Cognitive bias modification versus CBT in reducing adolescent social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: Social anxiety is a common mental disorder among adolescents and is associated with detrimental long term outcomes. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of two possible early interventions for adolescent social anxiety and test anxiety. An internet-based cognitive bias modification (CBM; n = 86) was compared to a school-based cognitive behavioral group training (CBT; n = 84) and a control group (n = 70) in reducing symptoms of social and test anxiety in high socially and/or test anxious adolescents aged 13-15 years. Participants (n = 240) were randomized at school level over the three conditions. CBM consisted of a 20-session at home internet-delivered training; CBT was a 10-session at school group training with homework assignments; the control group received no training. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention and at 6 and 12 month follow-up. At 6 month follow-up CBT resulted in lower social anxiety than the control condition, while for CBM, this effect was only trend-significant. At 12 month follow-up this initial benefit was no longer present. Test anxiety decreased more in the CBT condition relative to the control condition in both short and long term. Interestingly, in the long term, participants in the CBM condition improved more with regard to automatic threat-related associations than both other conditions. The results indicate that the interventions resulted in a faster decline of social anxiety symptoms, whereas the eventual end point of social anxiety was not affected. Test anxiety was influenced in the long term by the CBT intervention, and CBM lead to increased positive automatic threat-related associations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: TrialRegister.nl NTR965.
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Such a general improvement in emotional functioning is in line with previous findings on the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
“Such a general improvement in emotional functioning is in line with previous findings on the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms (e.g., Sportel et al., 2013;de Voogd et al., 2016;de Voogd et al., in press).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as Sportel et al., 2013
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“The results do not support the use of current CBM procedures as a stand-alone intervention for social and test anxiety, since we found neither short-term (Sportel et al., 2013) nor long-term benefits in terms of a decrease in symptomatology.”
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“The high drop-out rates in all conditions are an important limitation of the current study, although these rates are not uncommon in longitudinal and online research (cf. Sportel et al., 2013; Yang, Zhang, Ding, & Xiao, 2016).”
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An international systematic literature review of test anxiety interventions 2011–2018
Soares, D., & Woods, K. (2020) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2020.1725909 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wickersham, A., Barack, T., Cross, L., & Downs, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29842 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12436 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across TimePreprint
Lai, C. K., Skinner, A. L., Cooley, E., Murrar, S., Bräuer, M., Devos, T., Calanchini, J., Xiao, Y. J., Pedram, C., Marhsburn, C., et al. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2712520 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zhang, M. W., Ying, J., Song, G., Fung, D. S. S., & Smith, H. E. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/10034 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In a study of individuals with social anxiety disorder, Sportel et al [16] compared the effectiveness of Web-based cognitive bias modification against conventional cognitive behavioral therapy and reported that both modalities of intervention were effective in reducing social anxiety symptoms.”
Wolpert, M., Dalzell, K., Ullman, R., Garland, L., Cortina, M. A., Hayes, D., Patalay, P., & Law, D. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30465-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Academic Stress Interventions in High Schools: A Systematic Literature Review
Jagiello, T., Belcher, J., Neelakandan, A., Boyd, K., & Wuthrich, V. M. (2024) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01667-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Results from the second CBM trial were published in two papers [37, 53] [53] revealed that test anxiety or social anxiety levels of students who received CBM were not significantly lower than students in a comparison CBT program (10 group sessions), or a no-intervention control condition, at any…”
InfluentialEilert, N., Wogan, R., Leen, A., & Richards, D. (2022) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/33551 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“No controlStructured clinical interview 16.8 (15- 19) N=11 (female 6, male 5) Sweden Spence et al, 2011 [53]c —CGAS-clinician rated —SCAS-C/PFace-to-face CBTu (n=44), wait-list (n=27) Primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, or specific phobia 13.98 (12-18) N=115 (…”
MethodInfluentialReuland, M. M., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.011 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Six, S. G., Byrne, K., Aly, H., & Harris, M. W. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/39516 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Interpretation modification training reduces social anxiety in clinically anxious children
