Facilitating memory for novel characters by reducing neural repetition suppression in the left fusiform cortex
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The left midfusiform and adjacent regions have been implicated in processing and memorizing familiar words, yet its role in memorizing novel characters has not been well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using functional MRI, the present study examined the hypothesis that the left midfusiform is also involved in memorizing novel characters and spaced learning could enhance the memory by enhancing the left midfusiform activity during learning. Nineteen native Chinese readers were scanned while memorizing the visual form of 120 Korean characters that were novel to the subjects. Each character was repeated four times during learning. Repetition suppression was manipulated by using two different repetition schedules: massed learning and spaced learning, pseudo-randomly mixed within the same scanning session. Under the massed learning condition, the four repetitions were consecutive (with a jittered inter-repetition interval to improve the design efficiency). Under the spaced learning condition, the four repetitions were interleaved with a minimal inter-repetition lag of 6 stimuli. Spaced learning significantly improved participants' performance during the recognition memory test administered one hour after the scan. Stronger left midfusiform and inferior temporal gyrus activities during learning (summed across four repetitions) were associated with better memory of the characters, based on both within- and cross-subjects analyses. Compared to massed learning, spaced learning significantly reduced neural repetition suppression and increased the overall activities in these regions, which were associated with better memory for novel characters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results demonstrated a strong link between cortical activity in the left midfusiform and memory for novel characters, and thus challenge the visual word form area (VWFA) hypothesis. Our results also shed light on the neural mechanisms of the spacing effect in memorizing novel characters.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In skilled readers, activation in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex decreased with experience/exposure to the same stimuli and for stimuli with high relative to low orthographic familiarity and lexical frequency.
“However, in skilled readers, activation decreased with experience/exposure to the same stimuli (Wong et al., 2009; Xue et al., 2010; Song et al., 2010a, 2010b; Xue and Poldrack, 2007) and for stimuli with high relative to low orthographic familiarity (Kronbichler et al., 2007; Bruno et al., 2008) and lexical frequency (Kronbichler et al., 2007).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Xue et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images
Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(01)00036-6 · Cited by 6,806 · see citing works
Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.117.1.34 · Cited by 3,093 · see citing works
Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.34 · Cited by 2,527 · see citing works
Cohen, L., Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Lehéricy, S., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., Hénaff, M.-A., & Michel, F. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.2.291 · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.
Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This effect has been revealed using various learning tasks and materials [60,61,62].”
BackgroundValid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic
Nichols, T. E., Brett, M., Andersson, J., Wager, T. D., & Poline, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Building Memories: Remembering and Forgetting of Verbal Experiences as Predicted by Brain Activity
Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1188 · Cited by 1,620 · see citing works
The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus
McCandliss, B. D., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00134-7 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Cultural Recycling of Cortical Maps
Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004 · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
Language‐specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area
Cohen, L., Lehéricy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., & Dehaene, S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf094 · Cited by 1,254 · see citing works
Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model.
Yonelinas, A. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1341 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: Evidence for a dual-process model.
Yonelinas, A. P. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.20.6.1341 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
A Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex
Van Essen, D. C. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.058 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Making Memories: Brain Activity that Predicts How Well Visual Experience Will Be Remembered
Brewer, J. B., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5380.1185 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia
Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E., Fulbright, R. K., Skudlarski, P., Constable, R. T., Marchione, K. E., Fletcher, J. M., Lyon, G. R., et al. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01365-3 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Observing the transformation of experience into memory
Paller, K. A., & Wagner, A. D. (2002) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01845-3 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area
Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Theories in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium
Wallace, W. P., Laughlin, P. R., & Solso, R. L. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421683 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Development of neural mechanisms for reading.
