczyk, C., Hutchison, M., François, C., Arnulf, I., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa216 · Cited by 134
Inhibition of microglial activation by the herbal flavonoid baicalein attenuates inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
Li, F.-Q., Wang, T., Pei, Z., Liu, B., & Hong, J. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0213-0 · Cited by 135
Immune Cell Activation in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Parkinson's Disease
Schröder, J. B., Pawlowski, M., Meyer zu Hörste, G., Gross, C. C., Wiendl, H., Meuth, S. G., Ruck, T., & Warnecke, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.01081 · Cited by 134
Microglial Malfunction: The Third Rail in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease
Mhatre, S. D., Tsai, C. A., Rubin, A. J., James, M. L., & Andreasson, K. I. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.006 · Cited by 134
Redox regulation of NF ‐κB p50 and M1 polarization in microglia
Taetzsch, T., Levesque, S., McGraw, C., Brookins, S., Luqa, R., Bonini, M. G., Mason, R. P., Oh, U., & Block, M. L. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22762 · Cited by 139
Direct evidence for expression of dopamine receptors in astrocytes from basal ganglia
Miyazaki, I., Asanuma, M., Diaz-Corrales, F. J. J., Miyoshi, K., & Ogawa, N. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.09.014 · Cited by 134
Misfolded α-synuclein and toll-like receptors: therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease
Béraud, D., & Maguire‐Zeiss, K. A. (2011) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70008-6 · Cited by 135
Inflammatory changes are tightly associated with neurodegeneration in the brain and spinal cord of the APP/PS1KI mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Wirths, O., Breyhan, H., Marcello, A., Côtel, M.-C., Brück, W., & Bayer, T. A. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.06.011 · Cited by 140
The Neuromelanin of Human Substantia Nigra: Physiological and Pathogenic Aspects
Zucca, F. A., Giaveri, G., Gallorini, M., Albertini, A., Toscani, M., Pezzoli, G., Lucius, R., Wilms, H., Sulzer, D. L., Ito, S., et al. (2004) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00201.x · Cited by 134
Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Gut Microbiota Is Decreased in Parkinson’s Disease but Not in Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Nishiwaki, H., Hamaguchi, T., Ito, M., Ishida, T., Maeda, T., Kashihara, K., Tsuboi, Y., Ueyama, J., Shimamura, T., Mori, H., et al. (2020) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00797-20 · Cited by 133
The Role of Neuroinflammation in Dementias
Pasqualetti, G., Brooks, D. J., & Edison, P. (2015) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-015-0531-7 · Cited by 133
Glial degeneration and reactive gliosis in alpha-synucleinopathies: the emerging concept of primary gliodegeneration
Croisier, E., & Graeber, M. B. (2006) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-006-0119-z · Cited by 132
Andrographolide Reduces Inflammation-Mediated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Mesencephalic Neuron-Glia Cultures by Inhibiting Microglial Activation
Wang, T., Liu, B., Zhang, W., Wilson, B. C., & Hong, J. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.059683 · Cited by 133
The complex relationships between microglia, alpha-synuclein, and LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease
Schapansky, J., Nardozzi, J. D., & LaVoie, M. J. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.049 · Cited by 132
Innate and Adaptive Immunity for the Pathobiology of Parkinson's Disease
Stone, D. K., Reynolds, A. D., Mosley, R. L., & Gendelman, H. E. (2009) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2460 · Cited by 135
Radiolabelled Molecules for Imaging the Translocator Protein (18 kDa) Using Positron Emission Tomography
Dollé, F., Luus, C., Reynolds, A. J., & Kassiou, M. (2009) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/092986709788803150 · Cited by 133
Targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: the potential of NOX2 inhibitors
Surace, M. J., & Block, M. L. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1015-4 · Cited by 134
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway Governs a Full Program for Dopaminergic Neuron Survival, Neurorescue and Regeneration in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Marchetti, B. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19123743 · Cited by 132
Increase in Peripheral CD4 Bright+ CD8 Dull+ T Cells in Parkinson Disease
Hisanaga, K., 浅黄美沙, Itoyama, Y., & Iwasaki, Y. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.10.1580 · Cited by 131
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Isoflavone Metabolites in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglial Cells
