Cited by 204Muscle Physiology and DisordersNutrition and Health in AgingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Muscle metabolism and atrophy: let’s talk about sex

Open access
Rosa-Caldwell, Megan E., Greene, Nicholas P.·2019·Biology of Sex Differences

Abstract

Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Pathologies affecting skeletal muscle such as cancer cachexia, intensive care unit treatment, muscular dystrophies, and others are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has begun to determine that these muscular pathologies appear to present and develop differently between males and females. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive review on musculoskeletal differences between males and females and how these differences may contribute to sex differences in muscle pathologies. Herein, we present a review of the current literature on muscle phenotype and physiology between males and females and how these differences may contribute to differential responses to atrophic stimuli. In general, females appear to be more susceptible to disuse induced muscle wasting, yet protected from inflammation induced (such as cancer cachexia) muscle wasting compared to males. These differences may be due in part to differences in muscle protein turnover, satellite cell content and proliferation, hormonal interactions, and mitochondrial differences between males and females. However, more works specifically examining muscle pathologies in females are necessary to more fully understand the inherent sex-based differences in muscle pathologies between the sexes and how they may correspond to different clinical treatments.

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Crossref · 10.1186/s13293-019-0257-3

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198 of 198 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Muscle protein synthesis rates are greater in older women at rest.

    “Although muscle protein synthesis rates are greater in older women at rest [245]”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [245]

    The Hormonal interactions section (page unavailable) reports greater fractional protein synthesis rates in older women than in younger women. It does not establish that older women have greater rates than older men at rest. The Muscle phenotypes section describes a female–male difference after whey ingestion, not at rest. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  • Both an upregulation of stimulatory and inhibitory muscle growth regulatory genes in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women have been reported.

    “Both an upregulation of stimulatory and inhibitory muscle growth regulatory genes in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women have also been reported [245].”

    From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [245]

    The Background’s Hormonal interactions section says postmenopausal women generally have smaller muscles than controls, but it does not report upregulation of muscle-growth regulatory genes. Searches for postmenopausal and premenopausal comparisons found no passage reporting increased expression of both stimulatory and inhibitory genes; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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1 of the 199 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [34]Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity. Biol Sex Differ. 2015;6. PMC4559072 26339468
  2. [178]Kang C, Ji LL. PGC-1α overexpression via local transfection attenuates mitophagy pathway in muscle disuse atrophy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015. 26746585

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Authors
Rosa-Caldwell, M. E., & Greene, N. P.
Affiliations
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
Corresponding author
Greene, Nicholas P.
Venue
Biology of Sex Differences
Published
2019-08-28
Volume
10
Issue
1
Pages
43-43
ISSN
2042-6410 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2971287565
Cited by
202
References
199
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Biology of Sex Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R15 AR069913/AR/NIAMS)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
sex differences, skeletal muscle metabolism, muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, muscle protein turnover, satellite cells, hormonal differences
MeSH terms
Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Muscle, Skeletal

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