Turkeltaub, P. E., Gareau, L., Flowers, D. L., Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1065 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
A meta-analytic review of the distribution of practice effect: Now you see it, now you don’t
Donovan, J. J., & Radosevich, D. J. (1999) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.795 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
The myth of the visual word form area
Price, C. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00084-3 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Factors That Influence Skill Decay and Retention: A Quantitative Review and Analysis
Arthur Jr., W., Bennett Jr., W., Stanush, P. L., & McNelly, T. L. (1998) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1101_3 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming
Henson, R. N., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5456.1269 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Development of Neural Systems for Reading
Schlaggar, B. L., & McCandliss, B. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Feature detection and letter identification
Pelli, D. G., Burns, C. W., Farell, B., & Moore-Page, D. C. (2006) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.04.023 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Raphaël Gaillard, B., Naccache, L., Pinel, P., Clémenceau, S., Emmanuelle Volle, C., Hasboun, D., Dupont, S., Baulac, M., Dehaene, S., Adam, C., et al. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.031 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Otten, L. J. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.2.399 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Baker, C. I., Jia Liu, B., Wald, L. L., Kwong, K. K., Benner, T., & Kanwisher, N. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703300104 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Theoretical Implications of the Spacing Effect 1
Hintzman, D. L. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032722375-5 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Spacing effects in memory: Evidence for a two-process account.
Greene, R. L. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.371 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Pure alexia as a disconnection syndrome: New diffusion imaging evidence for an old concept
Epelbaum, S., Pinel, P., Raphaël Gaillard, B., Delmaire, C., Perrin, M., Dupont, S., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.05.003 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Spacing effects and their implications for theory and practice
Dempster, F. N. (1989) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01320097 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Dixon, L. C. W., & Maine, R. E. (1975) · Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control · doi:10.1115/1.3426911 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Linking Implicit and Explicit Memory: Common Encoding Factors and Shared Representations
Turk‐Browne, N. B., Yi, D.-J., & Chun, M. M. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.030 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Henson, R. N., Rylands, A., Ross, E., Vuilleumeir, P., & Rugg, M. D. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.020 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Children with dyslexia lack multiple specializations along the visual word-form (VWF) system.
van der Mark, S., Bucher, K., Maurer, U., Schulz, E., Brem, S., Buckelmüller, J., Kronbichler, M., Loenneker, T., Klaver, P., Martin, E., et al. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.021 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence
Brem, S., Bucher, K., Halder, P., Summers, P., Dietrich, T., Martin, E., & Brandeis, D. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.023 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Handedness, Sex, Familial Sinistrality Effects on Spatial Tasks
Snyder, P. J., & Harris, L. J. (1993) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80216-x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Letter processing in the visual system: Different activation patterns for single letters and strings
James, K. H., James, T. W., Jobard, G., Wong, A. C. ‐., & Gauthier, L. (2005) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.5.4.452 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
More than words: a common neural basis for reading and naming deficits in developmental dyslexia?
McCrory, E. J. P. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh340 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Xue, G., Chen, C., Jin, Z. H., & Dong, Q. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.055 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The pathophysiology of letter-by-letter reading
Cohen, L., Henry, C., Dehaene, S., Martinaud, O., Lehéricy, S., Lemer, C., & Ferrieux, S. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.018 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Object-Selective Cortex Exhibits Performance-Independent Repetition Suppression
Sayres, R., & Kalanit Grill-spector, A. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00500.2005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Visual Word Form Area: Evidence from an fMRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters
Liu, C., Zhang, W.-T., Tang, Y., Mai, X.-Q., Chen, H.-C., Tardif, T. Z., & Luo, Y.-J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.014 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Interactions Between Forms of Memory: When Priming Hinders New Episodic Learning
Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., & Schacter, D. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900564064 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Spaced Learning Enhances Subsequent Recognition Memory by Reducing Neural Repetition Suppression
Xue, G., Mei, L., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Poldrack, R. A., & Dong, Q. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21532 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sensitivity to orthographic familiarity in the occipito-temporal region.
