Science vs Conspiracy: Collective Narratives in the Age of Misinformation
Open accessAbstract
The large availability of user provided contents on online social media facilitates people aggregation around shared beliefs, interests, worldviews and narratives. In spite of the enthusiastic rhetoric about the so called collective intelligence unsubstantiated rumors and conspiracy theories-e.g., chemtrails, reptilians or the Illuminati-are pervasive in online social networks (OSN). In this work we study, on a sample of 1.2 million of individuals, how information related to very distinct narratives-i.e. main stream scientific and conspiracy news-are consumed and shape communities on Facebook. Our results show that polarized communities emerge around distinct types of contents and usual consumers of conspiracy news result to be more focused and self-contained on their specific contents. To test potential biases induced by the continued exposure to unsubstantiated rumors on users' content selection, we conclude our analysis measuring how users respond to 4,709 troll information-i.e. parodistic and sarcastic imitation of conspiracy theories. We find that 77.92% of likes and 80.86% of comments are from users usually interacting with conspiracy stories.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Selective exposure and confirmation bias may explain the emergence of echo chambers on social media.
“Selective exposure (19) and confirmation bias (20) (i.e., the tendency to seek information adhering to preexisting opinions) may explain the emergence of echo chambers on social media (1, 17, 21, 22).”
From The echo chamber effect on social media (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Oberauer, K., & Marriott, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00073 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
RetractedEllison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x · Cited by 9,939 · see citing works
The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/267990 · Cited by 9,537 · see citing works
Finding community structure in very large networks
Clauset, A., Newman, M. E. J., & Moore, C. (2004) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.70.066111 · Cited by 7,390 · see citing works
Statistical physics of social dynamics
Castellano, C., Fortunato, S., & Loreto, V. (2009) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.81.591 · Cited by 4,119 · see citing works
The interaction of TIGIT with PVR and PVRL2 inhibits human NK cell cytotoxicity
Stanietsky, N., Simic, H., Arapovic, J., Toporik, A., Levy, O., Novik, A., Levine, Z., Beiman, M., Dassa, L., Achdout, H., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903474106 · Cited by 3,524 · see citing works
The spread of behavior in an online social network experiment
Centola, D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1185231 · Cited by 2,692 · see citing works
The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election: divided they blog
Adamic, L. A., & Glance, N. (2005) · Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery · doi:10.1145/1134271.1134277 · Cited by 2,619 · see citing works
A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization
Bond, R. M., Fariss, C. J., Jones, J. J., Kramer, A. D. I., Marlow, C., Settle, J. E., & Fowler, J. H. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11421 · Cited by 2,575 · see citing works
Individual differences in need for cognitive closure.
Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Mixing beliefs among interacting agents
Deffuant, G., Neau, D., Amblard, F., & Weisbuch, G. (2000) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525900000078 · Cited by 2,165 · see citing works
Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles.
Epstein, S. J., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.390 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Talking about tactile experiences
Obrist, M., Seah, S. A., & Subramanian, S. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2466220 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
On the evolution of user interaction in facebook
Viswanath, B., Mislove, A., Cha, M., & Gummadi, K. P. (2009) · Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Online social networks · doi:10.1145/1592665.1592675 · Cited by 1,461 · see citing works
Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people?: motives and use of facebook
Joinson, A. N. (2008) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1357054.1357213 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship
Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Jerit, J., Schwieder, D., & Rich, R. F. (2000) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/0022-3816.00033 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures
Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2009) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cockton, G., & Korhonen, P. (2003) · doi:10.1145/642611 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Internet Communication and Qualitative Research
Mann, C., & Stewart, F. A. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209281 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Cheng, J., Adamic, L. A., Dow, P. A., Kleinberg, J. M., & Leskovec, J. (2014) · Cited by 771 · see citing works
The wisdom of crowds : why the many are smarter than the few
Surowiecki, J. (2005) · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The multidimensional wisdom of crowds
Welinder, P., Branson, S., Belongie, S., & Perona, P. (2010) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Structural diversity in social contagion
Ugander, J., Backstrom, L., Marlow, C. A., & Kleinberg, J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116502109 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
(2013) · doi:10.1145/2441776 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Toward a Psychology of Memory Accuracy
Koriat, A., Goldsmith, M., & Pansky, A. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.481 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Social selection and peer influence in an online social network
Lewis, K., Gonzalez, M., & Kaufman, J. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1109739109 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Among African Americans?