Klein, A. M., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Kangas, M., Lyneham, H. J., Souren, P. M., & Rinck, M. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…Fu et al., 2013; Lau, Belli, & Chopra, 2012; Lau, Molyneaux, Telman, & Belli, 2011; Lothmann, Holmes, Chan, & Lau, 2011; Salemink & Wiers, 2011; Sportel et al., 2013; Telman, Holmes, & Lau, 2013), there are only a few published studies that evaluated this technique with pre-adolescent children…”
Lisk, S. C., Pile, V., Haller, S. P. W., Kumari, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9912-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Only one study we are aware of has utilised a combined-bias approach in socially anxious adolescents (Sportel et al. 2013; de Hullu et al. 2017), testing an internet-based CBM-A/CBM-I program and finding significant improvement across all groups but no significant difference between internet-based CBM, CBT and control…”
BackgroundCaldwell, D. M., Davies, S. R., Thorn, J. C., Palmer, J. C., Caro, P., Hetrick, S. E., Gunnell, D., Anwer, S., López-López, J. A., French, C. E., et al. (2021) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr09080 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vrijsen, J. N., Grafton, B., Koster, E. H. W., Lau, J. Y. F., Wittekind, C. E., Bar‐Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Brotman, M. A., Joormann, J., Lazarov, A., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104557 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
de Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W. H. J., de Jong, P. J., Zwitser, R. J., & Salemink, E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194274 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Although the multi method CBM intervention showed a positive effect on interpretation bias that was still evident at two-year follow up, this study failed to find convincing evidence for the efficacy of the combined training to reduce symptoms of social and test anxiety [24][25].”
InfluentialSalzer, S., Stefini, A., Kronmüller, K., Leibing, E., Leichsenring, F., Henningsen, P., Peseschkian, H., Reich, G., Rosner, R., Ruhl, U. E., et al. (2018) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000488990 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Is e-health the answer to gaps in adolescent mental health service provision?
O’Dea, B., Calear, A. L., & Perry, Y. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000170 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Most studies included in this review relied on school-based recruitment [19,21,23].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFitzgerald, A., Rawdon, C., & Dooley, B. A. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yeung, E. S., & Sharpe, L. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10012-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Babbage, C. M., Jackson, G. M., Davies, E. B., & Nixon, E. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/25716 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kuckertz, J. M., Schofield, C. A., Clerkin, E. M., Primack, J., Boettcher, H., Weisberg, R. B., Amir, N., & Beard, C. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000231 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“We noted this to be particularly important, as ABM has increasingly been investigated as an adjunctive treatment to cognitive behavioural therapy and/or other CBM programs (Sportel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundComputer-based Treatment Programs for Youth Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2014) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.033613 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Only one of the studies reviewed here (Sportel et al., 2013) tested the program in a purely self-help format, yet there are clear advantages of such an approach in terms of cost and labour efficiency.”
Web-Based Cognitive Bias Modification Interventions for Psychiatric Disorders: Scoping Review
Zhang, M. W., Ying, J., Song, G., Fung, D. S. S., & Smith, H. E. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11841 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Sportel et al [31] and de Hullu et al [25] recruited adolescents from regular secondary schools.”
Selles, R. R., Arnold, E. B., Phares, V., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314537912 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…for anxiety in neurotypical youth is highly durable, with studies generally finding non-significant differences between post-treatment and follow-up, as well as large treatment effects when compared to baseline (Barrett et al., 2005; Kendall, 1994; Spence et al., 2006, 2011; Sportel et al., 2013).”
ResultLuan, Y.-S., Zhan-ling, G., Mi, L., Liu, Y., Lan, B., & Li, T. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s371402 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This sensitivity is an automated, knee-jerk reaction mechanism.(30) This is the patient’s defense and survival strategy.”
MethodSchmidt, N. B., & Vereenooghe, L. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103949 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
de Mooij, B., Fekkes, M., Miers, A. C., van den Akker, A. L., Scholte, R. H. J., & Overbeek, G. J. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02536-w · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The intervention modules were inspired by cognitive behavioral training programs such as Cool Kids (Rapee et al., 2006) and PASTA training (Sportel et al., 2013).”
