The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains
Abstract
We detected large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia (macrophages), along with Lewy bodies and free melanin, in the substantia nigra of all cases studied with Parkinson's disease (5) and parkinsonism with dementia (PD) (5). We found similar, but less extensive, pathology in the substantia nigra of six of nine cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) but in only one of 11 age-matched nonneurologic cases. All dementia cases with a premortem diagnosis of DAT or PD showed large numbers of HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia and significant plaque and tangle counts in the hippocampus, as well as reduced cortical choline acetyltransferase activity. One of 11 nondemented controls showed mild evidence of similar cortical pathology. These data indicate that HLA-DR-positive reactive microglia are a sensitive index of neuropathologic activity. They suggest a frequent coexistence of DAT- and Parkinson-type pathology in elderly patients.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Early evidence revealed the presence of reactive microglia expressing Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen DR-Isotype (HLA-DR) in the SNpc of human post mortem brain tissue [6].”
From Intrastriatal injection of preformed alpha-synuclein fibrils alters central and peripheral immune cell profiles in non-transgenic mice (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Reactive microglia expressing HLA-DR are abundant in the substantia nigra of PD patients60.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“In 1988, reactive microglia were first observed in the substantia nigra (SN) of postmortem brain tissue from PD patients.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [210]
In the citing paper
“Intense microgliosis around extraneuronal neuromelanin (released by dying neurons) has been identified in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease.125,126”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [125]
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,040
Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation
Butler, C. A., Popescu, A. S., Kitchener, E. J. A., Allendorf, D. H., Puigdellívol, M., & Brown, G. C. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15327 · Cited by 295
Contributions of central and systemic inflammation to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease
Collins, L. M., Toulouse, A., Connor, T. J., & Nolan, Y. M. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.028 · Cited by 306
Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease
Hirsch, É. C., Hunot, S., & Hartmann, A. (2005) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.10.013 · Cited by 303
The influence of microglia on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
Long-Smith, C. M., Sullivan, A. M., & Nolan, Y. M. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.08.001 · Cited by 302
Araujo, D. M., & Cotman, C. W. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90380-r · Cited by 295
Tilstra, J. S., Clauson, C. L., Niedernhofer, L. J., & Robbins, P. D. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 291
α-Synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies
Henderson, M. X., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M. ‐. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134316 · Cited by 301
Tompkins, M. M., Basgall, E. J., ZAMRINI, E. Y., & Hill, W. D. (1997) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 292
Neuroinflammation is a key player in Parkinson’s disease and a prime target for therapy
Li, Q., Flood, P. M., & Hong, J. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0428-1 · Cited by 295
MAO-B Elevation in Mouse Brain Astrocytes Results in Parkinson's Pathology
Mallajosyula, J. K., Kaur, D., Chinta, S. J., Rajagopalan, S., Rane, A., Nicholls, D. G., Monte, D. A. D., Macarthur, H., & Andersen, J. K. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001616 · Cited by 287
Parkinson's disease, insulin resistance and novel agents of neuroprotection
Avilés-Olmos, I., Limousin, P. D., Lees, A. J., & Foltynie, T. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws009 · Cited by 291
Streit, W. J., Graeber, M. B., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1989) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(89)90111-8 · Cited by 287
Molecular consequences of activated microglia in the brain: overactivation induces apoptosis
Liu, B., Wang, K., Gao, H.-M., Mandavilli, B., Wang, J.-Y., & Hong, J.-S. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.t01-1-00216.x · Cited by 286
Alpha-synuclein: from secretion to dysfunction and death
Marques, O., & Outeiro, T. F. (2012) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.94 · Cited by 296
Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson’s disease and animal models of the disease
Joers, V., Tansey, M. G., Mulas, G., & Carta, A. R. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006 · Cited by 285
Liu, B., Gao, H., & Hong, J. (2003) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6361 · Cited by 285
Bélarbi, K., Jopson, T. D., Tweedie, D., Arellano, C., Luo, W., Greig, N. H., & Rosi, S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-23 · Cited by 289
Cellular Senescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Martínez‐Cué, C., & Rueda, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00016 · Cited by 299
Kohutnicka, M., Lewandowska, E., Kurkowska‐Jastrzębska, I., Członkowski, A., & Członkowska, A. (1998) · Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0162-3109(98)00022-8 · Cited by 283
Boven, L. A., Gomes, L., Héry, C., Gray, F., Verhoef, J., Portegies, P., Tardieu, M., & Nottet, H. S. L. M. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.4319 · Cited by 280
The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Badanjak, K., Fixemer, S., Smajić, S., Skupin, A., & Grünewald, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094676 · Cited by 296
LRRK2 levels in immune cells are increased in Parkinson’s disease
Cook, D. A., Kannarkat, G. T., Cintron, A. F., Butkovich, L. M., Fraser, K. B., Chang, J., Grigoryan, N., Factor, S. A., West, A. B., Boss, J. M., et al. (2017) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-017-0010-8 · Cited by 279
Sulzer, D., Cassidy, C., Horga, G., Kang, U. J., Fahn, S., Casella, L., Pezzoli, G., Langley, J. A., Hu, X. P., Zucca, F. A., et al. (2018) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-018-0047-3 · Cited by 288
Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson’s disease
Harms, A. S., Ferreira, S. A., & Romero‐Ramos, M. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02268-5 · Cited by 291
The role of Toll-like receptors and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease
Heidari, A., Yazdanpanah, N., & Rezaei, N. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02496-w · Cited by 275
Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease
Teismann, P., Tieu, K., Cohen, O. S., Choi, D., Wu, D. C., Marks, D., Vila, M., Jackson-Lewis, V. R., & Przedborski, S. (2002) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.10332 · Cited by 276
Integrating Pathways of Parkinson's Disease in a Molecular Interaction Map
Fujita, K., Ostaszewski, M., Matsuoka, Y., Ghosh, S., Glaab, E., Trefois, C., Crespo, I., Perumal, T. M., Jurkowski, W., Antony, P. M. A., et al. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8489-4 · Cited by 276
Microglial Activation and Dopaminergic Cell Injury: AnIn VitroModel Relevant to Parkinson's Disease
Le, W. D., Rowe, D. B., Xie, W., Ortiz, I., He, Y., & Appel, S. H. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-21-08447.2001 · Cited by 274
Genetic Analysis of Pathways to Parkinson Disease
Hardy, J. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.014 · Cited by 276
Qin, H., Buckley, J. A., Li, X., Liu, Y., Fox, T. H., Meares, G. P., Yu, H., Yan, Z., Harms, A. S., Li, Y., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4658-15.2016 · Cited by 285
Dzamko, N., Gysbers, A., Perera, G., Bahar, A., Shankar, A., Gao, J., Fu, Y., & Halliday, G. M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1648-8 · Cited by 273
Itagaki, S., McGeer, P. L., & Akiyama, H. (1988) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(88)90690-8 · Cited by 271
Self-citationBarcia, C., Ros, C. M., Annese, V, Gómez, A., Ros-Bernal, F., Aguado-Llera, D., Martínez-Pagán, M. E., de Pablos, V, Fernandez-Villalba, E., & Herrero, M. T. (2011) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.17 · Cited by 203
Slow Degradation of Aggregates of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid β-Protein by Microglial Cells
Paresce, D. M., Chung, H., & Maxfield, F. R. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29390 · Cited by 275
Walker, D. G., Dalsing-Hernandez, J. E., Campbell, N. A., & Lue, L. (2008) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.003 · Cited by 270
Lee, E.-J., Woo, M.-S., Moon, P., Baek, M., Choi, I.-Y., Kim, W.-K., Junn, E., & Kim, H.-S. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903480 · Cited by 267
Zecca, L., Zucca, F. A., Wilms, H., & Sulzer, D. L. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.08.009 · Cited by 265
Zhang, F., Liu, J., & Shi, J. (2010) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.043 · Cited by 270
Initiation and propagation of α-synuclein aggregation in the nervous system
Hijaz, B. A., & Volpicelli‐Daley, L. A. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00368-6 · Cited by 283
Neurodegeneration and Inflammation in Parkinson's disease
Phani, S., Loike, J. D., & Przedborski, S. (2012) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70064-5 · Cited by 263
Microglia and neuroprotection: From in vitro studies to therapeutic applications
Polazzi, E., & Monti, B. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.009 · Cited by 269
Parkin Deficiency Increases Vulnerability to Inflammation-Related Nigral Degeneration
Frank-Cannon, T. C., Tran, T. A. T., Ruhn, K. A., Martinez, T. N., Hong, J. J., Marvin, M. A., Hartley, M., Treviño, I., O’Brien, D. E., Casey, B. H., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3001-08.2008 · Cited by 268
Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Liu, T.-W., Chen, C., & Chang, K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084148 · Cited by 272
Rogers, J., Mastroeni, D., Leonard, B., Joyce, J., & Grover, A. (2007) · International Review of Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82012-5 · Cited by 260
The rotenone model of Parkinson's disease: genes, environment and mitochondria
Greenamyre, J. T., Betarbet, R. S., & Sherer, T. (2003) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(03)00023-3 · Cited by 265
Aging‐dependent changes of microglial cells and their relevance for neurodegenerative disorders
Von Bernhardi, R., Tichauer, J. E., & Eugenín, J. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06537.x · Cited by 258
Kim, Y. S., Kim, S. S., Cho, J. J., Choi, D. H., Hwang, O., Shin, D. H., Chun, H. S., Beal, M. F., & Joh, T. H. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4346-04.2005 · Cited by 256
Zhang, W., Phillips, K., Wielgus, A. R., Liu, J., Albertini, A., Zucca, F. A., Faust, R., Qian, S. Y., Miller, D. S., Chignell, C. F., et al. (2011) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-009-9140-z · Cited by 257
Sanchez-Guajardo, V., Febbraro, F., Kirik, D., & Romero-Ramos, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008784 · Cited by 256
Norepinephrine: The redheaded stepchild of Parkinson's disease
Rommelfanger, K. S., & Weinshenker, D. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.036 · Cited by 261
Role of ICAM-1 in persisting inflammation in Parkinson disease and MPTP monkeys
Judith Miklossy, A., Doudet, D., Schwab, C., Yu, S. Y., McGeer, E. G., & McGeer, P. L. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.034 · Cited by 255
Self-citationDoorn, K. J., Moors, T., Drukarch, B., van de Berg, W. D., Lucassen, P. J., & van Dam, A.-M. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0090-1 · Cited by 254
Aging Microglia—Phenotypes, Functions and Implications for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
Spittau, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00194 · Cited by 271
Ferritin is a component of the neuritic (senile) plaque in Alzheimer dementia
Grundke, I., Fleming, J. T., Tung, Y. C., Lassmann, H., Iqbal, K., & Joshi, J. G. (1990) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00334497 · Cited by 253
Etiology of Parkinson’s disease
Schapira, A. H. V. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.66.10_suppl_4.s10 · Cited by 251
Targeting TNF-Alpha to Elucidate and Ameliorate Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Frankola, K. A., Greig, N. H., Luo, W., & Tweedie, D. (2011) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152711794653751 · Cited by 255
Kim, Y., Park, H., Lee, G., Bang, O. Y., Ahn, Y. H., Joe, E.-H., Kim, H. O., & Lee, P. H. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20731 · Cited by 251
Gao, H., Hong, J., Zhang, W., & Liu, B. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-04-01228.2003 · Cited by 251
Lymphocyte populations in Parkinson's disease and in rat models of parkinsonism
Bas, J. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00422-7 · Cited by 250
microRNA-155 Regulates Alpha-Synuclein-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Models of Parkinson Disease
Thome, A. D., Harms, A. S., Volpicelli‐Daley, L. A., & Standaert, D. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3900-15.2016 · Cited by 252
Complement and cytokine gene expression in cultured microglia derived from postmortem human brains
Walker, D. G., Kim, S. U., & McGeer, P. L. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490400407 · Cited by 248
Self-citationInflammation and Adaptive Immunity in Parkinson's DiseasePreprint
Mosley, R. L., Hutter-Saunders, J. A. L., Stone, D. K., & Gendelman, H. E. (2011) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a009381 · Cited by 257
The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Parkinson's Disease
Kannarkat, G. T., Boss, J. M., & Tansey, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130250 · Cited by 324
Role of α-Synuclein in Inducing Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Parkinson Disease
Allen Reish, H. E., & Standaert, D. G. (2015) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-140491 · Cited by 244
Neuromelanin of the Human Substantia Nigra: An Update
Zucca, F. A., Basso, E., Cupaioli, F. A., Ferrari, E., Sulzer, D., Casella, L., & Zecca, L. (2014) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-013-9435-y · Cited by 243
Katsel, P., Li, C., & Haroutunian, V. H. (2007) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9297-x · Cited by 244
Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation
Yılmaz, C., Karali, K., Fodelianaki, G., Gravanis, A., Chavakis, T., Charalampopoulos, I., & Alexaki, V. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100788 · Cited by 261
6-Shogaol, a ginger product, modulates neuroinflammation: A new approach to neuroprotection
Ha, S. K., Moon, E., Ju, M. S., Kim, D. H., Ryu, J. H., Oh, M. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.016 · Cited by 242
CX3CL1 reduces neurotoxicity and microglial activation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Pabon, M. M., Bachstetter, A. D., Hudson, C. E., Gemma, C., & Bickford, P. C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-9 · Cited by 241
Watson, M. B., Richter, F., Lee, S., Gabby, L. C., Wu, J. E., Masliah, E., Effros, R. B., & Chesselet, M. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.025 · Cited by 254
STING mediates neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in nigrostriatal α-synucleinopathy
Hinkle, J. T., Patel, J., Panicker, N., Karuppagounder, S. S., Biswas, D., Belingon, B., Chen, R., Brahmachari, S., Pletnikova, O., Troncoso, J. C., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2118819119 · Cited by 240
Cannabinoid receptors in microglia of the central nervous system: immune functional relevance
Cabral, G. A., & Marciano‐Cabral, F. (2005) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0405216 · Cited by 241
Castaño, A., Herrera, A. J., Cano, J., & Machado, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00799.x · Cited by 239
Eugenín, E. A., Eckardt, D., Theis, M., Willecke, K., Bennett, M. V. L., & Sáez, J. C. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051634298 · Cited by 238
Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption
Pediaditakis, I., Kodella, K. R., Manatakis, D. V., Le, C. Y., Hinojosa, C., Tien-Street, W., Manolakos, E. S., Vekrellis, K., Hamilton, G. A., Ewart, L. C., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5 · Cited by 239
Depino, A. M., Earl, C. D., Kaczmarczyk, E., Ferrari, C. C., Besedovsky, H. O., del Rey, A., Pitossi, F. J., & Oertel, W. H. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03014.x · Cited by 237
Increased regional brain concentrations of ceruloplasmin in neurodegenerative disorders
Loeffler, D. A., LeWitt, P. A., Juneau, P. L., Sima, A. A. F., Nguyen, H.-U., DeMaggio, A. J., Brickman, C. M., Brewer, G. J., Dick, R. D., Troyer, M. D., et al. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(96)00782-2 · Cited by 237
Harms, A. S., Thome, A. D., Yan, Z., Schonhoff, A. M., Williams, G. P., Li, X., Liu, Y., Qin, H., Benveniste, E. N., & Standaert, D. G. (2018) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.010 · Cited by 236
Inflammation and α-Synuclein’s Prion-like Behavior in Parkinson's Disease—Is There a Link?
