Not all ideologies are created equal: Epistemic, existential, and relational needs predict system-justifying attitudes
Abstract
Whereas most social psychological perspectives assume that needs to manage uncertainty, existential anxiety, and social cohesion should motivate any form of ideological zeal, System Justification Theory predicts that these needs are positively associated with the endorsement of system-justifying beliefs, opinions, and values but negatively associated with the endorsement of system-challenging ideological outcomes. For the first time we test a full theoretical model in which system justification mediates the effects of individual differences in epistemic, existential, and relational needs on attitudes toward public policy issues and social movements. Specifically, we conducted a national survey of 182 Americans and found that, as hypothesized, lower need for cognition, greater death anxiety, and a stronger desire to share reality each contributed significantly and independently to economic system justification, which, in turn, contributed to support for the Tea Party (a movement aimed at restoring America's “traditional values”) and opposition to Occupy Wall Street (a movement seeking to reduce social and economic inequality and minimize corporate influence on government). Economic system justification also mediated the effects of these needs on the endorsement of status quo positions with respect to health care, immigration, global climate change, and the “Ground Zero mosque.” These findings suggest that epistemic, existential, and relational needs lead disproportionately to support for system-justifying, rather than system-challenging, policies and movements.
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The driving psychological force underlying the rejection of science is system justification, that is, a person's need to perceive the current political and economic system as fair, legitimate, and stable.
“On this view, the driving psychological force that is underlying the rejection of science is “system justification” [42], [43]; that is, a person's need to perceive the current political and economic system as fair, legitimate, and stable.”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [43]
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“This is precisely why I argue that challenging the system– and pushing for social change – aggravates feelings of uncertainty and threat and triggers backlash (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost & Hunyady, 2005; Jost et al., 2008a, 2017b).”
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“There are certainly well-conducted studies whose results are inconsistent with this conclusion (e.g., Gerber et al., 2010; Hennes et al., 2012), and the present contribution is by no means the final word on the matter.”
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“In the sample of 192 U.S. adults recruited through MTurk (see Hennes et al., 2012), we found that self-reported religiosity was positively associated with the endorsement of two items we created to tap into shared reality motivation, namely: " I believe it is important that I see the world as…”
Self-citationPolitical Neuroscience: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship
Jost, J. T., Nam, H. H., Amodio, D. M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12162 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“3) Personal needs for order, structure, and cognitive closure are positively associated with resistance to change, acceptance of inequality, system justification, political conservatism, and right-wing orientation (Chirumbolo, Areni, & Sensales, 2004; Critcher, Huber, Ho, & Koleva, 2009; Dollinger, 2007; Federico, Erg…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSalfate, S. V., Páez, D., Liu, J. H.-F., Felicia Pratto, B., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218757455 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“This argument has received empirical support (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost & Hunyady, 2003; Thorisdottir, Jost, & Kay, 2009; van der Toorn & Jost, 2014).”
BackgroundJost, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2017.07.003 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Importantly, the effects of epistemic, existential, and relational motives on political attitudes were mediated by system justification (Hennes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive underpinnings of nationalistic ideology in the context of Brexit
Zmigrod, L., Rentfrow, P. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1708960115 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Additionally, system justification theory proposes that justifying the prevailing systems is psychologically appealing because it facilitates the attainment of certainty and coherence, and reduces feelings of threat and inconsistency (56, 57).”
BackgroundForgone, but not Forgotten: Toward a Theory of Forgone Professional Identities
Obodaru, O. (2016) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0432 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Davidai, S., & Ongis, M. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay3761 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
"The world isn't fair": A system justification perspective on social stratification and inequality.
Jost, J. T., Gaucher, D. M., & Stern, C. (2014) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14342-012 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“…of system justification motivation, as we have demonstrated, are linked both theoretically and empirically to situational and dispositional variability in underlying epistemic, existential, and relational needs to attain certainty, security, and social belongingness (e.g., Hennes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking for the System: Motivated Defense of Meritocratic Beliefs
Ledgerwood, A., Mandisodza, A. N., Jost, J. T., & Pohl, M. J. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.3.322 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationMotivated recall in the service of the economic system: The case of anthropogenic climate change.
Hennes, E. P., Ruisch, B. C., Feygina, I., Monteiro, C. A., & Jost, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000148 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“We tested this hypothesis by conducting secondary analyses of data from a previously published study (Hennes et al., 2012).”
