Cited by 368Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseGut microbiota and healthGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Bacteria Penetrate the Inner Mucus Layer before Inflammation in the Dextran Sulfate Colitis Model

Open access
Johansson, Malin E. V., Gustafsson, Jenny K., Sjöberg, Karolina E., Petersson, Joel, Holm, Lena, Sjövall, Henrik, Hansson, Gunnar C.·2010·PLoS ONE

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Protection of the large intestine with its enormous amount of commensal bacteria is a challenge that became easier to understand when we recently could describe that colon has an inner attached mucus layer devoid of bacteria (Johansson et al. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 15064-15069). The bacteria are thus kept at a distance from the epithelial cells and lack of this layer, as in Muc2-null mice, allow bacteria to contact the epithelium. This causes colitis and later on colon cancer, similar to the human disease Ulcerative Colitis, a disease that still lacks a pathogenetic explanation. Dextran Sulfate (DSS) in the drinking water is the most widely used animal model for experimental colitis. In this model, the inflammation is observed after 3-5 days, but early events explaining why DSS causes this has not been described. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: When mucus formed on top of colon explant cultures were exposed to 3% DSS, the thickness of the inner mucus layer decreased and became permeable to 2 microm fluorescent beads after 15 min. Both DSS and Dextran readily penetrated the mucus, but Dextran had no effect on thickness or permeability. When DSS was given in the drinking water to mice and the colon was stained for bacteria and the Muc2 mucin, bacteria were shown to penetrate the inner mucus layer and reach the epithelial cells already within 12 hours, long before any infiltration of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION: DSS thus causes quick alterations in the inner colon mucus layer that makes it permeable to bacteria. The bacteria that reach the epithelial cells probably trigger an inflammatory reaction. These observations suggest that altered properties or lack of the inner colon mucus layer may be an initial event in the development of colitis.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0012238

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Failure of the protective barrier to separate bacteria from the epithelium is observed in several murine colitis models.

    “Failure of this protective barrier to separate bacteria from the epithelium is observed in a number of murine colitis models 15, 17.”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Johansson, M. E. V., Gustafsson, J. K., Sjöberg, K. E., Petersson, J., Holm, L., Sjövall, H., & Hansson, G. C.
Affiliations
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
Corresponding author
Hansson, Gunnar C.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Published
2010-08-18
Volume
5
Issue
8
Pages
e12238
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1977781139
Cited by
368
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 21
FWCI
15.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Swedish Cancer Foundation
  • Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
  • Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (KAW2007.0118)
  • Vetenskapsrådet (21027, 342–2004-4434)
  • Göteborgs Universitet
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01AI095473)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords
mucus permeability, ulcerative colitis, MUC2, commensal bacteria, colonic epithelium, pathogenesis of inflammation
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Animals, Bacteria, Colitis, Colon, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Permeability, Time Factors, Dextran Sulfate, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review