Bruno, J. L., Zumberge, A., Manis, F. R., Lu, Z.-L., & Goldman, J. G. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.044 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Xue, G., & Poldrack, R. A. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1643 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Reinke, K. S. (2007) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.04.006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The “visual word form area” is involved in successful memory encoding of both words and faces
Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., Zhang, M., & Dong, Q. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.067 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationA Multimodal Neural Network Recruited by Expertise with Musical Notation
Wong, Y. K., & Gauthier, L. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21229 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Lag-sensitive repetition suppression effects in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus
Brozinsky, C. J., Yonelinas, A. P., Kroll, N. E. A., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20087 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sex determines the neurofunctional predictors of visual word learning
Chen, C., Xue, G., Dong, Q., Jin, Z. H., Li, T., Xue, F., Zhao, L., & Guo, Y. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Revising current two-process accounts of spacing effects in memory.
Russo, R., Parkin, A. J., Taylor, S. R., & Wilks, J. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.24.1.161 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Callan, D. E., & Schweighofer, N. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20894 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Xue, G., Jiang, T., Chen, C., & Dong, Q. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.021 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Encoding in the Visual Word Form Area: An fMRI Adaptation Study of Words versus Handwriting
Barton, J. J. S., Fox, C. J., Sekunova, A., & Iaria, G. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21286 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cerebral Asymmetry in the Fusiform Areas Predicted the Efficiency of Learning a New Writing System
Xue, G., Chen, C., Jin, Z. H., & Dong, Q. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.6.923 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Toward a unified account of spacing effects in explicit cued-memory tasks.
Russo, R., Mammarella, N., & Avons, S. E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.5.819 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Revising current two-process accounts of spacing effects in memory.
Russo, R., Parkin, A. J., Taylor, S. R., et al. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.1.161 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Spacing effects in cued-memory tasks for unfamiliar faces and nonwords
Mammarella, N., Russo, R., & Avons, S. E. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213406 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sex-dependent neurofunctional predictors of long-term maintenance of visual word learning
Dong, Q., Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C., Li, T., Xue, F., & Huang, S. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.078 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Proverbio, A. M., Zotto, M. D., & Zani, A. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290442000536 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mammarella, N., Avons, S. E., & Russo, R. (2004) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440340000042 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does the presence of priming hinder subsequent recognition or recall performance?
Stark, S. M., Gordon, B., & Stark, C. E. L. (2008) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701872807 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The MP-DP effect and the influence of distinct repetitions on recognition of random shapes
Cornoldi, C., & Longoni, A. M. (1977) · Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xiong (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Price, C. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062 · Cited by 2,159 · see citing works
The Interactive Account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading
Price, C. J., & Devlin, J. T. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.001 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Mathewson, K. E., Lleras, A., Beck, D. M., Fabiani, M., Ro, T., & Gratton, G. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00099 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The effect of distributed practice: Neuroscience, cognition, and education
Gerbier, É., & Toppino, T. C. (2015) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2015.01.001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Two years later – Revisiting autobiographical memory representations in vmPFC and hippocampus
Bonnici, H. M., & Maguire, E. A. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.05.014 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Xue, G., Dong, Q., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Mumford, J. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs143 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mathewson, K. E., Basak, C., Maclin, E. L., Low, K. A., Boot, W. R., Kramer, A. F., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01474.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The “visual word form area” is involved in successful memory encoding of both words and faces
Mei, L., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., Zhang, M., & Dong, Q. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.067 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationDouble Dissociation Between Visual Recognition and Picture Naming
Robles, S. G., Carvallo, A., de la Peña, M. J., Caicoya, A. G., Martinez, R., Ruiz-Ocaña, C., & Duffau, H. (2012) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e318282a361 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Bezgin, G., Vakorin, V. A., van Opstal, A. J., McIntosh, A. R., & Bakker, R. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Fiori, V., Kunz, L., Kuhnke, P., Marangolo, P., & Hartwigsen, G. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.040 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The impact of abacus training on working memory and underlying neural correlates in young adults
Dong, S., Wang, C., Xie, Y., Hu, Y., Weng, J., & Chen, F. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.051 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Functional Dynamics of Dorsal and Ventral Reading Networks in Bilinguals
