Transient modulations of neural responses to heartbeats covary with bodily self-consciousness
Open accessAbstract
UNLABELLED: Recent research has investigated self-consciousness associated with the multisensory processing of bodily signals (e.g., somatosensory, visual, vestibular signals), a notion referred to as bodily self-consciousness, and these studies have shown that the manipulation of bodily inputs induces changes in bodily self-consciousness such as self-identification. Another line of research has highlighted the importance of signals from the inside of the body (e.g., visceral signals) and proposed that neural representations of internal bodily signals underlie self-consciousness, which to date has been based on philosophical inquiry, clinical case studies, and behavioral studies. Here, we investigated the relationship of bodily self-consciousness with the neural processing of internal bodily signals. By combining electrical neuroimaging, analysis of peripheral physiological signals, and virtual reality technology in humans, we show that transient modulations of neural responses to heartbeats in the posterior cingulate cortex covary with changes in bodily self-consciousness induced by the full-body illusion. Additional analyses excluded that measured basic cardiorespiratory parameters or interoceptive sensitivity traits could account for this finding. These neurophysiological data link experimentally the cortical mapping of the internal body to self-consciousness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: What are the brain mechanisms of self-consciousness? Prominent views propose that the neural processing associated with signals from the internal organs (such as the heart and the lung) plays a critical role in self-consciousness. Although this hypothesis dates back to influential views in philosophy and psychology (e.g., William James), definitive experimental evidence supporting this idea is lacking despite its recent impact in neuroscience. In the present study, we show that posterior cingulate activities responding to heartbeat signals covary with changes in participants' conscious self-identification with a body that were manipulated experimentally using virtual reality technology. Our finding provides important neural evidence about the long-standing proposal that self-consciousness is linked to the cortical processing of internal bodily signals.
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The neural pathways between cardiac activity and the neocortex primarily involve the somatosensory cortex, mPFC, cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala.
“Our work further corroborates the findings expressed in literature that the neural pathways between cardiac activity and the neocortex primarily involve the somatosensory cortex, mPFC, cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala (Park et al. 2014;Park et al. 2016;Park et al. 2018).”
From Brain–Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Park et al. 2016
The Discussion says internal bodily signals primarily target the insula, cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, and amygdala. It does not include mPFC in that pathway; mPFC appears only in a cited work’s title in the References. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn humans, HERs are observed in somatosensory cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate/ventral precuneus, insula and frontal operculum, as well as (mostly right) parietal lobule and extrastriate visual cortices.
“In humans HERs are observed (Figure 3) in somatosensory cortex 49,59,82,83 , ventromedial prefrontal cortex 33,83-85 and posterior cingulate/ventral precuneus 59,84-87 , insula and frontal operculum 85,88-91 , as well as (mostly right) parietal lobule 33,59,83 and extrastriate visual cortices 91 .”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [86]
The results section (page unavailable in our copy) localizes differential heartbeat-evoked responses to the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, supporting that part of the claim. It does not identify the ventral precuneus, somatosensory cortex, or a mostly right parietal lobule as sources of those responses; its left-insula finding did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeural processing of cardiac afferent signals is associated with visual awareness, selfhood, and bodily self-consciousness.
“Noting that extensive research has demonstrated an association between the neural processing of cardiac afferent signals with visual awareness (Park et al. 2014), selfhood (Babo-Rebelo et al. 2016), and bodily self-consciousness (Park et al. 2016)”
From Brain–Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Park et al. 2016
The HEP is directly linked to the state of bodily self-consciousness.
“Further studies have shown that the HEP was directly linked to visual conscious perception detection (Park et al. 2014), state of bodily self-consciousness (Park et al. 2016), and selfrelated processing (Babo-Rebelo et al. 2016).”
From Brain–Heart Interactions Underlying Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Park et al. 2016
HERs reflect self-relatedness during mind-wandering, the strength of body ownership during bodily illusions and self-other distinction in mental imagery, and contribute to the stability of decisions based on subjective preferences.
“HERs do reflect self-relatedness during mind-wandering 84,85 , the strength of body ownership during bodily illusions 44,86 and self-other distinction in mental imagery 87 , and contribute to the stability of decisions based on subjective preferences 83 .”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [86]
Sample size was derived from power analysis targeting an effect size of 0.6 for the present experiments.
“Sample size was derived from power analysis of previous BSC studies [97,98] and previous studies on mental time travel [28,30]. According to these studies, our target effect size was 0.6 for the present experiments.”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Park, H.-D., Bernasconi, F., Bello-Ruiz, J., Pfeiffer, C., Salomon, R., & Blanke, O.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-08-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 32
- Pages
- 8453-8460
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6601861
- OpenAlex
- W2489766136
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 19.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- bodily self-consciousness, heartbeat perception, posterior cingulate cortex, full-body illusion, multisensory integration, self-identification, virtual reality, interoception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Brain, Brain Mapping, Consciousness, Electrocardiography, Electroencephalography, Female, Fourier Analysis, Heart Rate, Humans, Illusions, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Young Adult
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