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Analysis of the lung microbiome in the “healthy” smoker and in COPD.
Open accessAbstract
Although culture-independent techniques have shown that the lungs are not sterile, little is known about the lung microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We used pyrosequencing of 16S amplicons to analyze the lung microbiome in two ways: first, using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to sample the distal bronchi and air-spaces; and second, by examining multiple discrete tissue sites in the lungs of six subjects removed at the time of transplantation. We performed BAL on three never-smokers (NS) with normal spirometry, seven smokers with normal spirometry ("healthy smokers", HS), and four subjects with COPD (CS). Bacterial 16 s sequences were found in all subjects, without significant quantitative differences between groups. Both taxonomy-based and taxonomy-independent approaches disclosed heterogeneity in the bacterial communities between HS subjects that was similar to that seen in healthy NS and two mild COPD patients. The moderate and severe COPD patients had very limited community diversity, which was also noted in 28% of the healthy subjects. Both approaches revealed extensive membership overlap between the bacterial communities of the three study groups. No genera were common within a group but unique across groups. Our data suggests the existence of a core pulmonary bacterial microbiome that includes Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Porphyromonas. Most strikingly, there were significant micro-anatomic differences in bacterial communities within the same lung of subjects with advanced COPD. These studies are further demonstration of the pulmonary microbiome and highlight global and micro-anatomic changes in these bacterial communities in severe COPD patients.
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“Under certain conditions, Streptococcus gordonii can attack host fibronectin, and subsequent cytokine production can induce inflammatory responses (Erb-Downward et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2018).”
From Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection (2020) · cites this paper as Erb-Downward et al., 2011
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BackgroundThe development of lower respiratory tract microbiome in mice
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Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens
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“The presence of bacterial DNA within the lungs of even healthy adults is no longer disputed (19, 20).”
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“The ideal control group would be the one including lobectomy in “healthy” patients, as seen in certain transplantation cases [78].”
BackgroundPolymicrobial airway bacterial communities in adult bronchiectasis patients
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“The number of studies examining the microbiome of the lower airways is limited and there is some overlap between bacteria seen in COPD and healthy individuals [7]; however, a recent study has reported a significantly different bacterial community in patients with very severe COPD compared with nonsmokers, smokers and…”
BackgroundPast, Present, and Future Research on the Lung Microbiome in Inflammatory Airway Disease
Caverly, L. J., Huang, Y. J., & Sze, M. A. (2019) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.05.011 · Cited by 61
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BackgroundInfluentialMultiscale mechanics of mucociliary clearance in the lung
Nawroth, J. C., van der Does, A. M., Ryan, A. L., & Kanso, E. A. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0160 · Cited by 69
“These conditions are shaped by, for example, host–microbe interactions, epithelial host defence, pH, temperature and others, and if they are favourable to growth, they can support the unwanted outgrowth of bacteria into these niches and cause the altered microbiota composition in patients with airway disease [56].”
BackgroundThe effect of the intratumoral microbiome on tumor occurrence, progression, prognosis and treatment
Gao, F., Yu, B., Rao, B., Sun, Y. H., Yu, J., Wang, D., Cui, G., & Ren, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051987 · Cited by 63
Understanding Persistent Bacterial Lung Infections
Pragman, A. A., Berger, J. P., & Williams, B. J. (2016) · Clinical Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/cpm.0000000000000108 · Cited by 60
“Diversity appears to be low in COPD-affected lungs at the time of explantation for lung transplantation, although it is not clear to what degree this reflects COPD severity against antibiotic and corticosteroid use in end-stage lung disease.(37,60)”
BackgroundThe lung microbiome and exacerbations of COPD
Dy, R. V., & Sethi, S. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000268 · Cited by 62
“also examined lung tissue by sampling the microbiome of six lung explants from patients with severe COPD who underwent lung transplant [12].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRole of the Lung Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Wang, L., Hao, K., Yang, T., & Wang, C. (2017) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.211452 · Cited by 61
“Erb‐Downward et al.[18] showed that among the healthy smokers, smokers with mild”
O’Neill, K., Bradley, J. M., Johnston, E., McGrath, S., McIlreavey, L., Rowan, S., Reid, A. J. M., Bradbury, I., Einarsson, G. G., Elborn, J. S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126980 · Cited by 64
“Conversely, direct evidence of a correlation between the presence and/or abundance of anaerobic bacteria and lung disease progression in CF is lacking [11] and it may be possible that these bacteria constitute part of the healthy lung microbiota where disruption may lead to disease, as suggested in studies of COPD and…”
BackgroundThe Microbiota, Chemical Symbiosis, and Human Disease
Redinbo, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.011 · Cited by 58
Variability of the Sheep Lung Microbiota
Glendinning, L., Wright, S. H., Pollock, J., Tennant, P. A., Collie, D., & McLachlan, G. (2016) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00540-16 · Cited by 63
“The presence of particular bacterial communities in the lung has been associated with 49 several human diseases including cystic fibrosis (5), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6), 50 bronchiectasis (7) and lung transplant rejection (8).”