MethodBooth, C., Songco, A., Parsons, S. D., Heathcote, L. C., Vincent, J., Keers, R., & Fox, E. (2017) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-017-0210-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Henricks, L. A., Lange, W., Luijten, M., van den Berg, Y. H. M., Stoltz, S. E. M. J., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Becker, E. S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10304-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“One study showed that the effect of combined CBM on decreasing social anxiety in adolescents 6 months later, was only marginally significant (Sportel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundVeerman, L. K. M., Heppe, E. C. M., Gold, D., & Kef, S. (2019) · Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness · doi:10.1177/0145482x18818615 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Walder, N., Frey, A., Berger, T., & Schmidt, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/67067 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Most commonly, adherence was operationalized as the mean number of completed modules per participant or the percentage of participants who completed individual modules [56,83,85,94-97, 99, 104”
Waters, A. M., Candy, S. G., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Groth, T. A., Craske, M. G., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00551-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Lau, J., & Pile, V. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614549596 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Walder, N., Berger, T., & Schmidt, S. J. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44346 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“As for interventions addressing social anxiety specifically, an online game to improve social skills [41] and an online cognitive bias modification training [42] were shown to be efficacious in adolescents.”
de Lijster, J. M., Dieleman, G. C., Utens, E. M. W. J., van der Ende, J., Alexander, T. M., Boon, A. E., Hillegers, M. H. J., & Legerstee, J. S. (2019) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2019.8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mao, N., Li, T., Li, C., Ding, R., Zhang, Q., & Cui, L. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02619-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“An intervention study for adolescents aged 13–15 with social anxiety in Netherlands showed that the effect of Internetbased CBM-I (20 sessions) was only trend-significant (Sportel et al., 2013).”
MethodSherman, J. A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0760-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cognitive Remediation and Bias Modification Strategies in Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Gold, A. K., Montana, R. E., Sylvia, L. G., Nierenberg, A. A., & Deckersbach, T. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0090-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
To save or not to save: The use of cognitive bias modification in a high-hoarding sample
David, J., Baldwin, P. A., & Grisham, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2019.100457 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development of a graphic medicine-enabled social media-based intervention for youth social anxiety
Rice, S., O’Bree, B., Wilson, M., McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Hamilton, M. P., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., D’Alfonso, S., Russon, P., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2021.1923128 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A systematic review of treatments targeting cognitive biases in socially anxious adolescents
Biagianti, B., Conelea, C. A., Brambilla, P., & Bernstein, G. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.12.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lau, J. Y. F., Watkins-Muleba, R., Lee, I., Pile, V., & Hirsch, C. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03320-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Schmidt, N. B., & Vereenooghe, L. (2020) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2020.1720156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Moreover, delivering CBM online, as in Sportel et al. (2013), allows flexible and convenient access and is likely particularly suitable for children and adolescents, a group that regularly uses digital technologies (Grist et al. 2019).”
BackgroundBevilacqua, L., Fox‐Smith, L., Lampard, O., Rojas, N. K., Zavitsanou, G., Meiser‐Stedman, R., & Beazley, P. I. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241259070 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Also, they did not include fi ve studies that seemed relevant and that are included in the present work (Khanna & Kendall, 2010; Mart´ ı nez et al., 2019; Nelson et al., 2003; Sportel et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2014).”
Evaluation of a brief intervention to reduce test anxiety in adolescents: a randomized control trial
Yale‐Soulière, G., Campeau, G., Turgeon, L., & Goulet, J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06361-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The study of Sportel et al. (2013) included almost three times the intervention hours. for academic self-efficacy, indicating a general improve - ment from Time 1 to Time 2.”
Influentialde Jong, R., Lommen, M. J. J., Timmerman, M. E., van Hout, W. J. P. J., Kuijpers, R., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.03.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognition-Focused Interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder Among Adolescents
McLellan, L. F., Alfano, C. A., & Hudson, J. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16703-9_10 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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School-Based Interventions for Students with Anxiety
Ginsburg, G. S., & Smith, I. C. (2023) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20006-9_3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intervention Study of Social Anxiety Disorder of China University Students (Review)
鞠, 明. (2021) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2021.119236 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“Against the background of already existing treatment programs 41,42 , a better understanding of these processes would be of direct practical relevance.”