MethodSelf-citationJost, J. T., Langer, M., Badaan, V., Azevedo, F., Etchezahar, E. D., Ungaretti, J., & Hennes, E. P. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“In accordance with past findings (Cichocka & Jost, 2014; Everett, 2013; Hennes et al., 2012; Jost, Ledgerwood, & Hardin, 2008; Jost et al., 2014), including results summarized in Table 3, we observed that respondents who identified themselves as right-wing (vs. left-wing), more socially and…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAzevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221990104 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“On one hand, previous research has found that system justification in general, and with respect to the capitalist economic system in particular, is linked to skepticism about anthropogenic climate change (Feygina et al., 2010; Hennes et al., 2012; Hennes et al., 2016; Jylhä & Akrami, 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationPlanned Risk Information Avoidance: A Proposed Theoretical Model
Deline, M. B., & Kahlor, L. A. (2019) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qty035 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“For example, research shows need for closure is related to in-group bias (Hennes et al., 2012; Shah, Kruglanski, & Thompson, 1998).”
BackgroundToward an Integrative Theory of Psychological Defense
Hart, J. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613506018 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Salfate, S. V., Páez, D., Khan, S. S., Liu, J. H.-F., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12254 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“The authors proposed that endorsing system-justifying ideologies would carry a perception of personal control over life outcomes, in a similar vein to the original statement of SJT (Hennes et al., 2012).”
ResultShepherd, S., Chartrand, T. L., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“01), consistent with past research (Hennes et al. 2012; Jost et al. 2008).”
ResultInfluentialResearch on climate change in social psychology publications: A systematic review
Tam, K., Leung, A. K. ‐., & Clayton, S. (2021) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12477 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“This theory was adopted in several studies (Becker & Sparks, 2016; Feygina et al., 2010; Hennes et al., 2012; Jylh€a & Akrami, 2015; Panno et al., 2019; Vainio et al., 2014).”
MethodAre neoliberals more susceptible to bullshit?
Sterling, J. L., Jost, J. T., & Pennycook, G. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500003788 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Endorsement of fair market ideology was also associated with selfdeception and economic system justification, which is negatively correlated with personal need for cognition (Hennes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSterling, J. L., Jost, J. T., & Bonneau, R. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000275 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationResistance to Change: A Social Psychological Perspective
Jost, J. T. (2015) · Social Research: An International Quarterly · doi:10.1353/sor.2015.0035 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationFriesen, J. P., Laurin, K., Shepherd, S., Gaucher, D. M., & Kay, A. C. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12278 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Malka, A., & Soto, C. J. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414556340 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Jost, J. T., & Krochik, M. (2014) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Replicating prior research (e.g., Carraro et al., 2011; Hennes et al., 2012; Sargent, 2004; Stern et al., 2013), we observed that conservatives scored significantly lower on need for cognition, measured with the use of items developed by Cacioppo et al. (1984).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBadaan, V., Jost, J. T., Fernando, J. W., & Kashima, Y. (2020) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12525 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationConspiracy beliefs and the individual, relational, and collective selves
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2021) · Social & Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12639 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Working class conservatism: a system justification perspective.
Jost, J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.020 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“[19] found that people who were low in need for cognition but high in death anxiety and the need to share reality with like-minded others were more politically conservative, more system-justifying, more supportive of the Tea Party movement, and less supportive of the Occupy Wall Street movement.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTell it like it is: When politically incorrect language promotes authenticity.
Rosenblum, M., Schroeder, J., & Francesca Gino, B. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000206 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
van der Toorn, J., Nail, P. R., Liviatan, I., & Jost, J. T. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Thus, strengthening one's national attachment might not only fulfill the proximal system justification goal, but alsomore distal epistemic, existential, and relational needs that underlie system justification strivings (Hennes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe future of system justification theory
Jost, J. T., Badaan, V., Goudarzi, S., Hoffarth, M. R., & Mogami, M. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12309 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationAmygdala structure and the tendency to regard the social system as legitimate and desirable
Nam, H. H., Jost, J. T., Kaggen, L., Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. K., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0248-5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation“Making America great again”: System justification in the U.S. presidential election of 2016.