BackgroundThe Lung Microbiome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Promising Approach for Targeted Therapies
Fastrès, A., Felice, F., Roels, É., Moermans, C., Corhay, J.-L., Bureau, F., Louis, R. E., Clercx, C., & Guiot, J. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18122735 · Cited by 63
“Besides, in healthy subjects, variation of the lung microbial community composition at spatially distinct lung sites within individuals have been shown [28], however, it remains lower than intersubject community variation [27].”
BackgroundEffects of smoking on the lower respiratory tract microbiome in mice
Zhang, R., Chen, L., Cao, L., Li, K., Huang, Y. H., Luan, X.-Q., & Li, G. (2018) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-018-0959-9 · Cited by 60
Zeineldin, M. M., Lowe, J. F., Grimmer, E. D., de Godoy, M. R. C., Ghanem, M. M., El-Raof, Y. M. A., & Aldridge, B. M. (2017) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1042-2 · Cited by 66
“The situation is altered somewhat in smokers, where the lung microbiome differs from the nasopharynx, but resembles that of the mouth [16].”
Backgroundde la Rosa, D., López-Campos, J. L., Navarrete, B. A., Rubio, M. C., Moreno, R. C., Rivero, J. L. G., Carro, L. M., Fuster, C. O., Martínez‐García, M. Á., Callejas, F. J., et al. (2020) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.04.023 · Cited by 56
“…graves y sintomáticas de EPOC: mayor producción y purulencia de esputo, más comorbilidades, mayor disnea, mayor obstrucción bronquial, exacerbaciones más frecuentes y graves, mayor carga bacteriana, mayor riesgo de IBC (particularmente por P. aeruginosa ) y mayor riesgo de mortalidad 44,45,53-59 .”
BackgroundPhenotyping the heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Barker, B. L., & Brightling, C. E. (2012) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20120340 · Cited by 57
Cameron, S. J. S., Lewis, K. E., Huws, S., Lin, W., Hegarty, M., Lewis, P. D., Mur, L. A. J., & Pachebat, J. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149095 · Cited by 57
A ferret model of COPD-related chronic bronchitis
Raju, S. V., Kim, H., Byzek, S. A., Tang, L. P., Trombley, J. E., Jackson, P. L., Rasmussen, L. W., Wells, J. M., Libby, E. F., Dohm, E. D., et al. (2016) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.87536 · Cited by 58
The microbiome at the pulmonary alveolar niche and its role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Adami, A. J., & Cervantes, J. (2015) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.004 · Cited by 56
“Similarly to sputum, BAL cannot completely sample the deepest airways of the lung, potentially biasing any analyses in favor of the microbiome of the more proximal lower airways.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPorphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes
Guilloux, C.-A., Lamoureux, C., Beauruelle, C., & Héry-Arnaud, G. (2020) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230 · Cited by 56
Miravitlles, M., & Anzueto, A. (2013) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201302-0289pp · Cited by 56
“The number of studies examining the lower airway microbiome is limited and there is some overlap between bacteria seen in COPD and healthy individuals (15); however, one study has reported a significantly different bacterial community in patients with very severe COPD compared with nonsmokers, smokers, and patients wi…”
BackgroundEdwards, M. R., Saglani, S., Schwarze, J., Skevaki, C., Smith, J. A., Ainsworth, B., Almond, M., Andreakos, E., Belvisi, M. G., Chung, K. F., et al. (2017) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.02448-2016 · Cited by 55
The human laryngeal microbiome: effects of cigarette smoke and reflux
Jetté, M. E., Dill‐McFarland, K. A., Hanshew, A. S., Suen, G., & Thibeault, S. L. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35882 · Cited by 57
Lung Microbiota and Its Impact on the Mucosal Immune Phenotype
Wu, B. G., & Segal, L. N. (2017) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.bad-0005-2016 · Cited by 56
“In the oral cavity, the microbiota is characterized by enrichment with Prevotella , Streptococcus , Fusobacterium , Neisseria , Leptotrichia , and Veillonella (35).”
BackgroundInfluentialExploring the microbiome in health and disease
Scotti, E., Boué, S., Sasso, G. L., Zanetti, F., Belcastro, V., Poussin, C., Sierro, N., Battey, J. N. D., Gimalac, A., Ivanov, N. V., et al. (2017) · Toxicology Research and Application · doi:10.1177/2397847317741884 · Cited by 56
The bacterial microbiota in inflammatory lung diseases
Huffnagle, G. B., & Dickson, R. P. (2015) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.022 · Cited by 55
“Using techniques of molecular microbial identification, no studies published have suppoerted the claim that the lungs are sterile; bacterial DNA is always detectable in respiratory samples [4, 6-12].”