Ontwikkeling en psychopathologie
Braet, C., Prins, P. J. M., & Bijttebier, P. (2014) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0495-0_1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive bias modification of interpretation for social anxiety: A “bottom-up” intervention?
Liu, B.-Q., & Li, X. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00859 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Game-Based Prevention of Social Anxiety in Young People
Lepe-Salazar, F., & García-Michel, S. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) · doi:10.1109/healthcom56612.2023.10472360 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Online Therapy for Adolescent Mental Health
Khan, H. A., Bernstein, K. S., & Voorhees, B. W. V. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_16 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Development of a graphic medicine‐enabled social media‐based intervention for youth social anxiety
Rice, S., O’Bree, B., Wilson, M., McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Hamilton, M. P., Gleeson, J., Bendall, S., D’Alfonso, S., Russon, P., et al. (2020) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12222 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reducing Pediatric Anxiety through Training: an Integrative Neurocognitive Approach
Britton, J. C., Dellarco, D. V., & Evans, T. C. (2017) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-017-0118-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“See Table 1 De Hullu et al., 2017 (long-term follow-up of Sportel et al., 2013) [81] Adolescents 12–16 years olds Top quartile of anxiety on RCADS See Sportel et al., 2013 See Sportel et al., 2013 See Sportel et al., 2013 At 2 year follow-up, negative interpretation biases remained unchanged and…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCognitive Behavioral Therapy in Social Anxiety Disorder: Current Concepts
Fıstikçı, N., Keyvan, A., Erten, E., Duran, Ş., & Sungur, M. Z. (2014) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.5455/cap.20140719110703 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effect of Behavior Inhibition System on Smart-Phone Addiction : The Mediation Roll of Depression
Jung, D.-J., Cho, H., Park, J.-W., Kwak, M.-J., & Kim, D. (2016) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2016.55.2.97 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Digital Interventions for Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Systematic Review
Kuberka, P., Johnston, M., Shafran, R., Pike, K. C., & Yardley, L. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.05.021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bai, S., Chen, L.-L., Liu, P., & Zhou, R.-L. (2025) · Psychology in the schools (Print) · doi:10.1002/pits.23570 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…intervention for test anxiety (de Hullu et al. 2017; Krebs et al. 2018; Lau 2013; Martinelli et al. 2022; Salemink and Wiers 2011), by increasing the positive automatic associations related to threat (Sportel et al. 2013) regardless of whether they are content ‐ specific to the subtype of anxiety.”
Hashemi, S. S., Daramadi, P. S., Kazemi, M. D., & Sh, R. (2022) · The Journal Of Psychological Science · doi:10.52547/jps.21.115.1301 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rapee, R. M., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414551068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Other promising research has evaluated the possibility of reducing SAD through early intervention with school age children (Sportel et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKoç, V., & Ișıklı, S. (2020) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/tpd1300443320191020m000029 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Direkte Kosten sozialer Angststörung bei Jugendlichen und Kosteneffektivität der Psychotherapie
Dams, J., Kronmüller, K., Leibing, E., Steil, R., Henningsen, P., Leichsenring, F., Peseschkian, H., Rosner, R., Salzer, S., Stefini, A., et al. (2018) · Psychiatrische Praxis · doi:10.1055/a-0733-4999 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[42] Sportel BE, de Hullu E, de Jong PJ et al.”
BackgroundSchema Therapy for Adolescents with Test Anxiety
Wainer, L. M., Kolb, A. M., & Tavares, M. E. A. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12737-3_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sportel, B. E., de Hullu, E., de Jong, P. J., & Nauta, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Sportel, B. Esther
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-05-14
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e64355
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3653919
- OpenAlex
- W2033437283
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 16.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- ZonMw
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, cognitive behavioral therapy, adolescent social anxiety, test anxiety, online intervention, early intervention, long-term treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Cognition, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Patient Compliance, Social Behavior, Time Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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