Park, J., Woo, M.-S., Kim, D., Hyun, J., Kim, W.-K., Lee, J., & Kim, H.-S. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.106.114322 · Cited by 131
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide inhibit chemokine production in activated microglia
Delgado, M., Jonakait, G. M., & Ganea, D. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10098 · Cited by 131
Cytokine production of activated microglia and decrease in neurotrophic factors of neurons in the hippocampus of Lewy body disease brains
Imamura, K., Hishikawa, N., Ono, K., Suzuki, H., Sawada, M., Nagatsu, T., Yoshida, M., & Hashizume, Y. (2004) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-004-0919-y · Cited by 133
CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cell Depletion Modulates Anxiety and Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice
Kim, S.-J., Lee, H., Lee, G., Oh, S.-J., Shin, M.-K., Shim, I., & Bae, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042054 · Cited by 130
Microglial responses to dopamine in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease
Mastroeni, D., Grover, A., Leonard, B. W., Joyce, J. N., Coleman, P. D., Kozik, B., Bellinger, D. L., & Rogers, J. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.001 · Cited by 130
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as disease-modifying agents for Parkinson's disease: evidence from observational studies
Rees, K., Stowe, R. L., Patel, S., Ives, N. J., Breen, K. C., Clarke, C. E., & Ben‐Shlomo, Y. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008454 · Cited by 130
Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Rats Causes Progressive Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Cell Loss and Enhanced Vulnerability to the Pesticide Paraquat
Hutson, C. B., Lazo, C. R., Mortazavi, F., Giza, C. C., Hovda, D. A., & Chesselet, M. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1723 · Cited by 133
The potential of food protein‐derived anti‐inflammatory peptides against various chronic inflammatory diseases
Majumder, K., Mine, Y., & Wu, J. (2015) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7600 · Cited by 135
Neuroprotective effect of the chemical chaperone, trehalose in a chronic MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model
Sarkar, S., Chigurupati, S., Raymick, J. B., Mann, D., Bowyer, J. F., Schmitt, T., Beger, R. D., Hanig, J. P., Schmued, L. C., & Paule, M. G. (2014) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.006 · Cited by 129
Gastrodin Protects Apoptotic Dopaminergic Neurons in a Toxin-Induced Parkinson’s Disease Model
Kumar, H., Kim, I., More, S. V., Kim, B.-W., Bahk, Y.-Y., & Choi, D. (2013) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2013/514095 · Cited by 129
Nitrated Alpha-Synuclein and Microglial Neuroregulatory Activities
Reynolds, A. D., Kadiu, I., Garg, S. K., Glanzer, J. G., Nordgren, T. M., Ciborowski, P. S., Banerjee, R. V., & Gendelman, H. E. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-008-9100-z · Cited by 129
Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of TGF-β1 Are Mediated through the Inhibition of ERK and p47 phox -Ser345 Phosphorylation and Translocation in Microglia
Li, Q., Wei, S., Zhang, D., Hu, X., Xu, Z., Wilson, B. C., Benna, J. E., Hong, J., & Flood, P. M. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.660 · Cited by 130
Neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: Evidence from animal models to human in vivo studies with [11C]‐PK11195 PET
Bartels, A. L., & Leenders, K. L. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21552 · Cited by 127
Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Comparative Species Review
Edler, M. K., Mhatre-Winters, I., & Richardson, J. R. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10051138 · Cited by 126
Properties of the pore‐forming P2X7 purinoceptor in mouse NTW8 microglial cells
Chessell, I. P., Michel, A. D., & Humphrey, P. P. A. (1997) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701278 · Cited by 126
Neuroinflammation and Peripheral Immune Infiltration in Parkinson's Disease: An Autoimmune Hypothesis
Monahan, A. J., Warren, M., & Carvey, P. M. (2008) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.3727/096368908784423328 · Cited by 126
Redox Proteomics Identification of Oxidatively Modified Brain Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: Insights into the Progression of this Dementing Disorder
Butterfield, D. A., & Rukhsana Sultana, A. (2007) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2007-12107 · Cited by 126
Ion channel blockade attenuates aggregated alpha synuclein induction of microglial reactive oxygen species: relevance for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
Thomas, M. P., Chartrand, K., Reynolds, A. D., Vitvitsky, V., Banerjee, R. V., & Gendelman, H. E. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04315.x · Cited by 127
