The Behavioral Sequelae of Social Defeat Require Microglia and Are Driven by Oxidative Stress in Mice
Open accessAbstract
Chronic social defeat (CSD) in male mice can produce anxiety and aberrant socialization. Animals susceptible to CSD show activation of microglia, which have elevated levels of oxidative stress markers. We hypothesized that microglia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contribute to the CSD stress-induced changes in affective behavior. First, we selectively depleted microglia (99%) by administering the CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) antagonist PLX5622 before and during the 14 d CSD procedure. Microglia-depleted mice in contrast to nondepleted mice were protected from the stress effects measured by light/dark and social interaction tests. ROS production, measured histochemically following dihydroethidium administration, was elevated by CSD, and the production was reduced to basal levels in mice lacking microglia. The deleterious stress effects were also blocked in nondepleted mice by continuous intracerebral administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor. In a second experiment, at the end of the CSD period, PLX5622 was discontinued to allow microglial repopulation. After 14 d, the brain had a full complement of newly generated microglia. At this time, the mice that had previously been protected now showed behavioral deficits, and their brain ROS production was elevated, both in all brain cells and in repopulated microglia. NAC administration during repopulation prevented the behavioral decline in the repopulated mice, and it supported behavioral recovery in nondepleted stressed mice. The data suggest that microglia drive elevated ROS production during and after stress exposure. This elevated ROS activity generates a central state supporting dysregulated affect, and it hinders the restoration of behavioral and neurochemical homeostasis after stress cessation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chronic psychosocial stress is associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Understanding the details of CNS cellular contributions to stress effects could lead to the development of intervention strategies. Inflammation and oxidative stress are positively linked to depression severity, but the cellular nature of these processes is not clear. The chronic social defeat (CSD) paradigm in mice produces mood alterations and microglial activation characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The depletion of microglia or ROS inhibition prevented adverse stress effects. Microglial repopulation of the brain post-CSD reintroduced adverse stress effects, and ROS inhibition in this phase protected against the effects. The results suggest that stress-induced microglial ROS production drives a central state that supports dysregulated affective behavior.
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Increasing evidence has shown that microglial activation may be a key driver of the anxiety phenotype in mice.
“increasing evidence has shown that microglial activation may be a key driver of the anxiety phenotype in mice [57].”
From The protective PLCγ2-P522R variant mitigates Alzheimer’s disease-associated pathologies by enhancing beneficial microglial functions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
The Results report that microglial depletion prevented anxiety-like behavior after chronic social defeat and infer that microglial activation during that stressor contributes to susceptibility. The Discussion likewise describes microglia as necessary for the stress-induced behavioral effect. The evidence supports the claim for chronic social defeat, but not for anxiety phenotypes in mice generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Lehmann, M. L., Weigel, T. K., Poffenberger, C. N., & Herkenham, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-05-13
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- 5594-5605
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6616288
- OpenAlex
- W2945296621
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH001090)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- microglia, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, psychosocial stress, anxiety, depression, microglial depletion, PLX5622, N-acetylcysteine, microglial repopulation, neuroinflammation, stress recovery, dihydroethidium, social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcysteine, Animals, Antioxidants, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Organic Chemicals, Social Behavior, Stress, Psychological, Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Microglia, Oxidative Stress, Mice
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