Sriram, K. B., Cox, A. J., Clancy, R. L., Slack, M., & Cripps, A. W. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2017.1329274 · Cited by 58
“Current knowledge of the human lung microbiome has suggested the existence of a “core airway microbiota” consisting of Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria, Veillonella, Haemophilus and Porphyromonas (Erb-Downward et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBostancı, Ö., Mayda, H., Yılmaz, C., Kabadayı, M., Yılmaz, A. K., & Özdal, M. (2019) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2019.04.001 · Cited by 54
Pragman, A. A., Knutson, K. A., Gould, T. J., Isaacson, R. E., Reilly, C., & Wendt, C. H. (2019) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-019-1080-4 · Cited by 58
Einarsson, G. G., Zhao, J., LiPuma, J. J., Downey, D. G., Tunney, M. M., & Elborn, J. S. (2019) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00128-2017 · Cited by 54
Critical Relevance of Stochastic Effects on Low-Bacterial-Biomass 16S rRNA Gene Analysis
Erb‐Downward, J. R., Falkowski, N. R., D’Souza, J. C., McCloskey, L., McDonald, R. A., Brown, C. A., Shedden, K., Dickson, R. P., Freeman, C. M., Stringer, K. A., et al. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00258-20 · Cited by 55
Mackay, A. J., & Hurst, J. R. (2012) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2012.10.006 · Cited by 53
Potential mechanisms regulating pulmonary pathology in inflammatory bowel disease
Mateer, S. W., Maltby, S., Marks, E., Foster, P. S., Horvat, J. C., Hansbro, P. M., & Keely, S. (2015) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3ru1114-563r · Cited by 56
“In addition, there is evidence to suggest that bacterial species associated with the intestinal microflora may also sometimes reside in the lung [110–113], providing”
BackgroundLung and Gut Microbiota as Potential Hidden Driver of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Lung Cancer
Carbone, C., Piro, G., Noia, V. D., D’Argento, E., Vita, E., Ferrara, M. G., Pilotto, S., Milella, M., Cammarota, G., Gasbarrini, A., et al. (2019) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2019/7652014 · Cited by 54
“Dysbiosis of lung microbiome ecosystem and the epithelial integrity loss in heavy smokers could be the initial cause of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and LC [56].”
BackgroundSize, Composition, and Source Profiles of Inhalable Bioaerosols from Colorado Dairies
Schaeffer, J. W., Reynolds, S. J., Magzamen, S. L., VanDyke, A., Gottel, N., Gilbert, J. A., Owens, S. M., Hampton‐Marcell, J., & Volckens, J. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00882 · Cited by 55
“Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Porphyromonas were observed in this study, which may play an important role in the lung microbiome.(80) Pseudomonas has also been linked to asthma in deep lung tissue studies.”
Dima, E., Kyriakoudi, A., Kaponi, M., Vasileiadis, I., Stamou, P., Koutsoukou, A., Koulouris, N. G., & Rovina, N. (2019) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.012 · Cited by 53
Alveolar microbiota profile in patients with human pulmonary tuberculosis and interstitial pneumonia
Vázquez-Pérez, J. A., Carrillo, C. O., Iñiguez-García, M. A., Romero-Espinoza, J. A., Márquez-García, J. E., Falcón, L. I., Torres, M., & Herrera, M. T. (2019) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103851 · Cited by 52
Sputum microbiome profiling in COPD: beyond singular pathogen detection
Ditz, B., Christenson, S. A., Rossen, J. W. A., Brightling, C. E., Kerstjens, H. A. M., van den Berge, M., & Faiz, A. (2020) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214168 · Cited by 55
Wet cough in children: Infective and inflammatory characteristics in broncho‐alveolar lavage fluid
Wurzel, D. F., Marchant, J. M., Clark, J. E., Masters, I. B., Yerkovich, S. T., Upham, J. W., & Chang, A. B. (2013) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.22792 · Cited by 50
Microbiome influences on allergy in mice and humans
Marsland, B. J., & Salami, O. (2015) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.07.005 · Cited by 49
“Indeed there are indications in the literature that support the case for discrete niches in the airways of individuals [28], however, a direct causal relationship of local host–microbiome interactions leading to local tissue damage is yet to be forthcoming.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Erb-Downward, J. R., Thompson, D. L., Han, M. K., Freeman, C. M., McCloskey, L., Schmidt, L. A., Young, V. B., Toews, G. B., Curtis, J. L., Sundaram, B., Martinez, F. J., & Huffnagle, G. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Huffnagle, Gary B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-02-22
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e16384
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3043049
- OpenAlex
- W2163401084
- Cited by
- 973
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 50.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (R01 HL082480)
- University of Michigan (UL1 RR024986)
- National Institutes of Health (n01hr46162-13-0-1)
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (UL 1RR024986)
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center (P30 CA46952, CA46952)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL082480, N01HR046162, T32HL007749)
- National Cancer Institute (P30 CA 46952)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK070875, RR024986, R01DK070875)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- lung microbiome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, healthy smokers, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung tissue sampling, bacterial community diversity, core microbiome, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Porphyromonas, lung transplantation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, Bronchoscopy, DNA, Bacterial, Female, Health, Humans, Lung, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Smoking, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Metagenome
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