Azevedo, F., Jost, J. T., & Rothmund, T. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000122 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. (see also Hennes et al., 2012), but they certainly did not challenge the status quo in a more profound sense.”
Self-citationLi, W., Yang, Y., Wu, J., & Kou, Y. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219893997 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Indeed, SJT has noted the phenomenon of working class conservatism (Jost, 2017), and suggests that legitimizing the status quo satisfies low-SES individuals’ epistemic, existential, and relational needs and reduces uncertainty and threat (Hennes et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOsborne, D., Sengupta, N. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12302 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Although their results show that moderate levels of system-justifying beliefs underlie support for collective action under ‘normal’ conditions, right-wing movements like the Tea Party in the United States National Front in France, and Poland’s National Movement appear strongly (rather than moderately) motivated to sup…”
BackgroundInfluentialHow different are cultural and economic ideology?
Johnston, C. D., & Ollerenshaw, T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cichocka, A. K., Górska, P., Jost, J. T., Sutton, R. M., & Bilewicz, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000168 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationBahamondes, J. (2016) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1223351 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“As system justification beliefs are psychological responses to cope with epistemic, existential, and relational sources of threat and anxiety (Hennes et al., 2012; Kay & Zanna, 2009), system justification may be underlying this palliative function, not working as a stressor but as a coping resource (Lazarus & Folkman,…”
BackgroundThe Role of Cognitive Style in the Link Between Genes and Political Ideology
Ksiazkiewicz, A., Ludeke, S. G., & Krueger, R. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12318 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Strupp-Levitsky, M., Noorbaloochi, S., Shipley, A., & Jost, J. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241144 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“As in previous research [59,63], epistemic and existential needs to reduce uncertainty and threat were positively correlated with system justification and political conservatism.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAnti-feminist backlash: The role of system justification in the rejection of feminism
Yeung, A. W. Y., Kay, A. C., & Peach, J. M. (2013) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430213514121 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Laurin, K. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617738814 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Liaquat, U., Jost, J. T., & Balcetis, E. (2023) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12093 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationClarke, E. J. R., Ling, M., Kothe, E. J., Klas, A., & Richardson, B. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12585 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Jin, S. V., & Ryu, E. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12381 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Justifying Social Inequalities: The Role of Social Darwinism
Rudman, L. A., & Saud, L. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219896924 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“It is well established that acute threats motivate defending social hierarchies (e.g., Brescoll et al., 2013; Hennes et al., 2012; Rudman et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLiekefett, L., & Becker, J. C. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12439 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
García‐Sánchez, E., Willis, G. B., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Sañudo, J. E. P., Polo-Vargas, J. D., & Pérez, É. R. (2018) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-018-0317-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“, 2017), as well as with lower support for collective action (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTravaglino, G. A., & Abrams, D. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The ideological divide and climate change opinion: “top-down†and “bottom-up†approaches
Jacquet, J., Dietrich, M., & Jost, J. T. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01458 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…higher than others in psychological needs to reduce uncertainty and threat, and they are generally more www.frontiersin.org December 2014 | Volume 5 | Article 1458 | 3 driven to maintain pre-existing institutions, traditions, and social arrangements (e.g., Jost et al., 2009; Hennes et al., 2012).”
Self-citationRevisiting the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis: A meta-analytic review.
Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., Baldwin, M. W., Malka, A., & Tasimi, A. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000446 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Jost, J. T., Langer, M., & Singh, V. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx084 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationInequality in People's MindsPreprint
Phillips, L. T., Tepper, S. J., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Davidai, S., Ordabayeva, N., Mirza, M. U., Szászi, B., Day, M. V., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vawh9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The System‐Justifying Function of Gratitude Norms
Eibach, R. P., Wilmot, M. O., & Libby, L. K. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12184 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Effects of General System Justification on Corruption Perception and Intent
Tan, X., Liu, L., Huang, Z., Zheng, W., & Liang, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01107 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“According to system justification theory, neglecting and rejecting them may be an effective way to avoid system threats and to bolster the stability and legitimacy of the status quo (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost and van der Toorn, 2012).”
BackgroundRethinking the Rigidity of the Right Model
Malka, A., Yphtach Lelkes, B., & Holzer, N. (2017) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315112619-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tan, X., Liu, L., Huang, Z., & Zheng, W. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12341 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reiß, S., Franchina, V., Jutzi, C. A., Willardt, R. R., & Jonas, E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243193 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“System justification has been shown to increase after threat experience [17].”