Oliver, M., Carreiras, M., & Paz‐Alonso, P. M. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw310 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Liang, Y., & Chen, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00335 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of reading in bilinguals
Cao, F. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000656 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of the spacing effect in episodic memory: A parallel EEG and fMRI study
Zhao, X., Wang, C., Liu, Q., Xiao, X., Jiang, T., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationResting-state functional connectivity and reading abilities in first and second languages
Zhang, M., Li, J., Chen, C., Xue, G., Lu, Z., Mei, L., Xue, H., Xue, F., He, Q., Chen, C., et al. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Selective transfer of visual working memory training on Chinese character learning
Opitz, B., Schneiders, J. A., Krick, C. M., & Mecklinger, A. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.017 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Baeck, A., Kravitz, D. J., Baker, C. I., & de Beeck, H. O. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.060 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Differential Neural Correlates Underlie Judgment of Learning and Subsequent Memory Performance
Yang, H., Cai, Y., Liu, Q., Zhao, X. Q., Wang, Q., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01699 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Task by stimulus interactions in brain responses during Chinese character processing
Yang, J., Wang, X., Shu, H., & Zevin, J. D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.036 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Benavides‐Varela, S., Šiugždaitė, R., Gomez, D. M., Macagno, F., Cattarossi, L., & Mehler, J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617589114 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Jin, L., Chen, C., Mei, L., Xue, G., Lu, Z., Chen, C., He, Q., Wei, M., & Dong, Q. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.045 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neural processes during encoding support durable memory
Liu, Q., Dong, Q., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.031 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Robust and Task-Independent Spatial Profile of the Visual Word Form Activation in Fusiform Cortex
Ma, L., Jiang, Y., Bai, J., Gong, Q., Liu, H., Chen, H.-C., He, S., & Weng, X. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026310 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neural Pattern Similarity in the Left IFG and Fusiform Is Associated with Novel Word Learning
Qu, J., Qian, L., Chen, C., Xue, G., Li, H., Xie, P., & Mei, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00424 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Malekmohammadi, A., & Cheng, G. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01081-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A neural marker of medical visual expertise: implications for training
Rourke, L., Cruikshank, L. C., Shapke, L., & Singhal, A. (2016) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-016-9712-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Graffiti and perceived neighborhood safety: a neuroimaging study
James, R. N., & O’Boyle, M. W. (2018) · Property Management · doi:10.1108/pm-12-2017-0071 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Relationships between priming and subsequent recognition memory
Miyoshi, K., Minamoto, T., & Ashida, H. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-546 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Li, B., Gao, C., Wang, W., & Guo, C. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107783 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gerbier, É., & Koenig, O. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.3917/anpsy.153.0435 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The contributions of the left fusiform subregions to successful encoding of novel words.
Li, H., Liang, Y., Yue, Q., Zhang, L., Ying, K., & Mei, L. (2021) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105690 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Spaced example-based learning facilitates advanced mathematics learning in college students
Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, Z., Yang, Q., Dong, C., & Qu, K. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2024.2314971 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chouinard, B., Boliek, C. A., & Cummine, J. (2016) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scachat, J., & Wang, H. (2022) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781800372337.00028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Howard‐Jones, P. A. (2014) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gerbier, É., & Koenig, O. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503315000159 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gerbier, É., & Koenig, O. (2015) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s000350331500305x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Area 55b forms a cortical transition zone for sensorimotor-semantic transformation in human languagePreprint
Wu, G., Wang, X., Lyu, B., & Du, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9934100/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Repetition Suppression and Related Effects
Kryukov, V. I. (2025) · Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.17537/2024.19.609
Temporal Spacing is the Friend of Memory Formation
Sharma, S. K. (2026) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712426700297
A cortical gradient in area 55b links language and somato-cognitive action networksPreprint
Wu, G., Wang, X., Lv, B., & Du, Y. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9934100/v2
- Authors
- Xue, G., Mei, L., Chen, C., Lu, Z.-L., Poldrack, R. A., & Dong, Q.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xue, Gui
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-10-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e13204
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2950859
- OpenAlex
- W2148570756
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0823624, 0823495)
- Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B07008)
- Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD057884-01A2, R01HD057884)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- spaced learning, massed learning, repetition suppression, visual word form area, inferior temporal gyrus, recognition memory, Chinese readers, Korean characters, spacing effect
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Language, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
