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Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments
Open accessAbstract
Background: The indoor built environment plays a critical role in our overall well-being because of both the amount of time we spend indoors (~90%) and the ability of buildings to positively or negatively influence our health. The advent of sustainable design or green building strategies reinvigorated questions regarding the specific factors in buildings that lead to optimized conditions for health and productivity. Objective: We simulated indoor environmental quality (IEQ) conditions in “Green” and “Conventional” buildings and evaluated the impacts on an objective measure of human performance: higher-order cognitive function. Methods: Twenty-four participants spent 6 full work days (0900–1700 hours) in an environmentally controlled office space, blinded to test conditions. On different days, they were exposed to IEQ conditions representative of Conventional [high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] and Green (low concentrations of VOCs) office buildings in the United States. Additional conditions simulated a Green building with a high outdoor air ventilation rate (labeled Green+) and artificially elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels independent of ventilation. Results: On average, cognitive scores were 61% higher on the Green building day and 101% higher on the two Green+ building days than on the Conventional building day (p < 0.0001). VOCs and CO2 were independently associated with cognitive scores. Conclusions: Cognitive function scores were significantly better under Green+ building conditions than in the Conventional building conditions for all nine functional domains. These findings have wide-ranging implications because this study was designed to reflect conditions that are commonly encountered every day in many indoor environments. Citation: Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD. 2016. Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: a controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environ Health Perspect 124:805–812; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
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“Low ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations normally found in office buildings (approximately 1,000 ppm) have been recently associated with impairment in multiple domains of high-order cognitive function [45,46].”
From Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
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Self-citationAyappan, C., Xing, R., Zhang, X., Luo, D., Liu, S., & Fujishima, A. (2024) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215960 · Cited by 87
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Self-citationThe German approach to regulate indoor air contaminants
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Danger in the Air: Air Pollution and Cognitive Dysfunction
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An integrative health framework for wellbeing in the built environment
Engineer, A., Gualano, R. J., Crocker, R. L., Smith, J. L., Maizes, V., Weil, A., & STERNBERG, E. M. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108253 · Cited by 95
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“5 h session displayed statistically significant decreases in decision making performance, and two other groups have corroborated their results (Allen et al., 2015; Maddalena et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCarbon dioxide accumulation inside vehicles: The effect of ventilation and driving conditions
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“Note that CO2 concentration deserves particular attention: levels recorded in houses may reach values as high as 5000 ppm, which dramatically affects people’s behavior as recently shown in dedicated studies [5, 6]; in fact, even at moderate levels of concentrations, say 2500 ppm, routinely reached in classes and confe…”
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“In addition, occupant productivity is proven to increase in the naturally-ventilation building due to lower carbon dioxide concentration [22] and improved thermal comfort [23,24].”
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“We have chosen this threshold because it has been shown in many articles [11] that differences in cognitive performance appear above this value.”
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“[233] Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD.”
BackgroundIndoor Air Quality and Strategic Decision Making
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“28 This indoor air-quality monitor is used by leading studies in the field of epidemiology and public health to evaluate the impact of ventilation rates on occupant cognitive outcomes (e.g., Allen et al. 2016).”
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“If combined with physical data for relevant indoor air pollutants, the cognitive function scores from exposure studies [42] can be compared to the subjective evaluations done in this study.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., & Spengler, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Syracuse University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Joseph G.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-10-26
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 805-812
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC4892924
- OpenAlex
- W2412131385
- Cited by
- 977
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 26.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 795 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32ES007069)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Architecture › Facilities and Workplace Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Keywords
- cognitive function, carbon dioxide exposure, indoor ventilation, volatile organic compounds, sustainable construction, indoor environmental quality, office workers, higher-order cognition
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Occupational, Carbon Dioxide, Cognition, Humans, United States, Ventilation, Occupational Exposure, Air Pollution, Indoor, Volatile Organic Compounds
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