BackgroundChanges in the Positivity of Migrant Stereotype Content
Gaucher, D. M., Friesen, J. P., Neufeld, K. H. S., & Esses, V. M. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617746463 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cooley, E., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lei, R. F., & Cipolli, W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000605 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Bahamondes, J., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211036020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“On the contrary, system justification is motivated by a desire for stability that seeks to reduce (epistemic, existential, and relational) threat (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost, 2020).”
BackgroundScientific literacy, optimism about science and conservatism
Carl, N., & Cofnas, N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.046 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ecological economics in the age of fear
Muradian, R. S., & Pascual, U. (2019) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106498 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Personality Basis of Political Preferences
Federico, C. M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779104.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico
Pichardo, E. J. R., Jost, J. T., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12437 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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“For example, Hennes et al. (2012) found that individuals who were dispositionally higher in epistemic, existential, and relational motives held more politically conservative, system-justifying beliefs.”
BackgroundVasilopoulos, P., & Brouard, S. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12639 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cook, P. F., Schmiege, S. J., Reeder, B., Horton‐Deutsch, S., Lowe, N. K., & Meek, P. (2018) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000265 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This is particularly true in contexts of information overload (Hwang& Lin, 1999), personal threat (Burke et al., 2010; Hennes et al., 2012), authoritarianism (Bocchiaro & Zimbardo, 2017), or competition (Burke et al.”
BackgroundVaraine, S. (2019) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-019-09422-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Liekefett, L., & Becker, J. C. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2883 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
What is (un)fair? Political ideology and collective action
Mikołajczak, G., & Becker, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v7i2.1230 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Objectification and System Justification Impact Rape Avoidance Behaviors
Papp, L. J., & Erchull, M. J. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0660-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Guided by previous theoretical and quantitative work, we hypothesized that (a) due to thematic commonalities and prior research relating some concepts (Connelly and Heesacker 2012; Hennes et al. 2012; Jost and Kay 2005), genderspecific system justification, belief in a just world, and benevolent sexism could be establ…”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial Protest and Its Discontents
Badaan, V., Jost, J. T., Osborne, D., Sibley, C. G., Ungaretti, J., Etchezahar, E. D., & Hennes, E. P. (2018) · Contention · doi:10.3167/cont.2018.060102 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…that subscribing to the legitimacy of the status quo serves fundamental epistemic, existential, and relational needs to attain a subjective sense of certainty, security, and social belongingness (Hennes et al. 2012; Jost and Hunyady 2005; Jost, Langer, et al. 2017; Jost, Ledger wood, et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNilsson, A., & Jost, J. T. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236627 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Relatedly, we considered the role of system justification (see also [39])—defined as the motivation to defend, bolster, and justify the societal status quo [48], which is itself thought to be undergirded by epistemic and existential needs to reduce uncertainty and threat [49].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpeculations on the Evolutionary Origins of System Justification
Jost, J. T., Sapolsky, R. M., & Nam, H. H. (2018) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/1474704918765342 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Presumably, this is because justifying the overarching social system so helps to address epistemic, existential, and relational needs to manage uncertainty, threat, and social discord (Hennes et al., 2012; Jost & Hunyady, 2005; Jost, Becker, et al., 2017; Jost, Langer, et al., 2017).”
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The Palliative Function of Hostile Sexism among High and Low-Status Chilean Students
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“According to the SJT, there are three not necessarily conscious psychological needs, that explain this theoretical approach (van der Toorn et al., 2010; Hennes et al., 2012).”
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The Psychological and Social Foundations of Ideological Belief Systems
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Does social rigidity predict cognitive rigidity? Profiles of socio-cognitive polarization
Salvi, C., Iannello, P., Cancer, A., Cooper, S. E., McClay, M., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Antonietti, A. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-023-01832-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bahamondes, J., Sengupta, N. K., Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12440 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hennes, E. P., Nam, H. H., Stern, C., & Jost, J. T.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognition
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 669-688
- ISSN
- 0278-016X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964959883
- Cited by
- 245
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 28.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- system justification, system justification theory, need for cognition, fear of death, Tea Party movement, Occupy Wall Street, social movements, public policy attitudes, individual differences
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