Intranasal brain delivery of cationic nanoemulsion-encapsulated TNFα siRNA in prevention of experimental neuroinflammation
Yadav, S., Gandham, S. K., Panicucci, R., & Amiji, M. M. (2016) · Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.374 · Cited by 125
Effects of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations and the clinical correlation with Parkinson's disease
Niwa, F., Kuriyama, N., Nakagawa, M., & Imanishi, J. (2011) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00740.x · Cited by 128
Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of an orally active apocynin derivative in pre-clinical models of Parkinson’s disease
Ghosh, A., Kanthasamy, A., Joseph, J., Anantharam, V., Srivastava, P., Dranka, B. P., Kalyanaraman, B., & Kanthasamy, A. G. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-241 · Cited by 124
Genetic activation of Nrf2 signaling is sufficient to ameliorate neurodegenerative phenotypes in aDrosophilamodel of Parkinson’s disease
Barone, M. C., Sykiotis, G. P., & Bohmann, D. (2011) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.007575 · Cited by 124
Extrastriatal spreading of microglial activation in Parkinson’s disease: a positron emission tomography study
Terada, T., Yokokura, M., Yoshikawa, E., Futatsubashi, M., Kono, S., Konishi, T., Miyajima, H., Hashizume, T., & Ouchi, Y. (2016) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-016-1099-2 · Cited by 124
Microglia at the blood brain barrier in health and disease
Mayer, M. G., & Fischer, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1360195 · Cited by 134
Macrophage Antigen Complex-1 Mediates Reactive Microgliosis and Progressive Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in the MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Hu, X., Zhang, D., Pang, H., Caudle, W. M., Li, Y., Gao, H., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Wilson, B. C., Monte, D. A. D., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7194 · Cited by 128
Peripheral Administration of the Selective Inhibitor of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) XPro®1595 Attenuates Nigral Cell Loss and Glial Activation in 6-OHDA Hemiparkinsonian Rats
Barnum, C. J., Chen, X., Chung, J., Chang, J., Williams, M., Grigoryan, N., Tesi, R. J., & Tansey, M. G. (2014) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140410 · Cited by 124
Differential contribution of microglia and monocytes in neurodegenerative diseases
Baufeld, C., O'Loughlin, E. K., Calcagno, N., Madore, C., & Butovsky, O. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7 · Cited by 128
An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition
Members, E. W. E., Terron, A., Bal-Price, A., Paini, A., Monnet-Tschudi, F., Bennekou, S. H., Leist, M., & Schildknecht, S. (2018) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-017-2133-4 · Cited by 124
Fluoxetine protects neurons against microglial activation-mediated neurotoxicity
Zhang, F., Zhou, H., Wilson, B. C., Shi, J.-S., Hong, J.-S., & Gao, H.-M. (2012) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70066-9 · Cited by 123
The acute and the long‐term effects of nigral lipopolysaccharide administration on dopaminergic dysfunction and glial cell activation
Iravani, M. M., Leung, C. C. M., Sadeghian, M., Haddon, C. O., Rose, S., & Jenner, P. G. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04220.x · Cited by 125
TNF-α regulates miRNA targeting mitochondrial complex-I and induces cell death in dopaminergic cells
Prajapati, P., Sripada, L., Singh, K., Bhatelia, K., Singh, R. K., & Singh, R. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.019 · Cited by 124
Pioglitazone inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase is associated with altered activity of p38 MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt
Xing, B., Xin, T., Hunter, R. L., & Bing, G. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-4 · Cited by 123
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the story of Parkinson’s disease: Could targeting these pathways write a good ending?
Hassanzadeh, K., & Rahimmi, A. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.26865 · Cited by 126
Reactive microglia enhance the transmission of exosomal α-synuclein via toll-like receptor 2
Xia, Y., Zhang, G., Kou, L., Yin, S., Han, C., Hu, J., Wan, F., Sun, Y., Wu, J., Li, Y., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab122 · Cited by 123
The contribution of inflammatory astrocytes to BBB impairments in a brain-chip model of Parkinson’s disease
Jacquet, A. D. R., Alpaugh, M., Denis, H. L., Tancredi, J. L., Boutin, M. E., Decaestecker, J., Beauparlant, C., Herrmann, L., Saint‐Pierre, M., Parent, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39038-8 · Cited by 126
Immune processes in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease - a potential role for microglia and nitric oxide.