Tomé, C. M. L., Tyson, T., Rey, N. L., Grathwohl, S. A., Britschgi, M., & Brundin, P. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8267-8 · Cited by 247
Vijitruth, R., Liu, M., Choi, D., Nguyen, X. V., Hunter, R. L., & Bing, G. (2006) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-3-6 · Cited by 236
Sánchez-Guajardo, V., Barnum, C. J., Tansey, M. G., & Romero‐Ramos, M. (2013) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1042/an20120066 · Cited by 246
Imaging Approaches to Parkinson Disease
Brooks, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.059998 · Cited by 241
The lipopolysaccharide Parkinson’s disease animal model: mechanistic studies and drug discovery
Dutta, G., Zhang, P., & Liu, B. (2008) · Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00616.x · Cited by 235
Mitochondrial dysfunction: A potential link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration?
Witte, M. E., Geurts, J. J. G., de Vries, H. E., van der Valk, P., & van Horssen, J. (2010) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2010.05.014 · Cited by 239
Microglia in the CNS: Immigrants from another world
Prinz, M., & Mildner, A. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21104 · Cited by 245
The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Vegeto, E., Villa, A. M., Torre, S. D., Crippa, V., Rusmini, P., Cristofani, R., Galbiati, M., Maggi, A. C., & Poletti, A. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnz005 · Cited by 240
Cheng, J., Liao, Y., Dong, Y., Hu, H., Yang, N., Kong, X., Li, S., Li, X., Guo, J., Qin, L., et al. (2020) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2020.1719723 · Cited by 233
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Parkinson's disease
Esposito, E., Matteo, V. D., Benigno, A., Pierucci, M., Crescimanno, G., & Giovanni, G. D. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.02.008 · Cited by 237
Price, D. A., Martinez, A. A., Seillier, A., Koek, W., Acosta, Y. P. V., Fernández, E., Strong, R., Lutz, B., Marsicano, G., Roberts, J. L., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06764.x · Cited by 231
Reciprocal Interactions Between Microglia and Neurons: From Survival to Neuropathology
Polazzi, E., & Contestabile, A. (2002) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2002.13.3.221 · Cited by 234
MHC class II‐positive microglia in human brain: Association with alzheimer lesions
Perlmutter, L. S., Scott, S. A., Barrón, E., & Chui, H. C. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490330407 · Cited by 228
Targeting Microglial α-Synuclein/TLRs/NF-kappaB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis in Parkinson’s Disease
Li, Y., Xia, Y., Yin, S., Wan, F., Hu, J., Kou, L., Sun, Y., Wu, J., Zhou, Q., Huang, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.719807 · Cited by 230
Molecular Mechanisms of Glutamate Toxicity in Parkinson’s Disease
Wang, J., Wang, F., Mai, D., & Qu, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.585584 · Cited by 236
Tanaka, S., Ide, M., Shibutani, T., Ohtaki, H., Numazawa, S., Shioda, S., & Yoshida, T. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20752 · Cited by 224
An Overview of in vitro Methods to Study Microglia
Timmerman, R., Burm, S. M., & Bajramovic, J. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00242 · Cited by 243
Inflammation is genetically implicated in Parkinson’s disease
Dzamko, N., Geczy, C. L., & Halliday, G. M. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.028 · Cited by 222
Howell, O. W., Rundle, J., Garg, A., Komada, M., Brophy, P., & Reynolds, R. (2010) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181f3a5b1 · Cited by 228
Iannaccone, S., Cerami, C., Alessio, M., Garibotto, V., Panzacchi, A., Olivieri, S., Gelsomino, G., Moresco, R. M., & Perani, D. (2013) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.07.002 · Cited by 221
Contributory mechanisms in the causation of neurodegenerative disorders
Lees, G. J. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90254-d · Cited by 223
Bellucci, A., Westwood, A. J., Ingram, E., Casamenti, F., Goedert, M., & Spillantini, M. G. (2004) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63421-9 · Cited by 221
Metadata
- Authors
- McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1988-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1285-1285
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W1974924674
- Cited by
- 2,990
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 159 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 131 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 108 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 127
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- reactive microglia, HLA-DR, substantia nigra, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy bodies, melanin, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, choline acetyltransferase, hippocampus
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Brain Chemistry, Dementia, Female, HLA-D Antigens, HLA-DR Antigens, Humans, Male, Melanins, Middle Aged, Neuroglia, Parkinson Disease, Substantia Nigra
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review