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Cited by 324Social and Intergroup PsychologyEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Twenty Years of Stereotype Threat Research: A Review of Psychological Mediators

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Pennington, Charlotte R., Heim, Derek, Levy, Andrew R., Larkin, Derek T.·2016·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0146487PMC PMC4713435
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Abstract

This systematic literature review appraises critically the mediating variables of stereotype threat. A bibliographic search was conducted across electronic databases between 1995 and 2015. The search identified 45 experiments from 38 articles and 17 unique proposed mediators that were categorized into affective/subjective (n = 6), cognitive (n = 7) and motivational mechanisms (n = 4). Empirical support was accrued for mediators such as anxiety, negative thinking, and mind-wandering, which are suggested to co-opt working memory resources under stereotype threat. Other research points to the assertion that stereotype threatened individuals may be motivated to disconfirm negative stereotypes, which can have a paradoxical effect of hampering performance. However, stereotype threat appears to affect diverse social groups in different ways, with no one mediator providing unequivocal empirical support. Underpinned by the multi-threat framework, the discussion postulates that different forms of stereotype threat may be mediated by distinct mechanisms.

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  • Critical barriers including institutionalized processes and interpersonal behaviors collectively heighten anxiety, negative thinking, and stress; place extra demands on working memory and cognitive resources; drain energy available to address tasks; and impact health and learning.

    “Critical barriers include both institutionalized processes (e.g., resource allocation, rituals, policies) and interpersonal behaviors (e.g., harassment, micro-aggressions, negative stereotyping, assumptions of prior knowledge) that collectively heighten anxiety, negative thinking, and stress; place extra demands on working memory and cognitive resources; drain energy available to address tasks (e.”

    From Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context<sup>1</sup> (2019) · cites this paper as Pennington, Heim, Levy, & Larkin, 2016

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Authors
Pennington, C. R., Heim, D., Levy, A. R., & Larkin, D. T.
Affiliations
Edge Hill University (GB)
Corresponding author
Pennington, Charlotte R.
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2016-01-11
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
e0146487
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0146487
PMC
PMC4713435
OpenAlex
W2236770054
Cited by
324
References
128
Citations by year
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FWCI
10.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
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  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
  • Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Edge Hill University (submittedVersion)
  • UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Edge Hill University
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
stereotype threat, anxiety, negative thinking, mind wandering, working memory, paradoxical effects, social groups
MeSH terms
Anxiety, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Stereotyping

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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