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Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments
Open accessAbstract
Background: The indoor built environment plays a critical role in our overall well-being because of both the amount of time we spend indoors (~90%) and the ability of buildings to positively or negatively influence our health. The advent of sustainable design or green building strategies reinvigorated questions regarding the specific factors in buildings that lead to optimized conditions for health and productivity. Objective: We simulated indoor environmental quality (IEQ) conditions in “Green” and “Conventional” buildings and evaluated the impacts on an objective measure of human performance: higher-order cognitive function. Methods: Twenty-four participants spent 6 full work days (0900–1700 hours) in an environmentally controlled office space, blinded to test conditions. On different days, they were exposed to IEQ conditions representative of Conventional [high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] and Green (low concentrations of VOCs) office buildings in the United States. Additional conditions simulated a Green building with a high outdoor air ventilation rate (labeled Green+) and artificially elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels independent of ventilation. Results: On average, cognitive scores were 61% higher on the Green building day and 101% higher on the two Green+ building days than on the Conventional building day (p < 0.0001). VOCs and CO2 were independently associated with cognitive scores. Conclusions: Cognitive function scores were significantly better under Green+ building conditions than in the Conventional building conditions for all nine functional domains. These findings have wide-ranging implications because this study was designed to reflect conditions that are commonly encountered every day in many indoor environments. Citation: Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD. 2016. Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: a controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environ Health Perspect 124:805–812; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037
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“Low ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations normally found in office buildings (approximately 1,000 ppm) have been recently associated with impairment in multiple domains of high-order cognitive function [45,46].”
From Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
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Dhamodharan, P., & Ayalur, B. K. (2019) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106321 · Cited by 22
Guarneros, M., López‐Rivera, C., Gonsebatt, M. E., Alcaraz-Zubeldia, M., Hummel, T. R., Schriever, V. A., Valdez, B., & Hudson, R. (2019) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjz071 · Cited by 22
Gupta, R., Howard, A., & Zahiri, S. (2020) · Architectural Science Review · doi:10.1080/00038628.2019.1709788 · Cited by 22
“Several studies (Lan et al. 2011; Allen et al. 2015) found a discrepancy between the temperature ranges for optimal thermal comfort and optimum productivity, the temperature range identified as thermally comfortable being different to the range that produced the best productivity.”
BackgroundImpact of Cognitive Tasks on CO2 and Isoprene Emissions from Humans
Gall, E. T., Mishra, A. K., Li, J., Schiavon, S., & Laguerre, A. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c03850 · Cited by 22
Roskams, M., McNeely, E., Węziak‐Białowolska, D., & Białowolski, P. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003128830-3 · Cited by 28
The importance of air quality for underground spaces: An international survey of public attitudes
Yap, H. S., Roberts, A. C., Luo, C., Tan, Z., Lee, E. H., Thach, T., Kwok, K. W., Car, J., Soh, C. K., & Christopoulos, G. I. (2021) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12863 · Cited by 21
Wang, Y., Tahmasebi, F., Cooper, E., Stamp, S., Chalabi, Z., Burman, E., & Mumovic, D. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108260 · Cited by 22
Constantinides, M., & Quercia, D. (2022) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3533406.3533415 · Cited by 25
“For example, a recent survey found that light and outdoor views were among the most popular perks employees craved for [28], whereas stuffy and stale air offices tended to reduce productivity [3, 4, 41].”
BackgroundAssessing metabolic rate and indoor air quality with passive environmental sensors
Ruiz, I., Sprowls, M., Deng, Y. C., Kulick, D., Destaillats, H., & Forzani, E. (2018) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7163/aaaec9 · Cited by 21
Monitored Indoor Environmental Quality of a Mass Timber Office Building: A Case Study
Stenson, J., Ishaq, S. L., Laguerre, A., Loia, A., MacCrone, G., Mugabo, I., Northcutt, D., Riggio, M., Barbosa, A. R., Gall, E. T., et al. (2019) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings9060142 · Cited by 21
“It has been shown that CO2 concentrations as low as 1000 ppm impact occupant decision making performance [36] and demonstrated declines in cognitive test scores of office workers [37].”
BackgroundBringing Nature Indoors With Virtual Reality: Human Reponses to Biophilic Design in Buildings
Yin, J. (2019) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 20
Data fusion in buildings: Synthesis of high-resolution IEQ and occupant tracking data
Pollard, B., Held, F. P., Engelen, L., Powell, L., & de Dear, R. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146047 · Cited by 20
Bain-Reguis, N., Smith, A., Martin, C. J. H., & Currie, J. I. (2022) · Pollutants · doi:10.3390/pollutants2020014 · Cited by 21
Deng, M., Wang, X., & Menassa, C. C. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109346 · Cited by 20
Domhagen, F., Langer, S., & Kalagasidis, A. S. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110337 · Cited by 20
A review of phyto- and microbial-remediation of indoor volatile organic compounds
Yuan, M.-H., Kang, S., & Cho, K. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142120 · Cited by 20
Ma, N., Chau, H.-W., Zhou, J. Z., & Noguchi, M. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9122172 · Cited by 20
“(1) CO2 concentrations The elevated concentration of CO2 has been associated with negative impacts on human cognition and decision-making [26,27].”
BackgroundYauk, M., Stenson, J., Donor, M. T., & Wymelenberg, K. G. V. D. (2020) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings10110191 · Cited by 20
Yuan, F., Li, C., Yang, R., Tan, Y., Ma, R., Zhang, X., Zheng, S., & Sun, Z. (2022) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.007 · Cited by 19
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in the home workplace in relation to mental well-being
Boegheim, B. L., Appel‐Meulenbroek, R., Yang, D., & Loomans, M. G. L. C. (2022) · Facilities · doi:10.1108/f-05-2022-0070 · Cited by 19
Estimating Indoor Pollutant Loss Using Mass Balances and Unsupervised Clustering to Recognize Decays
Du, B., & Siegel, J. A. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c00756 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., & Spengler, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Syracuse University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Joseph G.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-10-26
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 805-812
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC4892924
- OpenAlex
- W2412131385
- Cited by
- 977
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 26.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 795 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32ES007069)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Architecture › Facilities and Workplace Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Keywords
- cognitive function, carbon dioxide exposure, indoor ventilation, volatile organic compounds, sustainable construction, indoor environmental quality, office workers, higher-order cognition
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Occupational, Carbon Dioxide, Cognition, Humans, United States, Ventilation, Occupational Exposure, Air Pollution, Indoor, Volatile Organic Compounds
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