Bogart, L. M., & Thorburn, S. (2005) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200502010-00014 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Friggeri, A., Adamic, L., Eckles, D., & Cheng, J. (2014) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14559 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Explorations in the social contagion of memory
Meade, M. L., & Roediger, H. L., III (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194318 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Khosla, A., Sarma, A. D., & Hamid, R. (2014) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/2566486.2567996 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web
(2014) · doi:10.1145/2567948 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Religious and Sacred Imperatives in Human Conflict
Atran, S., & Ginges, J. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216902 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model
Ayers, M. S., & Reder, L. M. (1998) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03209454 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
The Twitter of babel: mapping world languages through microblogging platforms
Mocanu, D., Baronchelli, A., Perra, N., Gonçalves, B., Zhang, Q., & Vespignani, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061981 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Byford, J. T. (2011) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230349216 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Fast unfolding of community hierarchies in large networks
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008) · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Spontaneous emergence of social influence in online systems
Onnela, J.-P. “., & Reed‐Tsochas, F. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914572107 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. (1946) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/10.4.501 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Collective attention in the age of (mis)information
Mocanu, D., Rossi, L., Zhang, Q. F., Karsai, M., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.024 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationBeliefs in conspiracy theories and the need for cognitive closure
Leman, P. J., & Cinnirella, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00378 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Opinion dynamics on interacting networks: media competition and social influence
Quattrociocchi, W., Caldarelli, G., & Antonio Scala, A. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04938 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent Issues and Advances in Misinformation Research
Frenda, S. J., Nichols, R. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410396620 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction
Byford, J. T. (2011) · Open Research Online - ORO (The Open University) · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Borge‐Holthoefer, J., Rivero, A., García, I. E., Cauhé, E., Ferrer, A., Ferrer, D., Francos, D., Íñiguez, D., Pérez, M. P. F., Ruiz, G., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023883 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on World wide web
(2014) · doi:10.1145/2566486 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The promise and peril of real-time corrections to political misperceptions
Garrett, R., & Weeks, B. E. (2013) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2441776.2441895 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The Anatomy of Large Facebook Cascades
Dow, P. A., Adamic, L. A., & Friggeri, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14431 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Resistance to New Technology: Nuclear Power, Information Technology, Biotechnology
Bauer, M. (1995) · Technology and Culture · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Rumors and factitious informational blends: The role of the web in speculative politics
Rojecki, A., & Meraz, S. (2014) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444814535724 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Rumor Mills: The Social Impact of Rumor and Legend
Fine, G. A., Campion‐Vincent, V., & Heath, C. (2005) · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Denying AIDS: conspiracy theories, pseudoscience, and human tragedy
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-0314 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bekkers, V., Beunders, H., Edwards, A. R., et al. (2011) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2011.583812 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Zhu, B., Chen, C., Loftus, E. F., Lin, C., He, Q., Chen, C., He, L., Moyzis, R. K., Lessard, J., & Dong, Q. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.016 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hannak, A., Margolin, D., Keegan, B., & Weber, I. (2014) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14555 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Towards a global participatory platform
Shum, S. B., Aberer, K., Schmidt, A., Bishop, S. R., Lukowicz, P., Anderson, S., Charalabidis, Y. K., Domingue, J., de Freitas, S., Dunwell, I., et al. (2012) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2012-01690-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Online social networks
(2009) · doi:10.1145/1592665 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Extremism and the Psychology of Uncertainty
Proulx, T., Hogg, M. A., & Blaylock, D. L. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444344073 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Unity and discord in opinion dynamics
Ben-Naim, E., Krapivsky, P. L., Vázquez, F., & Redner, S. (2003) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2003.08.027 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The economy of attention in the age of (mis)information
Bessi, A., Antonio Scala, A., Rossi, L., Zhang, Q., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2014) · Journal of Trust Management · doi:10.1186/s40493-014-0012-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationOPINIONS MANIPULATION: MEDIA, POWER AND GOSSIP
Quattrociocchi, W., Conte, R., & Lodi, E. (2011) · Advances in Complex Systems · doi:10.1142/s0219525911003165 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKelvey, K., & Menczer, F. (2013) · doi:10.1145/2441955.2441962 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social Determinants of Content Selection in the Age of (Mis)Information
Bessi, A., Caldarelli, G., Vicario, M. D., Antonio Scala, A., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13734-6_18 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of large-scale social and information networks
Kleinberg, J. M. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0378 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Extremism and the psychology of uncertainty.
Hogg, M. A., & Blaylock, D. (2012) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Resistance to New Technology: Nuclear Power, Information Technology, and Biotechnology
Shields, M. A., & Bauer, M. (1997) · Technology and Culture · doi:10.2307/3107155 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Online social networks
Crowcroft, J., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2009) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
On the effects of informational cheating on social evaluations: image and reputation through gossip
Quattrociocchi, W., Paolucci, M., & Conte, R. (2009) · International Journal of Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1504/ijkl.2009.031509 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial knowledge for eGovernance: Theory and technology of reputation
Paolucci, M., Conte, R., Marmo, S., et al. (2009) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social determinants of content selection in the age of (mis)informationPreprint
Bessi, A., Caldarelli, G., Vicario, M. D., Antonio Scala, A., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.2651 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [7]McKelvey K, Menczer F (2013) Truthy: Enabling the study of online social networks. In: Proc. CSCW’13. URL http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.4565. · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The spread of true and false news online
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aap9559 · Cited by 8,847 · see citing works
The spreading of misinformation online
Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Petroni, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1517441113 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Self-citationThe echo chamber effect on social media
Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023301118 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
“Selective exposure (19) and confirmation bias (20) (i.e., the tendency to seek information adhering to preexisting opinions) may explain the emergence of echo chambers on social media (1, 17, 21, 22).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe COVID-19 social media infodemic
Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zola, P., Zollo, F., & Scala, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5 · Cited by 2,313 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterization
Varol, O., Ferrara, E., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14871 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
“…political support (Ratkiewicz et al. 2011), promote terrorist propaganda and recruitment (Berger and Morgan 2015; Abokhodair, Yoo, and Mc-Donald 2015; Ferrara et al. 2016c), manipulate the stock market (Ferrara et al. 2016a), and disseminate rumors and conspiracy theories (Bessi et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election
Bovet, A., & Makse, H. A. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Echo Chambers: Emotional Contagion and Group Polarization on Facebook
Del Vicario, M., Vivaldo, G., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep37825 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationDisinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election
Ferrara, E. (2017) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v22i8.8005 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Arming the public with artificial intelligence to counter social bots
Yang, K., Varol, O., Davis, C. A., Ferrara, E., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2019) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.115 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“The spread of fake news online is another area in which the effect of bots is believed to be relevant (Lazer et al., 2018; Bessi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundPolarization of the vaccination debate on Facebook
Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Scala, A., Betsch, C., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.040 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationDebunking in a world of tribes
Zollo, F., Bessi, A., Del Vicario, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Shekhtman, L., Havlin, S., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181821 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomy of news consumption on Facebook
Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Stanley, H. E., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617052114 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationUsers Polarization on Facebook and Youtube
Bessi, A., Zollo, F., Del Vicario, M., Puliga, M., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., Uzzi, B., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159641 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional Dynamics in the Age of Misinformation
Zollo, F., Novak, P. K., Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Mozetič, I., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138740 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationVraga, E. K., Kim, S. C., & Cook, J. (2019) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2019.1653102 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Social media’s contribution to political misperceptions in U.S. Presidential elections
Garrett, R. K. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213500 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
What types of COVID-19 conspiracies are populated by Twitter bots?
Ferrara, E. (2020) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v25i6.10633 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“[72] A.”
Paschen, J. (2019) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-12-2018-2179 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Selective exposure shapes the Facebook news diet
Cinelli, M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., Zollo, F., Quattrociocchi, W., & Scala, A. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229129 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationDetecting fake news stories via multimodal analysis
Singh, V. K., Ghosh, I., & Sonagara, D. (2021) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24359 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Are conspiracy theories harmless?
Douglas, K. M. (2021) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.10 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“In online environments where “echo chambers” of conspiracy believers are almost exclusively exposed to conspiracy content, attitudes can become more polarized and extreme (del Vicario et al., 2016; Bessi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Web of False Information: Rumors, Fake News, Hoaxes, Clickbait, and Various Other Shenanigans
Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn, J., & Kourtellis, N. (2019) · Journal of Data and Information Quality · doi:10.1145/3309699 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Carrasco-Farré, C. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhang, M., Fan, W., & Zhao, K. (2022) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24576 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
'The Government Spies Using Our Webcams': The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions
Samory, M., & Mitra, T. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274421 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Emergence of metapopulations and echo chambers in mobile agents
Starnini, M., Frasca, M., & Baronchelli, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31834 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schatto-Eckrodt, T., Clever, L., & Frischlich, L. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241246281 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…on all major social media platforms, including Facebook (Boberg et al., 2020), YouTube (R¨ochert et al., 2022), Instagram (Bloom & Moskalenko, 2021), and Reddit (Schatto-Eckrodt et al., 2020), often fi nding fertile ground within specialized communities (Bessi et al., 2015; Stempel et al., 2007).”
Painting all foreigners with one brush? How the salience of muslims and refugees shapes judgements
Wallrich, L., West, K., & Rutland, A. (2020) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1283 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Modeling Confirmation Bias and Peer Pressure in Opinion Dynamics
Liu, L., Wang, X., Chen, X., Tang, S., & Zheng, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2021.649852 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Conspiracy theories in digital environments: Moving the research field forward
Zeng, J., Schäfer, M. S., & Oliveira, T. M. (2022) · Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565221117474 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bouclaous, C., Kamand, A. A., Daher, R., Alrazim, A., & Kaedbey, H. D. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy · doi:10.18261/njdl.18.1.6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Machine learning language models: Achilles heel for social media platforms and a possible solution
Rhys Leahy, R. F. S., J. Restrepo, N., Lupu, Y., & F. Johnson, N. (2021) · Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning · doi:10.54364/aaiml.2021.1112 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bessi, A., Coletto, M., Davidescu, G. A., Scala, A., Caldarelli, G., & Quattrociocchi, W.
- Affiliations
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Quattrociocchi, Walter
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-02-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0118093
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4338055
- OpenAlex
- W2035654630
- Cited by
- 645
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 174.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IMT Institutional Repository (IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ISTI Open Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Commission (317532, 610704)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, misinformation, social networking sites, Facebook, collective intelligence, polarization, user engagement, information consumption, chemtrails, Illuminati
- MeSH terms
- Communication, Humans, Science, Narration, Social Networking, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