Członkowska, A., Kurkowska‐Jastrzębska, I., Członkowski, A., Peter, D., & Stefano, G. B. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 123
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as disease-modifying agents for Parkinson's disease: evidence from observational studies
Rees, K., Stowe, R. L., Patel, S., Ives, N. J., Breen, K. C., Clarke, C. E., & Ben‐Shlomo, Y. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008454.pub2 · Cited by 122
Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Upon TLR2 and TLR5 Ligation by Distinct α-Synuclein Assemblies
Scheiblich, H., Bousset, L., Schwartz, S., Griep, A., Latz, E., Melki, R., & Heneka, M. T. (2021) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2100035 · Cited by 122
MHC class II positive microglia and lymphocytic infiltration are present in the substantia nigra and striatum in mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
Kurkowska-Jastrzębska, I., Wrońska, A., Kohutnicka, M., Członkowski, A., & Członkowska, A. (1999) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-1999-1289 · Cited by 114
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Parkinson’s Disease: Neurotoxins, Causative Genes, and Inflammatory Cytokines
Nagatsu, T., & Sawada, M. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-006-9061-9 · Cited by 122
Generation of reactive oxygen species in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treated dopaminergic neurons occurs as an NADPH oxidase-dependent two-wave cascade
Zawada, W. M., Banninger, G. P., Thornton, J., Marriott, B., Cantu, D., Rachubinski, A. L., Das, M., Griffin, W. S. T., & Jones, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-129 · Cited by 125
Neurotoxic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons Are Mediated by Microglial Activation, Interleukin-1β, and Expression of Caspase-11 in Mice
Arai, H., Furuya, T., Yasuda, T., Miura, M., Mizuno, Y., & Mochizuki, H. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m407328200 · Cited by 122
Molecular Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Retinoids and Carotenoids in Alzheimer’s Disease: a Review of Current Evidence
Honarvar, N. M., Saedisomeolia, A., Abdolahi, M., Shayeganrad, A., Sangsari, G. T., Rad, B. H., & Muench, G. W. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-016-0857-x · Cited by 123
Iron and aluminium in relation to brain ferritin in normal individuals and Alzheimer's-disease and chronic renal-dialysis patients
Dedman, D., Treffry, A., Candy, J., Taylor, G. A., Morris, C. M., Bloxham, C. A., Perry, R. H., Edwardson, J. A., & Harrison, P. M. (1992) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2870509 · Cited by 121
Decreased cerebrospinal fluid nitrate levels in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple system atrophy patients
Kuiper, M. A., Visser, J. J., Bergmans, P., Scheltens, P., & Wolters, E. C. (1994) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(94)90155-4 · Cited by 121
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in Alzheimer’s disease
Frohman, E. M., Frohman, T. C., Gupta, S., de Fougerolles, A., & van den Noort, S. (1991) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(91)90202-i · Cited by 120
β2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Prevents Rodent Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Microglia via a Novel Signaling Pathway
Li, Q., Wu, H., Chen, S., Zhang, D., Ali, S. F., Peterson, L. J., Wilson, B. C., Lu, R., Hong, J., & Flood, P. M. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002449 · Cited by 123
Ferroptosis Mediated by Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species: A Possible Causal Link of Neuroinflammation to Neurological Disorders
Cheng, Y., Song, Y., Chen, H., Li, Q., Gao, Y. Z., Lu, G., & Luo, C. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/5005136 · Cited by 124
Soluble TNF receptors are associated with Aβ metabolism and conversion to dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment
Buchhave, P., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Minthon, L., Janciauskiene, S. M., & Hansson, O. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.012 · Cited by 120
Glial activation is associated with l-DOPA induced dyskinesia and blocked by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Bortolanza, M., Cavalcanti-Kwiatkoski, R., Padovan‐Neto, F. E., da-Silva, C. A., Mitkovski, M., Raisman‐Vozari, R., & Bel, E. A. D. (2014) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.017 · Cited by 122
Association between Parkinson's disease and the HLA‐DRB1 locus
Ahmed, I., Tamouza, R., Delord, M., Krishnamoorthy, R., Tzourio, C., Mulot, C., Nacfer, M., Lambert, J., Beaune, P. H., Laurent‐Puig, P., et al. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25035 · Cited by 124
The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone is effective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease through inhibition of monoamine oxidase B
Quinn, L. P., Crook, B., Hows, M. E. P., Vidgeon-Hart, M., Chapman, H., Upton, N., Medhurst, A. D., & Virley, D. J. (2008) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.78 · Cited by 124
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Is there sufficient evidence for mechanism-based interventional therapy?
Tansey, M. G. (2007) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/2713 · Cited by 120
Updates on immunity and inflammation in Parkinson disease pathology
Joshi, N., & Singh, S. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24185 · Cited by 118
TREM2 overexpression attenuates neuroinflammation and protects dopaminergic neurons in experimental models of Parkinson's disease
Ren, M., Guo, Y., Wei, X., Yan, S., Qin, Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, F., & Lou, H. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.016 · Cited by 119

Authors: McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID: McGeer, P. L.
Boyes, B. E.
Venue: Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1988-08
Volume: 38
Issue: 8
Pages: 1285-1285
ISSN: 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
1526-632X
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285
OpenAlex: W1974924674
Cited by: 2,990
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 98 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 127
FWCI: 10.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords: reactive microglia, HLA-DR, substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies, melanin, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, choline acetyltransferase, hippocampus
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Chemistry, Dementia, Female, HLA-D Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Male, Melanins, Middle Aged, Neuroglia, Parkinson Disease, Substantia Nigra

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks